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Busby EJ, Doyle RM, Leboreiro Babe C, Harris KA, Mack D, Méndez-Cervantes G, O’Sullivan DM, Pang V, Sadouki Z, Solanki P, Huggett JF, McHugh TD, Wey EQ. Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Molecular Typing of Acinetobacter baumannii in Comparison with Orthogonal Methods. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0499522. [PMID: 37154773 PMCID: PMC10269802 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04995-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization and subsequent health care-associated infection (HCAI) with Acinetobacter baumannii are a concern for vulnerable patient groups within the hospital setting. Outbreaks involving multidrug-resistant strains are associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality and poorer overall outcomes. Reliable molecular typing methods can help to trace transmission routes and manage outbreaks. In addition to methods deployed by reference laboratories, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) may assist by making initial in-house judgments on strain relatedness. However, limited studies on method reproducibility exist for this application. We applied MALDI-TOF MS typing to A. baumannii isolates associated with a nosocomial outbreak and evaluated different methods for data analysis. In addition, we compared MALDI-TOF MS with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as orthogonal methods to further explore their resolution for bacterial strain typing. A related subgroup of isolates consistently clustered separately from the main outbreak group by all investigated methods. This finding, combined with epidemiological data from the outbreak, indicates that these methods identified a separate transmission event unrelated to the main outbreak. However, the MALDI-TOF MS upstream approach introduced measurement variability impacting method reproducibility and limiting its reliability as a standalone typing method. Availability of in-house typing methods with well-characterized sources of measurement uncertainty could assist with rapid and dependable confirmation (or denial) of suspected transmission events. This work highlights some of the steps to be improved before such tools can be fully integrated into routine diagnostic service workflows for strain typing. IMPORTANCE Managing the transmission of antimicrobial resistance necessitates reliable methods for tracking outbreaks. We compared the performance of MALDI-TOF MS with orthogonal approaches for strain typing, including WGS and FTIR, for Acinetobacter baumannii isolates correlated with a health care-associated infection (HCAI) event. Combined with epidemiological data, all methods investigated identified a group of isolates that were temporally and spatially linked to the outbreak, yet potentially attributed to a separate transmission event. This may have implications for guiding infection control strategies during an outbreak. However, the technical reproducibility of MALDI-TOF MS needs to be improved for it to be employed as a standalone typing method, as different stages of the experimental workflow introduced bias influencing interpretation of biomarker peak data. Availability of in-house methods for strain typing of bacteria could improve infection control practices following increased reports of outbreaks of antimicrobial-resistant organisms during the COVID-19 pandemic, related to sessional usage of personal protective equipment (PPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise J. Busby
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan M. Doyle
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Leboreiro Babe
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Harris
- Virology Department, ESEL Pathology Partnership, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Mack
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vicky Pang
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Sadouki
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Solanki
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jim F. Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Q. Wey
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Huber CA, Reed SJ, Paterson DL. Bacterial Sub-Species Typing Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry: What Is Promising? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:749-757. [PMID: 34294671 PMCID: PMC8929012 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is routinely used for bacterial identification. It would be highly beneficial to also be able to use the technology as a fast way to detect clinically relevant clones of bacterial species. However, studies to this aim have often had limited success. The methods used for data acquisition, processing and data interpretation are highly diverse amongst studies on MALDI-TOF MS sub-species typing. In addition to this, feasibility may depend on the bacterial species and strains investigated, making it difficult to determine what methods may or may not work. In our paper, we have reviewed recent research on MALDI-TOF MS typing of bacterial strains. Although we found a lot of variation amongst the methods used, there were approaches shared by multiple research groups. Multiple spectra of the same isolate were often combined before further analysis for strain distinction. Many groups used a protein extraction step to increase resolution in their MALDI-TOF MS results. Peaks at a high mass range were often excluded for data interpretation. Three groups have found ways to determine feasibility of MALDI-TOF MS typing for their set of strains at an early stage of their project.
