1
|
Ruth BJ, Marshall JW, Wachman M, Marbach A, Choudhury NS. More than a Great Idea: Findings from the Profiles in Public Health Social Work Study. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 35:235-247. [PMID: 32589555 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1783417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Progress in refining the definition and basic concepts of public health social work (PHSW) is central to its revitalization. Advancing PHSW further depends on understanding the roles, domains, and daily activities of current PHSW practitioners in the contemporary workforce. The goal of the Profiles in PHSW Study is to explore how public health social workers conceptualize and locate their work. Using snowball sampling, 48 PHSW subjects with four or more years of professional experience were recruited; 34 (70.8%) participated. Qualitative survey responses were compiled and thematically analyzed; six themes emerged related to the nuances of integrating public health and social work, wide-ranging practice across systems and settings, leadership, visibility and viability, and recommendations for how to move PHSW forward. Findings suggest that intentional profession-wide integration of public health approaches into social work education, research, and practice is needed to strengthen the field's impact and role in advancing population health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Ruth
- School of Social, Work, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Madi Wachman
- School of Social Work, Center for Innovation in Social Work & Health, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nandini S Choudhury
- Women's Health Program Coordinator at Fenway Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knopov A, Siegel M, Xuan Z, Rothman EF, Cronin SW, Hemenway D. The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide Rates among Black and White Populations in the United States, 1991-2016. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2019; 44:232-240. [PMID: 31665302 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential differential effects of state-level firearm laws on black and white populations. Using a panel design, authors examined the relationship between state firearm laws and homicide victimization rates among white people and black people in 39 states during the period between 1991 and 2016. Authors modeled homicide rates using linear regression with year and state fixed effects and controlled for a range of time-varying, state-level factors. Results showed that universal background check laws and permit requirement laws were associated with lower homicide rates among both white and black populations, and "shall issue" laws were associated with higher homicide rates among both white and black populations. Laws that prohibit firearm possession among people convicted of a violent misdemeanor or require relinquishment of firearms by people with a domestic violence restraining order were associated with lower black homicide rates, but not with white homicide rates. Author identification of heterogeneity in the associations between state firearm laws and homicide rates among different racial groups has implications for reducing racial health disparities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shahbari NAE, Gesser-Edelsburg A, Mesch GS. Perceived trust in the health system among mothers and nurses and its relationship to the issue of vaccinations among the Arab population of Israel: A qualitative research study. Vaccine 2019; 38:29-38. [PMID: 31611101 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The literature indicates that trust plays an important role in people's decision-making with respect to vaccinations. This research seeks to examine the impact of trust on the high response rate to vaccinations among the minority Arab population living in Israel. The research employs the qualitative phenomenological research method, using personal interviews to identify and analyze perceived trust among mothers of young children and teenagers (n = 70) and among nurses (n = 20) in the Arab population in the context of vaccinations and the high response rate to vaccinations among this population. The research findings point to differing levels of trust in the medical system. The participants placed the highest trust in the nurses working in the Tipat Halav Family Health Centers run by the Ministry of Health. These nurses are the main communicators of information about childhood vaccinations in Israel. Moreover, the interviewees saw vaccinations as an example of the state offering equal and optimal services to the Arab minority population. In addition, the interviewees consider the explanatory materials to be limited, superficial and not culturally appropriate. These positive attitudes toward vaccinations alongside reports that no importance is attributed to the explanatory materials due to their low quality may cause the population to accept vaccination recommendations as they are and to delegate responsibility and authority to the state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abed Elhadi Shahbari
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - Anat Gesser-Edelsburg
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; Health and Risk Communication Research Center, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - Gustavo S Mesch
- Department of Sociology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu JJ, D'Angelo KA, Kuoch T, Scully M. Honouring the role of community in community health work with Cambodian Americans. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2018; 26:882-890. [PMID: 30014623 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite surviving extreme forms of violence, torture and other traumas during the Khmer Rouge genocide and forced migration, Cambodian Americans experience devastating health inequities and barriers to health access in the United States (U.S.). From the perspective of Cambodian American community health workers (CHWs), we explored three aims in this community-based participatory research (CBPR), qualitative study: Cambodian Americans' understanding of health, community health work strategies that improve health access of Cambodian Americans, and action steps that improve health access for Cambodian Americans. From 2014 to 2016, our two-phased study spanned seven U.S. states, which included a focus group (n = 5) and 16 semistructured interviews. Participants identified an indigenous concept of health, and micro-level (e.g. service navigation, peer education) and mezzo-level interventions (e.g. community building, coalition work) to improve health access. Finally, Khmer Health Advocates, a community-based health advocacy organisation, served as a vital study partner in this CBPR study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Lu
