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Abitew YA, Reyer H, Hadlich F, Oster M, Trakooljul N, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Transcriptional responses to diets without mineral phosphorus supplementation in the jejunum of two high-yielding laying hen strains. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104484. [PMID: 39515113 PMCID: PMC11584914 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for all forms of life including laying hens, playing a crucial role in growth and efficient egg production. Recent studies suggest that current P recommendations might exceed the physiological demand, leading to unnecessarily high P excretions. This study on Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) laying hens (n=80; 10 replicates per strain, production period, and dietary group) investigates transcriptional changes in the jejunum, a critical intestinal segment for mineral absorption, in response to a diet either without (P-) or with (P+) a mineral supplement from monocalcium phosphate, administered over a 4-week period during the transition (15-19 weeks) or onset of laying (20-24 weeks). DESeq2 analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varied between strains and age groups, with less pronounced effects from dietary mineral P content. The 19-week-old LB hens showed a stronger response to dietary mineral P removal, with transcripts affiliated with increased adaptation of the metabolism and decreased immune pathway activation. The identified pathways such as folate biosynthesis and p53 signaling, potentially link altered energy and amino acid metabolism (2-oxocarboxylic acid and arginine). Interestingly, genes involved in calcium transport (CALB1) and cellular signaling (PRKCA, STEAP4) along with tight junctions (CLDN2) were affected by complete removal of mineral P supplements, suggesting a promoted intestinal mineral uptake. Transcriptional regulation in the jejunum in response to low dietary mineral content is strain-specific when the laying phase begins, which may contribute to a physiological Ca:P ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef A Abitew
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany; University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Rostock, Germany
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Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Ritoux A, Bulmer DC, Smith ESJ. Intestinal barrier function in the naked mole-rat: an emergent model for gastrointestinal insights. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G188-G201. [PMID: 38915279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00080.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier plays a crucial role in homeostasis by both facilitating the absorption of nutrients and fluids and providing a tight shield to prevent the invasion by either pathogen or commensal microorganisms. Intestinal barrier malfunction is associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and decreased insulin sensitivity, which may lead to the dysregulation of other tissues. Therefore, a deeper understanding of physiological aspects related to an enhanced barrier function is of significant scientific and clinical relevance. The naked mole-rat has many unusual biological features, including attenuated colonic neuron sensitivity to acid and bradykinin and resistance to chemical-induced intestinal damage. However, insight into their intestinal barrier physiology is scarce. Here, we observed notable macroscopic and microscopic differences in intestinal tissue structure between naked mole-rats and mice. Moreover, naked mole-rats showed increased number of larger goblet cells and elevated mucus content. In measuring gut permeability, naked mole-rats showed reduced permeability compared with mice, measured as transepithelial electrical resistance, especially in ileum. Furthermore, intestinal ion secretion induced by serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, and capsaicin was significantly reduced in naked mole-rats compared with mice, despite the expression of receptors for all these agonists. In addition, naked mole-rats exhibited reduced prosecretory responses to the nonselective adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. Collectively, these findings indicate that naked mole-rats possess a robust and hard-to-penetrate gastrointestinal barrier that is resistant to environmental and endogenous irritants. Naked mole-rats may therefore provide valuable insights into the physiology of the intestinal barrier and set the stage for the development of innovative and effective therapies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to characterize the intestinal function of naked mole-rats. We found that these animals show a robust gut tissue structure, displaying thicker intestinal layers, longer villi, and larger crypts. Naked mole-rats showed more and larger goblet cells, with increased mucus content. Intestinal permeability, especially in the ileum, was substantially lower than that of mice. Finally, naked mole-rats showed reduced intestinal anion secretion in response to serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, capsaicin, and forskolin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Ritoux
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Stefanetti V, Mancinelli AC, Pascucci L, Menchetti L, Castellini C, Mugnai C, Fiorilla E, Miniscalco B, Chiattelli D, Franciosini MP, Proietti PC. Effect of rearing systems on immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology, and mortality in conventional and local chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103110. [PMID: 37852051 PMCID: PMC10591014 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of poultry meat used to be sourced from intensively housed birds. However, consumer preference has since demanded poultry producers develop more sustainable farming systems. Although free-range farming is considered beneficial for animal welfare, it is not as easy to standardize as an intensive system, which makes the choice of bird genotype appear crucial for alternative systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of conventional and free-range rearing systems on the immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology and mortality in commercial hybrids (Ross 308) and local poultry strains, Bionda Piemontese (BP), Robusta Maculata (RM), BP x Sasso (BPxS), and RM x Sasso (RMxS). RNA was extracted from the jejunum and spleen to assess the mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The heterophil:lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and intestinal histomorphometric evaluation were also calculated. We found that compared to the conventional system, the rearing system significantly affected the jejunum expression of IL-10, iNOS, IL-2, and IL-6, where these genes were upregulated in free-range system. A significant interaction between the rearing system and the genotype was also shown. More specifically, local breeds showed a significantly higher expression (P < 0.001) of IL-6 in the free-range system compared to the same genotypes in the conventional system. Moreover, IL-6 is constantly upregulated in local breeds within the free-range system compared to Ross hybrids. We also found significantly increased H/L and mortality rates in the latter, compared to the local breeds in the free-range reared system. The jejunum morphology also demonstrated a significantly higher villus height in BP and BPxS compared to the Ross hybrids. Overall, the results of our study confirm that the intense selection for growth in broiler chickens may have reduced their ability to react to the environmental stimuli related to free-range systems, resulting in a lower adaptability to a free-range environment, thus making them inappropriate for any farming system other than the conventional one. On the contrary, local chicken breeds are able to adapt and survive in the free-range system of rearing, and represent a genetic resource especially when adaptability to free-range conditions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Fiorilla
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
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Kurniawan A, Natsir MH, Suyadi S, Sjofjan O, Nuningtyas YF, Ardiantoro A, Furqon A, Lestari SP. The effect of feeding with different protein levels on internal organ weight and gene expression of MEF2A and ATF3 in crossbred local chicken using RT-PCR. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:83. [PMID: 37566282 PMCID: PMC10421836 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myogenic enhancer transcription factor 2A (MEF2A) is a transcription factor known for its role in controlling skeletal muscle regeneration and metabolic processes, while activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor that plays a role in modulating metabolic processes, immunity, and oncogenesis. Environmental factors, such as dietary protein, can influence gene expression levels. Insufficient protein intake can negatively affect the metabolic performance of internal organs, leading to the abnormal weight of internal organs. A total of 192 non-sexing crossbred local chickens day-old-chick (DOC) with a completely randomized design (CRD) method of 3 treatments and 8 replicates. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to measure the gene expression levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding with various protein levels on internal organ weight and gene expression of MEF2A and ATF3 in crossbred local chickens. RESULT The analysis of treatment revealed that the results were not significantly different (P > 0.05) on gizzard weight and spleen weight. However, it shows a significantly different result (P < 0.05) on heart weight and a highly significantly different result (P < 0.01) on pancreas weight. These findings suggest that protein levels in the diet had a significant impact on heart and pancreas weights. In terms of gene expression, the increased utilization of protein did not result in an elevation of MEF2A gene expression in both muscle tissue and liver tissue. Specifically, in muscle tissue, MEF2A gene expression was highly expressed at 18% protein feed for the starter phase and 16% for the finisher phase. Conversely, in liver tissue, MEF2A gene expression was highly expressed at 22% protein feed for the starter phase and 20% for the finisher phase. Moreover, ATF3 gene expression in muscle tissue exhibited a negative correlation with increasing feed protein levels. CONCLUSION The results indicate that varying protein levels did not lead to abnormal weights in the liver, kidney, heart, and spleen organs. Additionally, the differential gene expression patterns of MEF2A and ATF3 in muscle tissue and liver tissue suggest that these genes respond differently to varying protein-feeding treatments. These findings provide insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms of MEF2A and ATF3 genes in relation to protein levels and organ-specific responses in crossbred local chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfan Kurniawan
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Halim Natsir
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Suyadi Suyadi
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Osfar Sjofjan
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Frita Nuningtyas
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ari Ardiantoro
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Furqon
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Suci Puji Lestari
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
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Shui F, Qiu G, Pan S, Wang X, Jia F, Jiang T, Li Y, Geng Z, Jin S. Identification of stable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in the duodenum of meat-type ducks. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1160384. [PMID: 37077952 PMCID: PMC10106614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1160384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an important method to detect gene expression at the molecular level. The selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is the key to accurately calculating the expression level of target genes and conducting gene function studies. In this study, the expression of eight candidate reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin (β-actin), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), TATA box binding protein (TBP), ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHAZ), in the duodenal epithelial tissue of 42-day-old meat-type ducks were detected using qPCR. Furthermore, their expression stability was analyzed using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. The results indicated that HMBS and YWHAZ were the most stably expressed genes. All three programs indicated that the expression of 18S rRNA was the least stable, making it unsuitable for the study of gene expression in meat-type duck tissues. This study provides stable reference genes for gene expression analysis and contributes to further studies on the gene function of meat-type ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China
