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Yudhawati R, Wicaksono NF. Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones in Community-Acquired Pneumonia-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:761. [PMID: 38672119 PMCID: PMC11048665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia is reported as one of the infectious diseases that leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The innate immune system is the first line of defence against microbial invasion; however, its dysregulation during infection, resulting in an increased pathogen load, stimulates the over-secretion of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This phenomenon causes damage to the epithelial-endothelial barrier of the pulmonary alveoli and the leakage of the intravascular protein into the alveolar lumen. Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antimicrobial agents with immunomodulatory properties that can inhibit bacterial proliferation as well as exhibit anti-inflammatory activities. It has been demonstrated that the structure of fluoroquinolones, particularly those with a cyclopropyl group, exerts immunomodulatory effects. Its capability to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity leads to the accumulation of intracellular cAMP, which subsequently enhances PKA activity, resulting in the inhibition of transcriptional factor NF-κB and the activation of CREB. Another mechanism reported is the inhibition of TLR and ERK signalling pathways. Although the sequence of events has not been completely understood, significant progress has been made in comprehending the specific mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of fluoroquinolones. Here, we review the indirect immunomodulatory effects of FQs as an alternative to empirical therapy in patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Surabaya 60015, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
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Moreno G, Carbonell R, Díaz E, Martín-Loeches I, Restrepo MI, Reyes LF, Solé-Violán J, Bodí M, Canadell L, Guardiola J, Trefler S, Vidaur L, Papiol E, Socias L, Correig E, Marín-Corral J, Rodríguez A. Effectiveness of prolonged versus standard-course of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with severe influenza infection: A multicentre cohort study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29010. [PMID: 37537755 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of prolonged versus standard course oseltamivir treatment among critically ill patients with severe influenza. A retrospective study of a prospectively collected database including adults with influenza infection admitted to 184 intensive care units (ICUs) in Spain from 2009 to 2018. Prolonged oseltamivir was defined if patients received the treatment beyond 5 days, whereas the standard-course group received oseltamivir for 5 days. The primary outcome was all-cause ICU mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was constructed, and the outcome was investigated through Cox regression and RCSs. Two thousand three hundred and ninety-seven subjects were included, of whom 1943 (81.1%) received prolonged oseltamivir and 454 (18.9%) received standard treatment. An optimal full matching algorithm was performed by matching 2171 patients, 1750 treated in the prolonged oseltamivir group and 421 controls in the standard oseltamivir group. After PSM, 387 (22.1%) patients in the prolonged oseltamivir and 119 (28.3%) patients in the standard group died (p = 0.009). After adjusting confounding factors, prolonged oseltamivir significantly reduced ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40-0.69). Prolonged oseltamivir may have protective effects on survival at Day 10 compared with a standard treatment course. Sensitivity analysis confirmed these findings. Compared with standard treatment, prolonged oseltamivir was associated with reduced ICU mortality in critically ill patients with severe influenza. Clinicians should consider extending the oseltamivir treatment duration to 10 days, particularly in higher-risk groups of prolonged viral shedding. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Moreno
- Critical Care Department, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV)/Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raquel Carbonell
- Critical Care Department, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV)/Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Emili Díaz
- Critical Care Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcos I Restrepo
- Department of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Critical Care Department, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Bodí
- Critical Care Department, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV)/Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Canadell
- Pharmacology Department, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV)/Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Guardiola
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sandra Trefler
- Critical Care Department, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV)/Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Loreto Vidaur
- Critical Care Deptartment, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Papiol
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Univesitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Socias
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eudald Correig
- Department of Biostatistics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
| | - Judith Marín-Corral
- Critical Care Department, Research Group in Critical Disorders (GREPAC), IMIM, Hospital Del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Critical Care Department, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV)/Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Tarragona, Spain
