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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang D, Zhang C, Liu P. Advances in Targeted Drug Resistance Associated with Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:113-129. [PMID: 38250308 PMCID: PMC10799627 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s447578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the prevailing malignant neoplasm affecting the liver, often diagnosed at an advanced stage and associated with an unfavorable overall prognosis. Sorafenib and Lenvatinib have emerged as first-line therapeutic drugs for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, improving the prognosis for these patients. Nevertheless, the issue of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance poses a substantial obstacle in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis and advancement of hepatocellular carcinoma exhibit a close association with metabolic reprogramming, yet the attention given to lipid metabolism dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma development remains relatively restricted. This review summarizes the potential significance and research progress of lipid metabolism dysfunction in Sorafenib and Lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeting hepatocellular carcinoma lipid metabolism holds promising potential as an effective strategy to overcome hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Liver Transplant Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Yuan Y, Xiang Z, Xia Y, Xie J, Jiang X, Lu Z. The role of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters in breast cancer: Evaluating prognosis, predicting immunity, and guiding treatment. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2273247. [PMID: 37905302 PMCID: PMC10761142 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2273247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, there remains limited clarity regarding our understanding of the tumor microenvironment and metabolic characteristics associated with it. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are the predominant transmembrane transporters found in organisms. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the role of ABC transporters in breast cancer. Transcriptome data from breast cancer patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. ABC transporter-related genes were obtained from the Genecards database. By LASSO regression, ABC-associated prognostic signature was constructed in breast cancer. Subsequently, immune microenvironment analysis was performed. Finally, cell experiments were performed to verify the function of ABCB7 in the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Using the ABC transporter-associated signature, we calculated a risk score for each breast cancer patient. Patients with breast cancer were subsequently categorized into high-risk and low-risk groups, utilizing the median risk score as the threshold. Notably, patients in the high-risk group exhibited significantly worse prognosis (P<0.05). Additionally, differences were observed in terms of immune cell infiltration levels, immune correlations, and gene expression of immune checkpoints between the two groups. Functional experiments conducted on breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 demonstrated that ABCB7 knockdown significantly diminished cell activity, proliferation, invasion, and migration. These findings emphasize the significance of understanding ABC transporter-mediated metabolic and transport characteristics in breast cancer, offering promising directions for further research and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouhong Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiudi Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li J, Zhou K, Wu M, Zhang R, Jin X, Qiao H, Li J, Cao X, Zhang S, Dong G. The Characteristics of Transcription Factors Regulating T Cell Exhaustion Were Analyzed to Predict the Prognosis and Therapeutic Effect in Patients with HCC. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5597-5619. [PMID: 38045905 PMCID: PMC10693252 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s435620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, posing a significant threat to people in diverse regions. T-cell exhaustion (Tex) can hinder the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with HCC, and the transcription factors that regulate Tex in HCC have not yet been fully elucidated. Patients and Methods We used the single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) method to define the transcription factor pathway that regulates Tex and employed LASSO regression analysis to establish Tex related genes (TEXRS). To predict differences in immunotherapy efficacy between the two groups, we used the immunophenotype score and submap algorithm. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the model genes in 21 pairs of HCC tissues. Finally, we assessed the cell communication strength and identified ligand receptors using the "CellChat" R package. Results Nine Tex transcription factors were identified as regulators of the HCC immune microenvironment, with Tex scores affecting patient survival. Patients with a high Tex Risk Score (TEXRS) had significantly worse overall survival compared to patients with low TEXRS. After adjusting for confounding factors, TEXRS remained an independent prognostic factor. Importantly, TEXRS performed well in multiple independent external validation cohorts. Various algorithms have shown that patients in the low-TEXRS group might benefit more from immunotherapy. Finally, RT-qPCR analysis of 21 HCC samples showed that C7, CD5L, and SDS were significantly downregulated in HCC tissues, consistent with the bioinformatics analysis results. Conclusion TEXRS proved to be a valuable predictor of immunotherapy and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization efficacy in patients with HCC. This holds promise for enhancing the prognosis and treatment outcomes of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Wu
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongzheng Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Jin
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Qiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Cao
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanglu Dong
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Guo L, Hu C, Yao M, Han G. Mechanism of sorafenib resistance associated with ferroptosis in HCC. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1207496. [PMID: 37351514 PMCID: PMC10282186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1207496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most familiar primary hepatic malignancy with a poor prognosis. The incidence of HCC and the associated deaths have risen in recent decades. Sorafenib is the first drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for routine use in the first-line therapy of patients with advanced HCC. However, only about 30% of patients with HCC will be benefited from sorafenib therapy, and drug resistance typically develops within 6 months. In recent years, the mechanisms of resistance to sorafenib have gained the attention of a growing number of researchers. A promising field of current studies is ferroptosis, which is a novel form of cell death differing from apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. This process is dependent on the accumulation of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the increase in intracellular iron levels and ROS can be significantly observed in cells resistant to sorafenib. This article reviews the mechanisms of resistance to sorafenib that are related to ferroptosis, evaluates the relationship between ferroptosis and sorafenib resistance, and explores new therapeutic approaches capable of reversing sorafenib resistance in HCC through the modulation of ferroptosis.