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen A D'Angelo
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theanvy Kuoch
- Khmer Health Advocates, Inc., West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Mary Scully
- Khmer Health Advocates, Inc., West Hartford, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steketee G, Ross AM, Wachman MK. Health Outcomes and Costs of Social Work Services: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:S256-S266. [PMID: 29236534 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.304004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to reduce expensive health service utilization, contain costs, improve health outcomes, and address the social determinants of health require research that demonstrates the economic value of health services in population health across a variety of settings. Social workers are an integral part of the US health care system, yet the specific contributions of social work to health and cost-containment outcomes are unknown. The social work profession's person-in-environment framework and unique skillset, particularly around addressing social determinants of health, hold promise for improving health and cost outcomes. OBJECTIVES To systematically review international studies of the effect of social work-involved health services on health and economic outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched 4 databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Social Science Citation Index) by using "social work" AND "cost" and "health" for trials published from 1990 to 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA Abstract review was followed by full-text review of all studies meeting inclusion criteria (social work services, physical health, and cost outcomes). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Of the 831 abstracts found, 51 (6.1%) met criteria. Full text review yielded 16 studies involving more than 16 000 participants, including pregnant and pediatric patients, vulnerable low-income adults, and geriatric patients. We examined study quality, health and utilization outcomes, and cost outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Average study quality was fair. Studies of 7 social work-led services scored higher on quality ratings than 9 studies of social workers as team members. Most studies showed positive effects on health and service utilization; cost-savings were consistent across nearly all studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite positive overall effects on outcomes, variability in study methods, health problems, and cost analyses render generalizations difficult. Controlled hypothesis-driven trials are needed to examine the health and cost effects of specific services delivered by social workers independently and through interprofessional team-based care. Public Health Implications. The economic and health benefits reported in these studies suggest that the broad health perspective taken by the social work profession for patient, personal, and environmental needs may be particularly valuable for achieving goals of cost containment, prevention, and population health. Novel approaches that move beyond cost savings to articulate the specific value-added of social work are much needed. As health service delivery focuses increasingly on interprofessional training, practice, and integrated care, more research testing the impact of social work prevention and intervention efforts on the health and well-being of vulnerable populations while also measuring societal costs and benefits is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Steketee
- Gail Steketee is with the Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, MA. Abigail M. Ross is with the Fordham Graduate School of Social Service, New York, NY. Madeline K. Wachman is with the Center for Innovation in Social Work and Health, Boston University School of Social Work
| | - Abigail M Ross
- Gail Steketee is with the Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, MA. Abigail M. Ross is with the Fordham Graduate School of Social Service, New York, NY. Madeline K. Wachman is with the Center for Innovation in Social Work and Health, Boston University School of Social Work
| | - Madeline K Wachman
- Gail Steketee is with the Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, MA. Abigail M. Ross is with the Fordham Graduate School of Social Service, New York, NY. Madeline K. Wachman is with the Center for Innovation in Social Work and Health, Boston University School of Social Work
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Social work is a core health profession with origins deeply connected to the development of contemporary public health in the United States. Today, many of the nation's 600 000 social workers practice broadly in public health and in other health settings, drawing on a century of experience in combining clinical, intermediate, and population approaches for greater health impact. Yet, the historic significance of this long-standing interdisciplinary collaboration-and its current implications-remains underexplored in the present era. This article builds on primary and contemporary sources to trace the historic arc of social work in public health, providing examples of successful collaborations. The scope and practices of public health social work practice are explored, and we articulate a rationale for an expanded place for social work in the public health enterprise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Ruth
- Betty J. Ruth is with the Dual Degree Program in Social Work and Public Health, School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, MA. Jamie Wyatt Marshall is with the Group for Public Health Social Work Initiatives, Boston
| | - Jamie Wyatt Marshall
