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Luo X, He JY, Xu J, Hu SY, Mo BH, Shu QX, Chen C, Gong YZ, Zhao XL, Xie GF, Yu ST. Vascular NRP2 triggers PNET angiogenesis by activating the SSH1-cofilin axis. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:113. [PMID: 32983407 PMCID: PMC7509939 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is a critical step in the growth of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and may be a selective target for PNET therapy. However, PNETs are robustly resistant to current anti-angiogenic therapies that primarily target the VEGFR pathway. Thus, the mechanism of PNET angiogenesis urgently needs to be clarified. Methods Dataset analysis was used to identify angiogenesis-related genes in PNETs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the relationship among Neuropilin 2 (NRP2), VEGFR2 and CD31. Cell proliferation, wound-healing and tube formation assays were performed to clarify the function of NRP2 in angiogenesis. The mechanism involved in NRP2-induced angiogenesis was detected by constructing plasmids with mutant variants and performing Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. A mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of the NRP2 antibody in vivo, and clinical data were collected from patient records to verify the association between NRP2 and patient prognosis. Results NRP2, a VEGFR2 co-receptor, was positively correlated with vascularity but not with VEGFR2 in PNET tissues. NRP2 promoted the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in the presence of conditioned medium PNET cells via a VEGF/VEGFR2-independent pathway. Moreover, NRP2 induced F-actin polymerization by activating the actin-binding protein cofilin. Cofilin phosphatase slingshot-1 (SSH1) was highly expressed in NRP2-activating cofilin, and silencing SSH1 ameliorated NRP2-activated HUVEC migration and F-actin polymerization. Furthermore, blocking NRP2 in vivo suppressed PNET angiogenesis and tumor growth. Finally, elevated NRP2 expression was associated with poor prognosis in PNET patients. Conclusion Vascular NRP2 promotes PNET angiogenesis by activating the SSH1/cofilin/actin axis. Our findings demonstrate that NRP2 is an important regulator of angiogenesis and a potential therapeutic target of anti-angiogenesis therapy for PNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yi He
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yi Hu
- Nursing Division, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Hui Mo
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Xia Shu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Feng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Puccini A, Poorman K, Salem ME, Soldato D, Seeber A, Goldberg RM, Shields AF, Xiu J, Battaglin F, Berger MD, Tokunaga R, Naseem M, Barzi A, Iqbal S, Zhang W, Soni S, Hwang JJ, Philip PA, Sciallero S, Korn WM, Marshall JL, Lenz HJ. Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs). Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5943-5951. [PMID: 32883742 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GEP-NENs are rare malignancies with increasing incidence. Their molecular characteristics are still undefined. We explored the underlying biology of GEP-NENs and the differences between gastrointestinal (GI) and pancreatic (PNEN), high-grade (HG), and low-grade (LG) tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GEP-NENs were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS; MiSeq on 47 genes, NextSeq on 592 genes), IHC, and in situ hybridization. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated on the basis of somatic nonsynonymous missense mutations, and microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated by NGS of known MSI loci. RESULTS In total, 724 GEP-NENs were examined: GI (N = 469), PNEN (N = 255), HG (N = 135), and LG (N = 335). Forty-nine percent were female, and median age was 59. Among LG tumors, the most frequently mutated genes were ATRX (13%), ARID1A (10%), and MEN1 (10%). HG tumors showed TP53 (51%), KRAS (30%), APC (27%), and ARID1A (23%). Immune-related biomarkers yielded a lower prevalence in LG tumors compared with HG [MSI-H 0% vs. 4% (P = 0.04), PD-L1 overexpression 1% vs. 6% (P = 0.03), TMB-high 1% vs. 7% (P = 0.05)]. Compared with LG, HG NENs showed a higher mutation rate in BRAF (5.4% vs. 0%, P < 0.0001), KRAS (29.4% vs. 2.6%, P < 0.0001), and PI3KCA (7% vs. 0.3%, P < 0.0001). When compared with GI, PNEN carried higher frequency of MEN1 (25.9% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.0001), FOXO3 (8.6% vs. 0.8%, P = 0.005), ATRX (20.6% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.007), and TSC2 (6.3% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.007), but lower frequency of mutations in APC (1.0% vs. 13.8%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Significant molecular differences were observed in GEP-NENs by tumor location and grade, indicating differences in carcinogenic pathways and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Puccini
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Mohamed E Salem
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Davide Soldato
- University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Anthony F Shields
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Francesca Battaglin
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin D Berger
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryuma Tokunaga
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Madiha Naseem
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Afsaneh Barzi
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Syma Iqbal
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wu Zhang
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shivani Soni
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jimmy J Hwang
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Philip A Philip
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - John L Marshall
- Ruesch Center for The Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Starzyńska T, Karczmarski J, Paziewska A, Kulecka M, Kuśnierz K, Żeber-Lubecka N, Ambrożkiewicz F, Mikula M, Kos-Kudła B, Ostrowski J. Differences between Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors and Ductal Adenocarcinomas of the Pancreas Assessed by Multi-Omics Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4470. [PMID: 32586046 PMCID: PMC7352720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are indolent, while pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are particularly aggressive. To elucidate the basis for this difference and to establish the biomarkers, by using the deep sequencing, we analyzed somatic variants across coding regions of 409 cancer genes and measured mRNA/miRNA expression in nine PNETs, eight PDACs, and four intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (INETs). There were 153 unique somatic variants considered pathogenic or likely pathogenic, found in 50, 57, and 24 genes in PDACs, PNETs, and INETs, respectively. Ten and 11 genes contained a pathogenic mutation in at least one sample of all tumor types and in PDACs and PNETs, respectively, while 28, 34, and 11 genes were found to be mutated exclusively in PDACs, PNETs, and INETs, respectively. The mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes of PDACs and NETs were distinct: from 54 to 1659 differentially expressed mRNAs and from 117 to 250 differentially expressed miRNAs exhibited high discrimination ability and resulted in models with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) >0.9 for both miRNA and mRNA. Given the miRNAs high stability, we proposed exploring that class of RNA as new pancreatic tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Starzyńska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jakub Karczmarski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kuśnierz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Natalia Żeber-Lubecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Filip Ambrożkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Michał Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Beata Kos-Kudła
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excelence, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.); (M.K.); (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
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