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Tiwari VK, Powell DR, Broussy S, Berkowitz DB. Rapid Enantioselective and Diastereoconvergent Hybrid Organic/Biocatalytic Entry into the Oseltamivir Core. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6494-6503. [PMID: 33857378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A formal synthesis of the antiviral drug (-)-oseltamivir (Tamiflu) has been accomplished starting from m-anisic acid via a dissolving metal or electrochemical Birch reduction. The correct absolute stereochemistry is efficiently set through enzyme-catalyzed carbonyl reduction on the resultant racemic α,β-unsaturated ketone. A screen of a broad ketoreductase (KRED) library identified several that deliver the desired allylic alcohol with nearly perfect facial selectivity at the new center for each antipodal substrate, indicating that the enzyme also is able to completely override inherent diastereomeric bias in the substrate. Conversion is complete, with d-glucose serving as the terminal hydride donor (glucose dehydrogenase). For each resulting diastereomeric secondary alcohol, O/N-interconversion is then efficiently effected either by synfacial [3,3]-sigmatropic allylic imidate rearrangement or by direct, stereoinverting N-Mitsunobu chemistry. Both stereochemical outcomes have been confirmed crystallographically. The α,β-unsaturation is then introduced via an α-phenylselenylation/oxidation/pyrolysis sequence to yield the targeted (S)-N-acyl-protected 5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadiene carboxylates, key advanced intermediates for oseltamivir pioneered by Corey (N-Boc) and Trost (N-phthalamido), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Douglas R Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- University of Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Moreno G, Rodríguez A, Sole-Violán J, Martín-Loeches I, Díaz E, Bodí M, Reyes LF, Gómez J, Guardiola J, Trefler S, Vidaur L, Papiol E, Socias L, García-Vidal C, Correig E, Marín-Corral J, Restrepo MI, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Torres A. Early oseltamivir treatment improves survival in critically ill patients with influenza pneumonia. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00888-2020. [PMID: 33718494 PMCID: PMC7938052 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00888-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between early oseltamivir treatment (within 48 h of symptom onset) and mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with severe influenza is disputed. This study aimed to investigate the association between early oseltamivir treatment and ICU mortality in critically ill patients with influenza pneumonia. Methods This was an observational study of patients with influenza pneumonia admitted to 184 ICUs in Spain during 2009-2018. The primary outcome was to evaluate the association between early oseltamivir treatment and ICU mortality compared with later treatment. Secondary outcomes were to compare the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay between the early and later oseltamivir treatment groups. To reduce biases related to observational studies, propensity score matching and a competing risk analysis were performed. Results During the study period, 2124 patients met the inclusion criteria. All patients had influenza pneumonia and received oseltamivir before ICU admission. Of these, 529 (24.9%) received early oseltamivir treatment. In the multivariate analysis, early treatment was associated with reduced ICU mortality (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51-0.95). After propensity score matching, early oseltamivir treatment was associated with improved survival rates in the Cox regression (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.99) and competing risk (subdistribution hazard ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.53-0.85) analyses. The ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation were shorter in patients receiving early treatment. Conclusions Early oseltamivir treatment is associated with improved survival rates in critically ill patients with influenza pneumonia, and may decrease ICU length of stay and mechanical ventilation duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Moreno
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jordi Sole-Violán
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, CIBERES, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín-Loeches
- Dept of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, St James's University Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organisation (MICRO), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emili Díaz
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Parc Taulí, CIBERES, Sabadell, Spain
| | - María Bodí
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Microbiology Dept, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Josep Gómez
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Guardiola
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sandra Trefler
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Loreto Vidaur
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisabet Papiol
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Socias
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Eudald Correig
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, URV/IISPV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Judith Marín-Corral
- Critical Care Dept, Hospital Del Mar, Research Group in Critical Disorders (GREPAC), IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos I Restrepo
