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Gupta E, Kumar S, Srivastava VK, Saxena J, Siddiqui AJ, Mehta S, Kaushik S, Jyoti A. Unravelling the Differential Host Immuno-Inflammatory Responses to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Infections in Sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101648. [PMID: 36298513 PMCID: PMC9610428 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports from our lab have documented dysregulated host inflammatory reactions in response to bacterial infections in sepsis. Both Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) play a significant role in the development and progression of sepsis by releasing several virulence factors. During sepsis, host cells produce a range of inflammatory responses including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitrite generation, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. The current study was conducted to discern the differences in host inflammatory reactions in response to both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus along with the organ dysfunction parameters in patients of sepsis. We examined 60 ICU sepsis patients identified based on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA II) scores. Pathogen identification was carried out using culture-based methods and gene-specific primers by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Samples of blood from healthy volunteers were spiked with E. coli (GNB) and S. aureus (GPB). The incidence of NETs formation, iNOS expression, total nitrite content, and pro-inflammatory cytokine level was estimated. Prevalence of E. coli, A. baumannii (both GNB), S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (both GPB) was found in sepsis patients. Augmented levels of inflammatory mediators including iNOS expression, total nitrite, the incidence of NETs, and proinflammatory cytokines, during spiking, were found in response to S. aureus infections in comparison with E. coli infections. These inflammatory mediators were found to be positively correlated with organ dysfunction in both GN and GP infections in sepsis patients. Augmented host inflammatory response was generated in S. aureus infections as compared with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanni Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, S.A.S Nagar 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sudhir Mehta
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J.L.N. Marg, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, S.A.S Nagar 140413, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.J.)
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Makjaroen J, Thim-Uam A, Dang CP, Pisitkun T, Somparn P, Leelahavanichkul A. A Comparison Between 1 Day versus 7 Days of Sepsis in Mice with the Experiments on LPS-Activated Macrophages Support the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Sepsis Attenuation. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:7243-7263. [PMID: 35221705 PMCID: PMC8866997 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because survival and death after sepsis are partly due to a proper immune adaptation and immune dysregulation, respectively, survivors and moribund mice after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis surgery and in vitro macrophage experiments were explored. Methods Characteristics of mice at 1-day and 7-days post-CLP, the representative of moribund mice (an innate immune hyper-responsiveness) and survivors (a successful control on innate immunity), respectively. In parallel, soluble heat aggregated immunoglobulin (sHA-Ig), a representative of immune complex, was tested in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages together with a test of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a molecule of adaptive immunity, on CLP sepsis mice. Results Except for a slight increase in alanine transaminase (liver injury), IL-10, endotoxemia, and gut leakage (FITC-dextran assay), most of the parameters in survivors (7-days post-CLP) were normalized, with enhanced adaptive immunity, including serum immunoglobulin (using serum protein electrophoresis) and activated immune cells in spleens (flow cytometry analysis). The addition of sHA-Ig in LPS-activated macrophages reduced supernatant cytokines, cell energy (extracellular flux analysis), reactive oxygen species (ROS), several cell activities (proteomic analysis), and Fc gamma receptors (FcgRs) expression. The loss of anti-inflammatory effect of sHA-Ig in LPS-activated macrophages from mice with a deficiency on Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcgRIIb-/-), the only inhibitory signaling of FcgRs family, when compared with wild-type macrophages, implying the FcgRIIb-dependent mechanism. Moreover, IVIG attenuated sepsis severity in CLP mice as evaluated by serum creatinine, liver enzyme (alanine transaminase), serum cytokines, spleen apoptosis, and abundance of dendritic cells in the spleen (24-h post-CLP) and survival analysis. Conclusion Immunoglobulin attenuated LPS-activated macrophages, partly, through the reduced cell energy of macrophages and might play a role in sepsis immune hyper-responsiveness. Despite the debate over IVIG’s use in sepsis, IVIG might be beneficial in sepsis with certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiradej Makjaroen
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Cong Phi Dang
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary and International Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Correspondence: Asada Leelahavanichkul; Poorichaya Somparn Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, ThailandTel +666 2256 4132 Email