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Xu C, Li F, Liu Z, Yan C, Xiao J. Pan-cancer analysis of the prognostic and immunological role of SNX29: a potential target for survival and immunotherapy. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 36829159 PMCID: PMC9951530 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the SNX family is critical for clinical prognosis, immune infiltration and drug sensitivity in many types of tumors. The relationships between the SNX29 gene and clinical prognosis as well as pan-cancer cell infiltration and drug sensitivity have not been fully elucidated. METHODS In the current study, we explored the correlation between SNX29 expression and 33 types of malignancies via TCGA and GTEx. The relationship between SNX29 expression and prognostic outcome in the pan-caner cohort was also analyzed. Immune infiltration, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden and potential therapeutic targets of SNX29 were investigated by analyzing public databases. RESULTS The expression of SNX29 was found to be significantly upregulated in most tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. SNX29 expression was associated with prognosis and clinical stage. In the immune infiltration analysis, a significant relationship was found between SNX29 expression and the level of immune infiltration. In addition, we found associations between the SNX29 gene and tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, immunoinhibition-related genes and autophagy-related genes. Finally, the expression of SNX29 was significantly associated with the sensitivity of various tumor cell lines to 8 antitumor drugs. These results suggest that SNX29 expression is important in determining the progression, immune infiltration and drug sensitivity of various cancers. CONCLUSION This study provides novel insights into the potential pan-cancer targets of SNX29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjing Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangwei Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.
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Fan J, To KKW, Chen ZS, Fu L. ABC transporters affects tumor immune microenvironment to regulate cancer immunotherapy and multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 66:100905. [PMID: 36463807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the phenomenon in which cancer cells simultaneously develop resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally and mechanistically unrelated drugs. MDR severely hinders the effective treatment of cancer and is the major cause of chemotherapy failure. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are extensively expressed in various body tissues, and actively transport endogenous and exogenous substrates through biological membranes. Overexpression of ABC transporters is frequently observed in MDR cancer cells, which promotes efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs and reduces their intracellular accumulation. Increasing evidence suggests that ABC transporters regulate tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by transporting various cytokines, thus controlling anti-tumor immunity and sensitivity to anticancer drugs. On the other hand, the expression of various ABC transporters is regulated by cytokines and other immune signaling molecules. Targeted inhibition of ABC transporter expression or function can enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors by promoting anticancer immune microenvironment. This review provides an update on the recent research progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China;Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Kenneth Kin Wah To
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States.
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China;Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Chen T, Zhang S, Zhou D, Lu P, Mo X, Tamrakar R, Yang X. Screening of co-pathogenic genes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:911808. [PMID: 36033523 PMCID: PMC9410624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.911808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its carcinogenic mechanism is still unclear, looking for both diseases’ transcriptome levels, the same changes as we are looking for NAFLD may provide a potential mechanism of action of HCC. Thus, our study aimed to discover the coexisting pathogenic genes of NAFLD and HCC. Methods We performed a variance analysis with public data for both diseases. At the same time, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to find highly correlated gene modules in both diseases. The darkturquoise gene module was found to be highly correlated with both diseases. Based on the diagnosis related module genes and the differential genes of the two diseases, we constructed diagnostic and prognostic models by logistic regression, univariate Cox regression, and LASSO regression. Public datasets verified the results. Meanwhile, we built a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network based on the model genes and explored the related pathways and immune correlation involved in the two diseases by using Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and gene set enrichment analyses. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the different expression of ABCC5 and TUBG1 among the normal liver, NAFLD, and HCC tissues. Sodium palmitate/sodium oleate was used to establish high-fat cell models, and Real Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to verify the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ABCC5 in lipidization cells. Results A total of 26 upregulated genes and 87 downregulated genes were found using limma package identification analysis. According to WGCNA, the darkturquoise gene module was highly correlated with the prognosis of both diseases. The coexisting genes acquired by the two groups were only three central genes, that is, ABCC5, DHODH and TUBG1. The results indicated that the diagnostic and prognostic models constructed by ABCC5 and TUBG1 genes had high accuracy in both diseases. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that ABCC5 and TUBG1 were significantly overexpressed in NAFLD and HCC tissues compared with normal liver tissues. The Oil Red O staining and triglyceride identified the successful construction of HepG2 and LO2 high-fat models using PA/OA. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the lipidization of LO2 and HepG2 increased the mRNA expression of ABCC5. Conclusions The gene model constructed by ABCC5 and TUBG1 has high sensibility and veracity in the diagnosis of NAFLD as well as the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. ABCC5 and TUBG1 may play an important role in the development of NAFLD to HCC. In addition, lipidization could upregulate the mRNA expression of ABCC5 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Yang, ; Siwen Zhang,
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peipei Lu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianglai Mo
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rashi Tamrakar
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Yang, ; Siwen Zhang,
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Chu PY, Tzeng YDT, Tsui KH, Chu CY, Li CJ. Downregulation of ATP binding cassette subfamily a member 10 acts as a prognostic factor associated with immune infiltration in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2252-2267. [PMID: 35247251 PMCID: PMC8954971 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human ATP binding cassette (ABC) family of transporter proteins plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis in vivo. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of the ABCA10 gene in BRCA. We found that ABCA10 expression was downregulated in different subgroups of breast cancer and strongly correlated with pathological stage in BRCA patients. Low expression of ABCA10 was associated with BRCA patients showing shorter overall survival (OS). ABCA10 expression may be regulated by promoter methylation, copy number variation (CNV) and kinase, and is associated with immune infiltration. Our study also demonstrated the potential role of ABCA10 modifications in tumor microenvironment (TME) cellular infiltration. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism remains unknown and immunotherapy is marginal in BRCA. We demonstrate the expression of different ABCA10 modulators in breast cancer associated with genetic variants, deletions, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and TME. Mutations in ABCA10 are positively associated with different immune cells in six different immune databases and play an important role in immune cell infiltration in breast cancer. Overall, this study provides evidence that ABCA10 could become the potential targets for precision treatment and new biomarkers in the prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.,Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Dun Tony Tzeng
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.,Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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