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Sciences at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan S Nguyen-Van-Tam
- Health Protection and Influenza Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Antoni Torres
- Servei de Pneumologia i Al·lèrgia Respiratòria, Institut Clínic del Tórax, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain.,GETGAG Study Group Investigators are listed in the supplementary material
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Torres A, Loeches IM, Sligl W, Lee N. Severe flu management: a point of view. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:153-162. [PMID: 31912206 PMCID: PMC7095473 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annual flu seasons are typically characterized by changes in types and subtypes of influenza, with variations in terms of severity. Despite remarkable improvements in the prevention and management of patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza, annual seasonal influenza continues to be associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Admission to the intensive care unit is required for patients with severe forms of seasonal influenza infection, with primary pneumonia being present in most of the cases. This review summarizes the most recent knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment strategies in critically ill patients with influenza, focused on diagnostic testing methods, antiviral therapy, use of corticosteroids, antibacterial and antifungal therapy, and supportive measures. The review focuses on diagnostic testing methods, antiviral therapy, use of corticosteroids, antibacterial and antifungal therapy, supportive measures and relevant existing evidence, in order to provide the non-expert clinician a useful overview. An enhanced understanding of current diagnostic and treatment aspects of influenza infection can contribute to improve outcomes and reduce mortality among ICU patients with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Torres
- Service of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio-Martin- Loeches
- Service of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wendy Sligl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nelson Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Liu W, Hao C, Wang W. Inhibition effects of patchouli alcohol against influenza a virus through targeting cellular PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. Virol J 2019; 16:163. [PMID: 31870450 PMCID: PMC6929483 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patchouli alcohol (PA) is a tricyclic sesquiterpene extracted from Pogostemonis Herba, which is a traditional Chinese medicine used for therapy of inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that PA has various pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects. Methods In this study, the anti-influenza virus (IAV) activities and mechanisms were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effects of PA against IAV in vitro were evaluated by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay. The neuraminidase inhibition assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and western blot assay were used to explore the anti-viral mechanisms. The anti-IAV activities in vivo were determined by mice pneumonia model and HE staining. Results The results showed that PA significantly inhibited different IAV strains multiplication in vitro, and may block IAV infection through inactivating virus particles directly and interfering with some early stages after virus adsorption. Cellular PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways may be involved in the anti-IAV actions of PA. Intranasal administration of PA markedly improved mice survival and attenuated pneumonia symptoms in IAV infected mice, comparable to the effects of Oseltamivir. Conclusions Therefore, Patchouli alcohol has the potential to be developed into a novel anti-IAV agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Hao
- Systems Biology & Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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New therapeutic targets for the prevention of infectious acute exacerbations of COPD: role of epithelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1663-1703. [PMID: 31346069 DOI: 10.1042/cs20181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with the major contributor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounting for approximately 3 million deaths annually. Frequent acute exacerbations (AEs) of COPD (AECOPD) drive clinical and functional decline in COPD and are associated with accelerated loss of lung function, increased mortality, decreased health-related quality of life and significant economic costs. Infections with a small subgroup of pathogens precipitate the majority of AEs and consequently constitute a significant comorbidity in COPD. However, current pharmacological interventions are ineffective in preventing infectious exacerbations and their treatment is compromised by the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Thus, alternative preventative therapies need to be considered. Pathogen adherence to the pulmonary epithelium through host receptors is the prerequisite step for invasion and subsequent infection of surrounding structures. Thus, disruption of bacterial-host cell interactions with receptor antagonists or modulation of the ensuing inflammatory profile present attractive avenues for therapeutic development. This review explores key mediators of pathogen-host interactions that may offer new therapeutic targets with the potential to prevent viral/bacterial-mediated AECOPD. There are several conceptual and methodological hurdles hampering the development of new therapies that require further research and resolution.