| | - Guiru Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shenqiang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China
| | - Fumin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Extension Center for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Huangshan City, Huangshan, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China
| | - Sihua Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Sihua Jin
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Kanakachari M, Ashwini R, Chatterjee RN, Bhattacharya TK. Embryonic transcriptome unravels mechanisms and pathways underlying embryonic development with respect to muscle growth, egg production, and plumage formation in native and broiler chickens. Front Genet 2022; 13:990849. [PMID: 36313432 PMCID: PMC9616467 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.990849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle development, egg production, and plumage colors are different between native and broiler chickens. The study was designed to investigate why improved Aseel (PD4) is colorful, stronger, and grew slowly compared with the control broiler (CB). Methods: A microarray was conducted using the 7th-day embryo (7EB) and 18th-day thigh muscle (18TM) of improved Aseel and broiler, respectively. Also, we have selected 24 Gallus gallus candidate reference genes from NCBI, and total RNA was isolated from the broiler, improved Aseel embryo tissues, and their expression profiles were studied by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, microarray data were validated with qPCR using improved Aseel and broiler embryo tissues. Results: In the differential transcripts screening, all the transcripts obtained by microarray of slow and fast growth groups were screened by fold change ≥ 1 and false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. In total, 8,069 transcripts were differentially expressed between the 7EB and 18TM of PD4 compared to the CB. A further analysis showed that a high number of transcripts are differentially regulated in the 7EB of PD4 (6,896) and fewer transcripts are differentially regulated (1,173) in the 18TM of PD4 compared to the CB. On the 7th- and 18th-day PD4 embryos, 3,890, 3,006, 745, and 428 transcripts were up- and downregulated, respectively. The commonly up- and downregulated transcripts are 91 and 44 between the 7th- and 18th-day of embryos. In addition, the best housekeeping gene was identified. Furthermore, we validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to muscle growth, myostatin signaling and development, and fatty acid metabolism genes in PD4 and CB embryo tissues by qPCR, and the results correlated with microarray expression data. Conclusion: Our study identified DEGs that regulate the myostatin signaling and differentiation pathway; glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; fatty acid metabolism; Jak-STAT, mTOR, and TGF-β signaling pathways; tryptophan metabolism; and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in PD4. The results revealed that the gene expression architecture is present in the improved Aseel exhibiting embryo growth that will help improve muscle development, differentiation, egg production, protein synthesis, and plumage formation in PD4 native chickens. Our findings may be used as a model for improving the growth in Aseel as well as optimizing the growth in the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kanakachari
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - R. Ashwini
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - T. K. Bhattacharya
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: T. K. Bhattacharya,
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Hasanpur K, Hosseinzadeh S, Mirzaaghayi A, Alijani S. Investigation of chicken housekeeping genes using next-generation sequencing data. Front Genet 2022; 13:827538. [PMID: 36176302 PMCID: PMC9514876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.827538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate normalization of the gene expression assays, using housekeeping genes (HKGs), is critically necessary. To do so, selection of a proper set of HKGs for a specific experiment is of great importance. Despite many studies, there is no consensus about the suitable set of HKGs for implementing in the quantitative real-time PCR analyses of chicken tissues. A limited number of HKGs have been widely used. However, wide utilization of a little number of HKGs for all tissues is challenging. The emergence of high-throughput gene expression RNA-seq data has enabled the simultaneous comparison of the stability of multiple HKGs. Therefore, employing the average coefficient of variations of at least three datasets per tissue, we sorted all reliably expressed genes (REGs; with FPKM ≥ 1 in at least one sample) and introduced the top 10 most suitable and stable reference genes for each of the 16 chicken tissues. We evaluated the consistency of the results of five tissues using the same methodology on other datasets. Furthermore, we assessed 96 previously widely used HKGs (WU-HKGs) in order to challenge the accuracy of the previous studies. The New Tuxedo software suite was used for the main analyses. The results revealed novel, different sets of reference genes for each of the tissues with 17 common genes among the top 10 genes lists of 16 tissues. The results did disprove the suitability of WU-HKGs such as Actb, Ldha, Scd, B2m, and Hprt1 for any of the tissues examined. On the contrary, a total of 6, 13, 14, 23, and 32 validated housekeeping genes (V-HKGs) were discovered as the most stable and suitable reference genes for muscle, spleen, liver, heart, and kidney tissues, respectively. Although we identified a few new HKGs usable for multiple tissues, the selection of suitable HKGs is required to be tissue specific. The newly introduced reference genes from the present study, despite lacking experimental validation, will be able to contribute to the more accurate normalization for future expression analysis of chicken genes.