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Fang L, Xu H, Ren X, Li X, Ma X, Zhou H, Hong G, Liang X. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Subsequent MALDI-TOF MS as a Tool to Cluster KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae, a Retrospective Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:462. [PMID: 33042858 PMCID: PMC7521130 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) appeared recently and now presents a particularly critical problem to hospitalized patients worldwide. We aim to investigate the epidemiology and the risk factors for CRKP colonization and infections, and to evaluate the application performance of MALDI-TOF MS in clustering CRKP. Results: CRKP colonization and infections incidence was 2.7 (35/1,319,427) per 100,000 patient-days. Inpatients in CRKP group had higher medical expense than CSKP group. Inpatients with underlying conditions, particularly with pulmonary diseases, and with antimicrobial use prior to culture within 30 days, especially with carbapenem use, were risk factors for CRKP acquisition. All CRKP isolates were detected producing KPC-2. The MALDI-TOF MS system and PFGE system provided similar results, with a good concordance between the two methods (adjusted Rand's coefficient, 0.846) and a high probability of MALDI-TOF MS to predict PFGE results (Wallace coefficient, 0.908). Conclusions: Underlying conditions, particularly pulmonary diseases, and antimicrobial use prior to culture within 30 days, especially carbapenem use, are risk factors for CRKP acquisition. BlaKPC−2 is the mainstream gene of CRKP in our geographic area of analysis. As only simple sample preparation is needed and the results can be obtained in a short time, MALDI-TOF MS may be considered a probable alternative to PFGE in clustering KPC-2-producing CRKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoying Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guolin Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, Xiamen, China.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianming Liang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Molecular analysis and epidemiological typing of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus outbreak strains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11917. [PMID: 31417140 PMCID: PMC6695431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of multidrug resistant bacteria including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in healthcare institutions are increasing in Norway, despite a low level of resistance compared to other European countries. In this study, we describe epidemiological relatedness of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated during an outbreak at a Norwegian hospital in 2012–2013. During the outbreak, 9454 fecal samples were screened for VRE by culture and/or PCR. Isolates from 86 patients carrying the vanA resistance gene were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and single nucleotide polymorphism typing. PFGE revealed two main clusters, the first comprised 56 isolates related to an initial outbreak strain, and the second comprised 21 isolates originating from a later introduced strain, together causing two partly overlapping outbreaks. Nine isolates, including the index case were not related to the two outbreak clusters. In conclusion, the epidemiological analyses show that the outbreak was discovered by coincidence, and that infection control measures were successful. All typing methods identified the two outbreak clusters, and the experiment congruence between the MALDI-TOF and the PFGE clustering was 63.2%, with a strong correlation (r = 72.4%). Despite lower resolution compared to PFGE, MALDI-TOF may provide an efficient mean for real-time monitoring spread of infection.
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Neoh HM, Tan XE, Sapri HF, Tan TL. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE): A review of the "gold standard" for bacteria typing and current alternatives. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103935. [PMID: 31233781 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered the "gold standard" for bacteria typing. The method involves enzyme restriction of bacteria DNA, separation of the restricted DNA bands using a pulsed-field electrophoresis chamber, followed by clonal assignment of bacteria based on PFGE banding patterns. Various PFGE protocols have been developed for typing different bacteria, leading it to be one of the most widely used methods for phylogenetic studies, food safety surveillance, infection control and outbreak investigations. On the other hand, as PFGE is lengthy and labourious, several PCR-based typing methods can be used as alternatives for research purposes. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) have also been proposed for bacteria typing. In fact, as WGS provides more information, such as antimicrobial resistance and virulence of the tested bacteria in comparison to PFGE, more and more laboratories are currently transitioning from PFGE to WGS for bacteria typing. Nevertheless, PFGE will remain an affordable and relevant technique for small laboratories and hospitals in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Xin-Ee Tan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hassriana Fazilla Sapri
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Toh Leong Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neonates in the neonatal ICU (NICU) are uniquely vulnerable to colonization and infection with pathogens such as multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which in turn are associated with increased infection-related morbidities and higher case-fatality rates. We reviewed the English, French, and German language literature published between 2015 and 2017, for reports of NICU outbreaks. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 39 outbreaks in NICUs were reported with Gram-negative bacteria (n = 21; 54%) causing most, and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms being the most frequent resistance mechanism reported (n = 5). Five viral outbreaks were reported (respiratory syncytial virus = 3). A significant proportion of outbreaks (33%) did not identify a source. Whole genome sequencing was used more (n = 6 reports). The most common described infection prevention and control interventions included staff and parent education on hand hygiene, patient isolation, additional contact precautions, including discontinuation of 'kangaroo care', and cohorting. Reporting and publication bias are likely common. SUMMARY NICUs must be vigilant in identifying outbreaks, conduct comprehensive investigations, and implement targeted infection prevention and control strategies. Molecular epidemiology capacities are an essential element in outbreak investigation. More studies are needed to determine the added value of active colonization screening and their impact on outbreak development.
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