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Martin-Loeches I, Lemiale V, Geoghegan P, McMahon MA, Pickkers P, Soares M, Perner A, Meyhoff TS, Bukan RB, Rello J, Bauer PR, van de Louw A, Taccone FS, Salluh J, Hemelaar P, Schellongowski P, Rusinova K, Terzi N, Mehta S, Antonelli M, Kouatchet A, Klepstad P, Valkonen M, Landburg PP, Barratt-Due A, Bruneel F, Pène F, Metaxa V, Moreau AS, Souppart V, Burghi G, Girault C, Silva UVA, Montini L, Barbier F, Nielsen LB, Gaborit B, Mokart D, Chevret S, Azoulay E. Influenza and associated co-infections in critically ill immunosuppressed patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:152. [PMID: 31046842 PMCID: PMC6498695 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether influenza infection and associated co-infection are associated with patient-important outcomes in critically ill immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. METHODS Preplanned secondary analysis of EFRAIM, a prospective cohort study of 68 hospitals in 16 countries. We included 1611 patients aged 18 years or older with non-AIDS-related immunocompromise, who were admitted to the ICU with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. The main exposure of interest was influenza infection status. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes ICU length of stay (LOS) and 90-day mortality. RESULTS Influenza infection status was categorized into four groups: patients with influenza alone (n = 95, 5.8%), patients with influenza plus pulmonary co-infection (n = 58, 3.6%), patients with non-influenza pulmonary infection (n = 820, 50.9%), and patients without pulmonary infection (n = 638, 39.6%). Influenza infection status was associated with a requirement for intubation and with LOS in ICU (P < 0.001). Patients with influenza plus co-infection had the highest rates of intubation and longest ICU LOS. On crude analysis, influenza infection status was associated with ICU mortality (P < 0.001) but not hospital mortality (P = 0.09). Patients with influenza plus co-infection and patients with non-influenza infection alone had similar ICU mortality (41% and 37% respectively) that was higher than patients with influenza alone or those without infection (33% and 26% respectively). A propensity score-matched analysis did not show a difference in hospital mortality attributable to influenza infection (OR = 1.01, 95%CI 0.90-1.13, P = 0.85). Age, severity scores, ARDS, and performance status were all associated with ICU, hospital, and 90-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS Category of infectious etiology of respiratory failure (influenza, non-influenza, influenza plus co-infection, and non-infectious) was associated with ICU but not hospital mortality. In a propensity score-matched analysis, influenza infection was not associated with the primary outcome of hospital mortality. Overall, influenza infection alone may not be an independent risk factor for hospital mortality in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust-HRB Clinical Research Facility, St. James Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St. James's Hospital, St. James's St, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Virginie Lemiale
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis and Paris Diderot Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Pierce Geoghegan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust-HRB Clinical Research Facility, St. James Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Aisling McMahon
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust-HRB Clinical Research Facility, St. James Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine (710), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcio Soares
- Department of Critical Care and Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anders Perner
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Sylvest Meyhoff
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramin Brandt Bukan
- Department of Anesthesiology I, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jordi Rello
- CIBERES, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, European Study Group of Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe R Bauer
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andry van de Louw
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Salluh
- Department of Critical Care and Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pleun Hemelaar
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine (710), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katerina Rusinova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Institute for Medical Humanities, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Terzi
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de Grenoble, INSERM U1042, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Antonelli
- Agostino Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Achille Kouatchet
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Pål Klepstad
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miia Valkonen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Precious Pearl Landburg
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology-Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabrice Bruneel
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Frédéric Pène
- Medical ICU, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Metaxa
- Critical Care Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Anne Sophie Moreau
- Critical Care Center, CHU Lille, School of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Souppart
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis and Paris Diderot Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Gaston Burghi
- Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Christophe Girault
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA-3830, Rouen University Hospital, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Luca Montini
- Agostino Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francois Barbier
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, La Source Hospital - CHR Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Lene B Nielsen
- Intensive Care Department, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Gaborit
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôtel Dieu-HME-University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Djamel Mokart
- Réanimation Polyvalente et Département d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Chevret
- ECSTRA Team, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, UMR 1153, INSERM, Paris Diderot Sorbonne University and Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis and Paris Diderot Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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9