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Soglia F, Bordini M, Mazzoni M, Zappaterra M, Di Nunzio M, Clavenzani P, Davoli R, Meluzzi A, Sirri F, Petracci M. The evolution of vimentin and desmin in Pectoralis major muscles of broiler chickens supports their essential role in muscle regeneration. Front Physiol 2022; 13:970034. [PMID: 36134328 PMCID: PMC9483144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.970034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM) and desmin (DES) are muscle-specific proteins having crucial roles in maintaining the lateral organization and alignment of the sarcomeric structure during myofibrils’ regeneration. The present experiment was designed to ascertain the evolution of VIM and DES in Pectoralis major muscles (PM) of fast-growing (FG) and medium-growing (MG) meat-type chickens both at the protein and gene levels. MG broilers were considered as a control group whereas the evolution of VIM and DES over the growth period was evaluated in FG by collecting samples at different developmental stages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days). After performing a preliminary classification of the samples based on their histological features, 5 PM/sampling time/genotype were selected for western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and gene expression analyses. Overall, the findings obtained at the protein level mirrored those related to their encoding genes, although a potential time lag required to observe the consequences of gene expression was evident. The two- and 3-fold higher level of the VIM-based heterodimer observed in FG at d 21 and d 28 in comparison with MG of the same age might be ascribed to the beginning and progressive development of the regenerative processes. This hypothesis is supported by IHC highlighting the presence of fibers to co-expressing VIM and DES. In addition, gene expression analyses suggested that, unlike VIM common sequence, VIM long isoform may not be directly implicated in muscle regeneration. As for DES content, the fluctuating trends observed for both the native protein and its heterodimer in FG might be ascribed to its importance for maintaining the structural organization of the regenerating fibers. Furthermore, the higher expression level of the DES gene in FG in comparison with MG further supported its potential application as a marker of muscle fibers’ regeneration. In conclusion, the findings of the present research seem to support the existence of a relationship between the occurrence of muscle regeneration and the growth rate of meat-type chickens and corroborate the potential use of VIM and DES as molecular markers of these cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Bordini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Zappaterra,
| | - Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Mogilicherla K, Athe RP, Chatterjee RN, Bhattacharya TK. Identification of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative real-time PCR-based gene expression in chicken (Gallus gallus). Anim Genet 2022; 53:881-887. [PMID: 35993244 DOI: 10.1111/age.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of genome information greatly facilitates the fundamental research on chicken. In different organs, gene expression patterns can provide clues to understanding the biological functions. For rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become one of the most widely used methods. However, the success of qPCR data normalization depends on the use of a suitable reference gene and a single reference gene is not universally suitable for all the experiments. Therefore, reference gene validation is a crucial step for different organ tissues of chicken where suitable reference genes for qPCR analysis in varieties of tissues have not been investigated exhaustively so far. In this study, we have selected 30 Gallus gallus candidate reference genes from NCBI, amplified and studied their expression profiles by qPCR in different organ tissues (breast muscle, thigh muscle, heart, liver, spleen, gizzard, and bursa) of chicken. The result showed that, for breast muscle HSP10 and RPL23, thigh muscle RPL14 and RPL13, liver ALB and HSP70, spleen ALB and GAPDH, heart CYCS and TUBA8B, gizzard RPL5 and 18S rRNA, and bursa EEF1A1 and PGK2 are most stable genes respectively. The results also showed that for different organ tissues, individual or a combination of reference genes should be selected for data normalization. In this study, we have identified and validated 30 reference genes in seven different organ tissues to provide accurate transcript normalization and quantification, which can be useful for gene expression studies in other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Terra-Long MT, Pietruska A, McCrea BA, Hauck R. Infection with Ascaridia galli Does Not Significantly Alter Intestinal Microbiota and Is Cleared After Changes in the Expression of Cytokines. Avian Dis 2022; 66:186-192. [PMID: 35838751 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Because of the trend of cage-free egg production, infections with the nematode Ascaridia galli are receiving increased attention. The aim of this study was to establish a timeline for the influence of A. galli on the expression of key cytokines related to a parasitic immune response, and on the composition of the jejunal microbiota. Twenty-eight male layer-type birds were challenged at 24, 25, and 26 days of age. An additional 28 birds were kept as uninfected controls. Starting on Day 31, three birds of each group were euthanized every week until 8 wk postinfection (PI). The number of larvae isolated from the intestinal wall decreased over time, until no larvae were seen at 7 and 8 wk PI. At 5 wk PI, there was a numerical upregulation of all cytokines (TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13) in the infected group, but this change was only statistically significant for IL-13. At this time point, larvae were expected to have developed into adults that would have shed eggs in the feces. However, no adult worms were seen and there was no egg shedding. For the microbiota analysis, there were significant differences in the alpha diversity (Faith's phylogenetic diversity) between challenge and control groups, and the beta diversity analysis showed slight differences between samples, suggesting that the age of the birds was the main reason for the separation of groups. These findings suggest that the upregulation of all cytokines evaluated in Week 5 might be the reason for resolution of the infection. Possible explanations are that a high infection dose and the fact that birds were fed with a more nutritionally dense feed might have contributed to the birds' immune system clearing the infection before the worms were able to reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruediger Hauck
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, .,Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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11