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Optimization of the Endotoxin Removal Performance of Solid-Phase Conjugated S3E3 Antimicrobial Peptide Using Response Surface Methodology. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chew CH, Huang WT, Yang TS, Chen A, Wu YM, Wu MS, Chen CC. Ultra-High Packing Density Next Generation Microtube Array Membrane for Absorption Based Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:273. [PMID: 33917933 PMCID: PMC8068329 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we successfully developed an extracorporeal endotoxin removal device (EERD) that is based on the novel next generation alternating microtube array membrane (MTAM-A) that was superior to the commercial equivalent. In this article, we demonstrated multiple different parameter modifications that led to multiple different types of novel new MTAM structures, which ultimately led to the formation of the MTAM-A. Contrary to the single layered MTAM, the MTAM-A series consisted of a superior packing density fiber connected in a double layered, alternating position which allowed for the greater fiber count to be packed per unit area. The respective MTAM variants were electrospun by utilizing our internally developed tri-axial electrospinning set up to produce the novel microstructures as seen in the respective MTAM variants. A key uniqueness of this study is the ability to produce self-arranged fibers into the respective MTAM variants by utilizing a single spinneret, which has not been demonstrated before. Of the MTAM variants, we observed a change in the microstructure from a single layered MTAM to the MTAM-A series when the ratio of surfactant to shell flow rate approaches 1:1.92. MTAM-A registered the greatest surface area of 2.2 times compared to the traditional single layered MTAM, with the greatest tensile strength at 1.02 ± 0.13 MPa and a maximum elongation of 57.70 ± 9.42%. The MTAM-A was selected for downstream immobilization of polymyxin B (PMB) and assembly into our own internally developed and fabricated dialyzer housing. Subsequently, the entire setup was tested with whole blood spiked with endotoxin; and benchmarked against commercial Toraymyxin fibers of the same size. The results demonstrated that the EERD based on the MTAM-A performed superior to that of the commercial equivalent, registering a rapid reduction of 73.18% of endotoxin (vs. Toraymyxin at 38.78%) at time point 15 min and a final total endotoxin removal of 89.43% (vs. Toraymyxin at 65.03%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho Chew
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan; (C.H.C.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.M.W.)
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan; (C.H.C.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.M.W.)
| | - Tzu-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan;
| | - Amanda Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Yun Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan; (C.H.C.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.M.W.)
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- Masters and Ph.D. Programs of Mind Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan; (C.H.C.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.M.W.)
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan
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George R, Gsottberger F, Ammon A, Wendland K, Mellenthin L, Mackensen A, Müller F. Triton X-114 and Amine-Based Wash Strategy Reduces Lipopolysaccharides to FDA Limit and Achieves Purer, More Potent Recombinant Immunotoxin. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:713-720. [PMID: 33793193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are still routinely expressed prokaryotically in Escherichia coli, some because they are toxic to eukaryotes. Immunotoxins, which are fusion proteins of a targeting moiety and a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A, kill target cells by arresting protein synthesis. Thus, immunotoxins must be expressed in E. coli. Proteins expressed in E. coli are contaminated by endotoxin (also called lipopolysaccharides (LPS)). LPS binds to toll-like receptors, inducing up to life-threatening systemic inflammation in mammals. Therefore, accepted LPS limits for therapeutics as well as for substances used in immunological studies in animals are very low. Here, we report the use of Triton X-114 and polyamine-based wash strategies, which only in combination achieved LPS-contamination well below FDA limits. Resulting LPS-reduced immunotoxins were purer and up to 2.4-fold more active in vitro. Increased activity was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in affinity on cell surface expressed target antigen. The combination method maintained enzymatic function, protein stability, and in vivo efficacy and was effective for Fab as well as dsFv formats. With some modifications, the principle of this novel combination may be applied to any chromatography-based purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka George
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gsottberger
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Ammon
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wendland
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Mellenthin
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Sepahi M, Hadadian S, Ahangari Cohan R, Norouzian D. Lipopolysaccharide removal affinity matrices based on novel cationic amphiphilic peptides. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:386-394. [PMID: 33205675 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1821216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most challenging contaminants in biopharmaceutical industries. Cationic amphiphilic peptides (CAPs) -based affinity matrices can be potent tools for LPS removal in such situations. In this study, two newly designed CAPs derived from the LPS binding site of factor C of horseshoe crab S3E3 and S3E3A were immobilized chemo-selectively on diaminodipropylamine (DADPA) and iodoacetyl functionalized Sepharose beads. Both peptides were immobilized via their carboxyl or sulfhydryl (thiol) groups by amide or thioether bonds, respectively. The generated four affinity matrices were used to remove LPS from bovine serum albumin (BSA). The effects of different influential factors including pH, NaCl, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and LPS concentrations on LPS removal efficiency and protein recovery were investigated by Plackett Burman (PB) method.Statistical analysis revealed that immobilized S3E3 removed LPS more effectively than immobilized S3E3A. Increasing pH and LPS concentration had negative effects on LPS removal efficiency and protein recovery. Increasing NaCl concentration improved protein recovery but reduced LPS removal efficiency. Other factors such as EDTA and type of buffer had no significant effect on the measured responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sepahi
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hadadian
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Norouzian
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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