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Torres A, Chalmers JD, Dela Cruz CS, Dominedò C, Kollef M, Martin-Loeches I, Niederman M, Wunderink RG. Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:159-171. [PMID: 30706119 PMCID: PMC7094947 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is still associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In this point-of-view review paper, a group of experts discuss the main controversies in SCAP: the role of severity scores to guide patient settings of care and empiric antibiotic therapy; the emergence of pathogens outside the core microorganisms of CAP; viral SCAP; the best empirical treatment; septic shock as the most lethal complication; and the need for new antibiotics. Methods For all topics, the authors describe current controversies and evidence and provide recommendations and suggestions for future research. Evidence was based on meta-analyses, most recent RCTs and recent interventional or observational studies. Recommendations were reached by consensus of all the authors. Results and conclusions The IDSA/ATS criteria remain the most pragmatic tool to predict ICU admission. The authors recommend a combination of a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a third G cephalosporin plus a macrolide in most SCAP patients, and to empirically cover PES (P. aeruginosa, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant S. aureus) pathogens when at least two specific risk factors are present. In patients with influenza CAP, the authors recommend the use of oseltamivir and avoidance of the use of steroids. Corticosteroids can be used in case of refractory shock and high systemic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Torres
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres in Respiratory Diseases (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Center of Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cristina Dominedò
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marin Kollef
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres in Respiratory Diseases (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain
- St. James's Hospital, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Niederman
- Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Kakuda TN, Yogaratnam J, Rito J, Boyce M, Mitchell T, Gupta K, Symons JA, Chanda S, Van Remoortere P, Fry J. Phase I study on safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel influenza endonuclease inhibitor, AL-794 (JNJ-64155806), following single- and multiple-ascending doses in healthy adults. Antivir Ther 2018; 23:555-566. [PMID: 29927386 DOI: 10.3851/imp3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This double-blind, first-in-human Phase I study evaluated pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of AL-794 (prodrug of ALS-033719), a potent endonuclease inhibitor of influenza A and B in healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy adult volunteers were randomized to AL-794 (50-2,000 mg single ascending doses, fasting) or placebo (5 cohorts, n=6:2 AL-794: placebo/cohort) in part 1, and AL-794 (50-600 mg multiple ascending doses, twice-daily, fed or fasted) or placebo (3 cohorts, n=8:2 AL-794: placebo/cohort) for 7 days in part 2. In part 3, 8 healthy volunteers from part 1 received 450 mg AL-794 (n=6) or placebo (n=2) following a high-fat meal. All dosing was done with an oral suspension. Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetics were collected at scheduled times and analysed for ALS-033719 and ALS-033927 (inactive glucuronide) plasma concentrations using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS ALS-033719 plasma concentrations increased dose proportionately up to 150 mg but less than proportionately above 150 mg. Steady-state was generally achieved by the third dose. ALS-033719 exposure increased following administration with a standard meal (19%-33%) or high-fat meal (3-3.6-fold). ALS-033927 was the major metabolite observed. Renal elimination was negligible (0.2%). Seventeen AL-794-treated healthy volunteers reported ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE; part 1: n=6, 24%; part 2: n=11, 69%). The most common TEAEs were headache (part 1: n=3; part 2: n=5) and dizziness (part 1: n=2; part 2: n=6). CONCLUSIONS AL-794 up to 200 mg twice daily achieved ALS-033719 exposures which are expected to be efficacious and were generally tolerated. Further studies are planned to characterize safety and antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Kakuda
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeysen Yogaratnam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Rito
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research Ltd (HMR), London, UK
| | - Toni Mitchell
- Hammersmith Medicines Research Ltd (HMR), London, UK
| | - Kusum Gupta
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julian A Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sushmita Chanda
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - John Fry
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Law N, Kumar D. Post-transplant Viral Respiratory Infections in the Older Patient: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Drugs Aging 2018; 34:743-754. [PMID: 28965331 PMCID: PMC7100819 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organ and stem cell transplantation has been one of the greatest advances in modern medicine, and is the primary treatment modality for many end-stage diseases. As our population ages, so do the transplant recipients, and with that comes many new challenges. Respiratory viruses have been a large contributor to the mortality and morbidity of solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Respiratory viruses are generally a long-term complication of transplantation and primarily acquired in the community. With the emergence of molecular methods, newer respiratory viruses are being detected. Respiratory viruses appear to cause severe disease in the older transplant population. Influenza vaccine remains the mainstay of prevention in transplant recipients, although immunogenicity of current vaccines is suboptimal. Limited therapies are available for other respiratory viruses. The next decade will likely bring newer antivirals and vaccines to the forefront. Our goal is to provide the most up to date knowledge of respiratory viral infections in our aging transplant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Law
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, PMB 11-174, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, PMB 11-174, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada.