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Perlas A, Argilaguet J, Bertran K, Sánchez-González R, Nofrarías M, Valle R, Ramis A, Cortey M, Majó N. Dual Host and Pathogen RNA-Seq Analysis Unravels Chicken Genes Potentially Involved in Resistance to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800188. [PMID: 35003125 PMCID: PMC8727699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe systemic disease and high mortality rates in chickens, leading to a huge economic impact in the poultry sector. However, some chickens are resistant to the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the mechanisms behind HPAIV disease resistance. Chickens of different breeds were challenged with H7N1 HPAIV or clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAIV, euthanized at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi), and classified as resistant or susceptible depending on the following criteria: chickens that presented i) clinical signs, ii) histopathological lesions, and iii) presence of HPAIV antigen in tissues were classified as susceptible, while chickens lacking all these criteria were classified as resistant. Once classified, we performed RNA-Seq from lung and spleen samples in order to compare the transcriptomic signatures between resistant and susceptible chickens. We identified minor transcriptomic changes in resistant chickens in contrast with huge alterations observed in susceptible chickens. Interestingly, six differentially expressed genes were downregulated in resistant birds and upregulated in susceptible birds. Some of these genes belong to the NF-kappa B and/or mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Among these six genes, the serine protease-encoding gene PLAU was of particular interest, being the most significantly downregulated gene in resistant chickens. Expression levels of this protease were further validated by RT-qPCR in a larger number of experimentally infected chickens. Furthermore, HPAIV quasi-species populations were constructed using 3 dpi oral swabs. No substantial changes were found in the viral segments that interact with the innate immune response and with the host cell receptors, reinforcing the role of the immune system of the host in the clinical outcome. Altogether, our results suggest that an early inactivation of important host genes could prevent an exaggerated immune response and/or viral replication, conferring resistance to HPAIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Perlas
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-González
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa Valle
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramis
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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DeMoranville KJ, Carter WA, Pierce BJ, McWilliams SR. Flight and dietary antioxidants influence antioxidant expression and activity in a migratory bird. Integr Org Biol 2021; 4:obab035. [PMID: 35112051 PMCID: PMC8802218 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologically relevant factors such as exercise and diet quality can directly influence how physiological systems work including those involved in maintaining oxidative balance; however, to our knowledge, no studies to date have focused on how such factors directly affect expression of key components of the endogenous antioxidant system (i.e., transcription factors, select antioxidant genes, and corresponding antioxidant enzymes) in several metabolically active tissues of a migratory songbird. We conducted a three-factor experiment that tested the following hypotheses: (H1) Daily flying over several weeks increases the expression of transcription factors NRF2 and PPARs as well as endogenous antioxidant genes (i.e., CAT, SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX4), and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e., CAT, SOD, GPx). (H2) Songbirds fed diets composed of more 18:2n-6 PUFA are more susceptible to oxidative damage and thus upregulate their endogenous antioxidant system compared with when fed diets with less PUFA. (H3) Songbirds fed dietary anthocyanins gain additional antioxidant protection and thus upregulate their endogenous antioxidant system less compared with songbirds not fed anthocyanins. Flight training increased the expression of 3 of the 6 antioxidant genes and transcription factors measured in the liver, consistent with H1, but for only one gene (SOD2) in the pectoralis. Dietary fat quality had no effect on antioxidant pathways (H2), whereas dietary anthocyanins increased the expression of select antioxidant enzymes in the pectoralis, but not in the liver (H3). These tissue-specific differences in response to flying and dietary antioxidants are likely explained by functional differences between tissues as well as fundamental differences in their turnover rates. The consumption of dietary antioxidants along with regular flying enables birds during migration to stimulate the expression of genes involved in antioxidant protection likely through increasing the transcriptional activity of NRF2 and PPARs, and thereby demonstrates for the first time that these relevant ecological factors affect the regulation of key antioxidant pathways in wild birds. What remains to be demonstrated is how the extent of these ecological factors (i.e., intensity or duration of flight, amounts of dietary antioxidants) influences the regulation of these antioxidant pathways and thus oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wales A Carter
- Dept. of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI 02881
| | | | - Scott R McWilliams
- Dept. of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI 02881
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13
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Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative PCR in Johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense L.) under Glyphosate Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081555. [PMID: 34451600 PMCID: PMC8400383 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Weeds are one of the main causes of the decrease in crop yields, with Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.) being one of the most significant. Weeds can be controlled by herbicides, but some have developed resistance. Quantitative PCR is the technique of choice for studying gene expression related to herbicide resistance because of its high sensitivity and specificity, although its quantitative accuracy is highly dependent on the stability of the reference genes. Thus, in this study we evaluated the stability of different reference genes of glyphosate-resistant S. halepense. Nine genes frequently used as reference genes were selected: MDH, ADP, PP2A, EIF4α, ACT, ARI8, DnaJ, Hsp70, and ALS1, and their expression analyzed in susceptible and resistant biotypes at 0, 24 and 72 h post-application of glyphosate. The stability was analyzed with the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software programs and using the ΔCt method. RefFinder was used to generate a comprehensive stability ranking. The results showed that PP2A and ARI8 were the most stable genes under the test conditions. EPSPS expression was also verified against the best two and the worst two reference genes. This study provides useful information for gene expression analysis under glyphosate stress and will facilitate resistance mechanism studies in this weed species.
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14
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The Impact of Hydrated Aluminosilicates Supplemented in Litter and Feed on Chicken Growth, Muscle Traits and Gene Expression in the Intestinal Mucosa. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082224. [PMID: 34438682 PMCID: PMC8388497 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry meat production has many challenges; one of them is the optimized use of natural feed and litter additives. Aluminosilicates have many properties, stimulating both the health and growth of birds and influencing the hygienic status of production. The objectives of the study were to compare growth, meat quality traits and gene expression in the intestinal mucosa of chickens, where halloysite and zeolite were added to the feed and litter simultaneously. There was a similar growth performance in all tested groups. There was no negative impact on most of the meat characteristics, and a positive effect on the water-holding capacity of the breast muscles was observed. The immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory properties of natural minerals have been demonstrated. Therefore, their use in the production of broiler chickens can be recommended. Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the production, muscle traits and gene expression in the intestinal mucosa of chickens supplemented with aluminosilicates in feed and litter simultaneously. A total of 300 Ross 308 were maintained for 42 days. Group 1 was the control group. In group 2, 0.650 kg/m2 of halloysite was added to the litter and 0.5–2% to the feed (halloysite and zeolite in a 1:1 ratio); in group 3, we added zeolite (0.650 kg/m2) to the litter and 0.5–2% to the feed. The production parameters, the slaughter yield and analyses of muscle quality were analyzed. There was a higher body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio on day 18 and 33 in group 3, and a higher feed intake on day 19–33 in groups 2 and 3 than in 1. A lower water-holding capacity was found in the breasts of group 2 and in the legs of group 3 compared to group 1. The expression of genes related to the immune response, host defense and intestinal barrier and nutrient sensing in the intestinal tissue was analyzed. The results show a beneficial effect on the immune status of the host without an adverse effect on the expression of genes related to intestinal tightness or nutritional processes. Due to the growth, meat characteristics and the positive impact of immunostimulant and regulating properties, aluminosilicates can be suggested as a litter and feed additive in the rearing of chickens.
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15
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Effect of Post-Hatch Heat-Treatment in Heat-Stressed Transylvanian Naked Neck Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061575. [PMID: 34072238 PMCID: PMC8227715 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress due to high environmental temperature negatively influences animal productivity. Extensive studies have been carried out to evaluate the mechanisms of heat stress in chickens. It was shown that the expression level of heat-shock factors (HSFs) and heat-shock proteins (HSPs) were affected. Tissue-specific responses to the thermal challenge were also found in the heart, liver and muscle. Our study examined the changes in primary production parameters and four heat-shock factor and two heat-shock protein expression profiles in chicken gonads. In the first experiment, 24 h after hatching, 80 Transylvanian Naked Neck chickens were heat-treated at 38.5 °C ambient temperature with 60% humidity for 12 h. In this experiment, we studied the primary productivity parameters of matured chickens after the performed heat stress. In the second experiment, the heat treatment was the same, and we examined the expression pattern of heat-shock factors and heat-shock proteins in the control and treated gonads. We collected the samples immediately after the heat-treatment in case of half of the treated and control group. We found a significant difference in egg production, and increased expression level of HSP90 and HSF4 in heat-treated female gonads. Abstract Although numerous studies reported the effects of heat stress in chickens, it was not investigated in the Transylvanian Naked Neck breed. In our research, Transylvanian Naked Neck chickens, 24 h after hatching, were heat-treated at 38.5 °C for 12 h. We compared the control and heat-treated adult chickens’ productivity parameters following 12 weeks of heat-stress at 30 °C. We found that the heat-treated layers had significantly higher egg production in heat stress, but in cockerels, the sperm quality did not differ significantly between the two groups. To detect the effect of heat-treatment on a molecular level, the expression of two heat-shock proteins and four heat-shock factors were analysed in the gonads of control and heat-treated chickens. We found that the expression level of HSP90 and HSF4 increased significantly in heat-treated female chicken gonads. Still, in adult females, the expression of HSF2 and HSF3 were substantially lower compared to the control. In adult heat-treated males, the HSP70, HSF1 and HSF3 expression levels showed a significant increase in both gonads compared to the control. We think that the presented significant differences in egg production might be related to the increased expression level of HSP90 and HSF4 in heat-treated female gonads.