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12
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Peng S, Wang J, Wei S, Li C, Zhou K, Hu J, Ye X, Yan J, Liu W, Gao GF, Fang M, Meng S. Endogenous Cellular MicroRNAs Mediate Antiviral Defense against Influenza A Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:361-375. [PMID: 29499948 PMCID: PMC5862538 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reciprocal interaction between influenza virus and host microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in the regulation of viral replication and host tropism. However, the global roles of the cellular miRNA repertoire and the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated antiviral defense await further elucidation. In this study, we systematically screened 297 cellular miRNAs from human and mouse epithelial cells and identified five inhibitory miRNAs that efficiently inhibited influenza virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Among these miRNAs, hsa-mir-127-3p, hsa-mir-486-5p, hsa-mir-593-5p, and mmu-mir-487b-5p were found to target at least one viral gene segment of both the human seasonal influenza H3N2 and the attenuated PR8 (H1N1) virus, whereas hsa-miR-1-3p inhibited viral replication by targeting the supportive host factor ATP6V1A. Moreover, the number of miRNA binding sites in viral RNA segments was positively associated with the activity of host miRNA-induced antiviral defense. Treatment with a combination of the five miRNAs through agomir delivery pronouncedly suppressed viral replication and effectively improved protection against lethal challenge with PR8 in mice. These data suggest that the highly expressed miRNAs in respiratory epithelial cells elicit effective antiviral defenses against influenza A viruses and will be useful for designing miRNA-based therapies against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxin Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Changfei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Wasik MA, Eichwald L, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Cell culture-based production of defective interfering particles for influenza antiviral therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1167-1177. [PMID: 29204901 PMCID: PMC5778153 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) lack an essential portion of the virus genome, but retain signals for replication and packaging, and therefore, interfere with standard virus (STV) replication. Due to this property, DIPs can be potential antivirals. The influenza A virus DIP DI244, generated during propagation in chicken eggs, has been previously described as a potential candidate for influenza antiviral therapy. As a cell culture-based manufacturing process would be more suitable to fulfill large-scale production needs of an antiviral and enables full process control in closed systems, we investigated options to produce DI244 in the avian cell line AGE1.CR.pIX in chemically defined suspension culture. With a DI244 fraction of 55.8% compared to STV, the highest DI244 yield obtained from 50 million cells was 4.6 × 109 vRNA copies/mL at 12 h post infection. However, other defective genomes were also detected. Since these additionally produced defective particles are non-infectious, they might be still useful in antiviral therapies. In case they would interfere with quality of the final product, we examined the impact of virus seeds and selected process parameters on DI244 yield and contamination level with other defective particles. With a DI244 fraction of 5.5%, the yield obtained was 1.7 × 108 vRNA copies/mL but now without additional defective genomes. Although the DI244 yield might be decreased in this case, such controlled manufacturing conditions are not available in chicken eggs. Overall, the application of these findings can support design and optimization of a cell culture-based production process for DIPs to be used as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena A Wasik
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Luca Eichwald
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.,Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:19. [PMID: 29263875 PMCID: PMC5627241 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are an important component in host immune responses to viral pathogens. Because of their unique maturation process, antibodies can evolve to be highly specific to viral antigens. Physicians and researchers have been relying on such high specificity in their quest to understand host–viral interaction and viral pathogenesis mechanisms and to find potential cures for viral infection and disease. With more than 60 recombinant monoclonal antibodies developed for human use in the last 20 years, monoclonal antibodies are now considered a viable therapeutic modality for infectious disease targets, including newly emerging viral pathogens such as Ebola representing heightened public health concerns, as well as pathogens that have long been known, such as human cytomegalovirus. Here, we summarize some recent advances in identification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies suitable as drug candidates for clinical evaluation, and review some promising candidates in the development pipeline.
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