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16
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DeMoranville KJ, Carter WA, Pierce BJ, McWilliams SR. Flight training in a migratory bird drives metabolic gene expression in the flight muscle but not liver, and dietary fat quality influences select genes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R637-R652. [PMID: 32966121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Training and diet are hypothesized to directly stimulate key molecular pathways that mediate animal performance, and flight training, dietary fats, and dietary antioxidants are likely important in modulating molecular metabolism in migratory birds. This study experimentally investigated how long-distance flight training, as well as diet composition, affected the expression of key metabolic genes in the pectoralis muscle and the liver of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, n = 95). Starlings were fed diets composed of either a high or low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; 18:2n-6) and supplemented with or without a water-soluble antioxidant, and one-half of these birds were flight trained in a wind-tunnel while the rest were untrained. We measured the expression of 7 (liver) or 10 (pectoralis) key metabolic genes in flight-trained and untrained birds. Fifty percent of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and fat utilization were upregulated by flight training in the pectoralis (P < 0.05), whereas flight training increased the expression of only one gene responsible for fatty acid hydrolysis [lipoprotein lipase (LPL)] in the liver (P = 0.04). Dietary PUFA influenced the gene expression of LPL and fat transporter fatty acid translocase (CD36) in the pectoralis and one metabolic transcription factor [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α (PPARα)] in the liver, whereas dietary antioxidants had no effect on the metabolic genes measured in this study. Flight training initiated a simpler causal network between PPARγ coactivators, PPARs, and metabolic genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and fat storage in the pectoralis. Molecular metabolism is modulated by flight training and dietary fat quality in a migratory songbird, indicating that these environmental factors will affect the migratory performance of birds in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J DeMoranville
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Wales A Carter
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Barbara J Pierce
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | - Scott R McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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17
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Soni MN, Kumar SP, S. R. KJ, Rawal RM, Pandya HA. An integrated computational approach to identify GC minor groove binders using various molecular docking scoring functions, dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:3838-3855. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1664331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehul N. Soni
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar S. R.
- Department of Zoology, Bio-Medical Technology and Human Genetics, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Himanshu A. Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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18
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Vahsen T, Zapata L, Guabiraba R, Melloul E, Cordonnier N, Botterel F, Guillot J, Arné P, Risco-Castillo V. Cellular and molecular insights on the regulation of innate immune responses to experimental aspergillosis in chicken and turkey poults. Med Mycol 2020; 59:465-475. [PMID: 32844181 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the world, many commercial poultry flocks and captive birds are threatened by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Susceptibility to aspergillosis varies among birds; among galliform birds specifically, morbidity and mortality rates seem to be greater in turkeys than in chickens. Little is known regarding the features of avian immune responses after inhalation of Aspergillus conidia, and to date, scarce information on inflammatory responses during aspergillosis exists. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the interactions between A. fumigatus and economically relevant galliform birds in terms of local innate immune responses. Intra-tracheal aerosolization of A. fumigatus conidia in turkey and chicken poults led to more severe clinical signs and lung lesions in turkeys, but leukocyte recovery from lung lavages was higher in chickens at 1dpi only. Interestingly, only chicken CD8+ T lymphocyte proportions increased after infection. Furthermore, the lungs of infected chickens showed an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-6, whereas in turkeys, most of these cytokines showed a downregulation or a delayed upregulation. These results confirmed the importance of an early pro-inflammatory response to ensure the development of an appropriate anti-fungal immunity to avoid Aspergillus dissemination in the respiratory tract. In conclusion, we show for the first time that differences in local innate immune responses between chickens and turkeys during aspergillosis may determine the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vahsen
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laura Zapata
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Elise Melloul
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Arné
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Veronica Risco-Castillo
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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19
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Hul LM, Ibelli AMG, Peixoto JDO, Souza MR, Savoldi IR, Marcelino DEP, Tremea M, Ledur MC. Reference genes for proximal femoral epiphysiolysis expression studies in broilers cartilage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238189. [PMID: 32841273 PMCID: PMC7447007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of reference genes is required for relative quantification in gene expression analysis and the stability of these genes can be variable depending on the experimental design. Therefore, it is indispensable to test the reliability of endogenous genes previously to their use. This study evaluated nine candidate reference genes to select the most stable genes to be used as reference in gene expression studies with the femoral cartilage of normal and epiphysiolysis-affected broilers. The femur articular cartilage of 29 male broilers with 35 days of age was collected, frozen and further submitted to RNA extraction and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. The candidate reference genes evaluated were GAPDH, HMBS, HPRT1, MRPS27, MRPS30, RPL30, RPL4, RPL5, and RPLP1. For the gene stability evaluation, three software were used: GeNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder, and a global ranking was generated using the function RankAggreg. In this study, the RPLP1 and RPL5 were the most reliable endogenous genes being recommended for expression studies with femur cartilage in broilers with epiphysiolysis and possible other femur anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mudri Hul
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jane de Oliveira Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mayla Regina Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Igor Ricardo Savoldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Tremea
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dunislawska A, Slawinska A, Siwek M. Validation of the Reference Genes for the Gene Expression Studies in Chicken DT40 Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040372. [PMID: 32235512 PMCID: PMC7230526 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of a suitable reference gene assures a reliable gene expression analysis when using the qPCR method. Normalization of the reaction is based on the basic metabolism genes. These genes show a constant, unregulated expression in all cells and function throughout their lifetime. In the current study, seven reference gene candidates were screened using RT-qPCR, to determine the best-matched pair of reference genes in the chicken DT40 cell line. The DT40 was derived from bursal lymphoma cells that were subjected to RAV-1 bird retroviral infection. It is a simplified in vitro model that allows tracking the direct interaction of stimulants on the lymphoid population and profiling of the hepatocellular B cell transcriptome. The reference gene analysis was carried out using statistical tools integrating four independent methods—geNorm, Best Keeper, NormFinder, delta Ct and RefFinder. Based on the selected reference genes, the relative gene expression analysis was done using the ddCt method. Complete relative gene expression study on a panel of the target genes revealed that proper selection of reference genes depending on the tissue eliminate decreases in data quality. The SDHA and RPL4 genes constitute stable internal controls as reference genes when analyzing gene expression in the DT40 cell line.
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21
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Hassanpour H, Aghajani Z, Bahadoran S, Farhadi N, Nazari H, Kaewduangta W. Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in ovary and uterus of laying hens under heat stress. Stress 2019; 22:387-394. [PMID: 30806126 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1574294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main stage in real-time quantitative PCR is a quantification of gene transcriptomes, in which suitable use of reliable reference genes is critical to normalize accurately. To determine the most stable reference genes in laying hens under heat stress, from a panel of nine typical candidate reference genes, the mRNA transcript of ACTB, HMBS, HPRT1, RPL13, RPL32, 18SrRNA, TBP, TFRC, and YWHAZ was evaluated in the ovary and uterus of both control and heat-stress groups of laying hens. Forty 23-week-old White Leghorn laying hens were housed in two rooms. The control (n = 20) and heat-stress (n = 20) groups were maintained at 21-23 °C and 36-38 °C for 8 weeks respectively. Analysis of this set of genes was done with BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder software programs to find the most stable ones. Candidate reference genes ranked in the uterus of heat-stress and control groups of hens included YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, ACTB, TBP, RPL32, and 18SrRNA; those in the ovary were YWHAZ, HPRT1, TFRC, HMBS, RPL13, TBP, RPL32, ACTB, and 18SrRNA. The overall results indicated that the most stable genes are YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, TBP, ACTB, RPL32, and 18SrRNA respectively. In addition, the combination of YWHAZ, HPRT1, and HMBS is suggested as the most stable reference group of genes for more accurate quantitative data normalization in the ovarian and uterine tissues of laying hens under control and heat stress conditions. Lay summary Heat stress influences the expression of many genes in the reproductive tissues of birds. Accurate evaluation of these changes via real-time quantitative PCR depends on the determination of reliable reference genes. In this study, nine candidate housekeeping genes were evaluated, and the most stable were YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, TBP, ACTB, RPL32, and 18SrRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hassanpour
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
- b Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Zahra Aghajani
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Shahab Bahadoran
- c Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Navid Farhadi
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Hasan Nazari
- b Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Waranyoo Kaewduangta
- d Department of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Technology , Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham , Thailand
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Hassanpour H, Bahadoran S, Farhadfar F, Chamali ZF, Nazari H, Kaewduangta W. Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in lung and heart of pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4048-4056. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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