- Betty J. Ruth is with the Dual Degree Program in Social Work and Public Health, School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, MA. Jamie Wyatt Marshall is with the Group for Public Health Social Work Initiatives, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith SJ. Condoms, Culture, and Conviction: The Effect of Acculturation and Religiosity on Latina Condom Use during First Sex with New Partners. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 32:176-191. [PMID: 28253135 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2016.1215278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Latinas in the United States are less likely than their non-Hispanic peers to use condoms. Previous research has identified acculturation and religiosity as two key determinants of Latina condom use, but results are inconsistent, impairing the translation of findings to practice. The current study examines these constructs together and addresses methodological concerns noted in the literature. Structural equation modeling performed on a nationally representative sample of Latinas indicated that intrinsic religiosity increased condom use whereas acculturation decreased condom use. Extrinsic religiosity indirectly increased condom use via intrinsic religiosity. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott James Smith
- a Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice , Oakland University , Rochester , Michigan , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thomas MA, Narayan P. Reproductive tract infections: Attitude and barriers among marginalized fisher women in Kerala, South India. Health Care Women Int 2017; 38:361-378. [PMID: 28323558 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1279616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are the cause of severe gynecological and maternal morbidity in India. In marginalized communities, women persevere quietly when faced with a culturally sensitive health issue such as an RTI. To hypothesize on the differential health behavior and low levels of reported incidents among women living in marginalized communities, we undertake an exploratory study in a coastal fishermen community in South India. We identify barriers influencing decisions to seek curative and preventive medical care. Public health practitioners and social workers may find our recommendations relevant for addressing health issues in marginalized communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj A Thomas
- a Department of Information Systems, School of Business , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Poornima Narayan
- b General Management, Women in Inclusive Communication Initiative , Ernakulam , India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim H, Hocking C. The Mutual Relationship Between Immigrants' Disrupted Everyday Activities and Their Health: A Grounded Theory of Experiences of Korean Immigrants Settling in New Zealand. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 31:113-126. [PMID: 26954511 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2015.1087916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For Asian immigrants, immigration has the potential to disrupt all familiar routines. That is a threat to their health and well-being. This grounded theory study explored how immigrants adjust to a new environment by analyzing the experiences of 25 Korean immigrants in New Zealand. The findings suggest that immigration is a stress-inducing phenomenon that requires adjustment of valued activities and adversely affects their health. In response, participants worked on regaining control over disrupted activities by opting for two world perspectives. The study helps social workers to develop effective interventions and services for immigrants to better handle health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagyun Kim
- a Department of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Clare Hocking
- b Department of Occupational Science and Therapy , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prati G, Zani B, Pietrantoni L, Scudiero D, Perone P, Cosmaro L, Cerioli A, Oldrini M. Psychometric Properties of a New HIV/AIDS Knowledge Measure for Adults. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 31:30-42. [PMID: 26674412 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2015.1087911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new 29-item HIV/AIDS knowledge measure and to examine its psychometric properties for three samples of adults: non-HIV-positive heterosexual people, non-HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The authors collected data using an online questionnaire. A total of 9,349 Italian individuals agreed to participate in the study: 694 individuals (7.4%) were PLWHA, 5,232 (56.0%) were HIV negative, and the remaining 3,423 (36.6%) were MSM. Using two-parameter item response theory analysis, a bifactor model was found to be better fitting than a one-factor model or a 12 correlated first-order factor model. Differential item functioning showed evidence of measurement nonequivalence of the instrument for the three samples of adults. The reliability of HIV/AIDS knowledge scale among PLWHA was satisfactory. Criterion-related validity was only achieved among non-HIV-positive heterosexual people, non-HIV-positive MSM, as the HIV/AIDS knowledge scale was related with attitudes toward condom use, condom use with casual partners, unknown HIV status of partner, and HIV stigma. Among non-HIV-positive heterosexual people, the HIV/AIDS knowledge scale adds to the prediction of condom use above that of attitudes toward condom use scale. The HIV/AIDS knowledge scale is especially discriminating at low to medium levels of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Prati
- a Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Cesena , Italy
| | - Bruna Zani
- a Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Cesena , Italy
| | - Luca Pietrantoni
- a Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Cesena , Italy
| | - Diego Scudiero
- b LILA (Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS), Como , Italy
| | - Patrizia Perone
- b LILA (Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS), Como , Italy
| | - Lella Cosmaro
- b LILA (Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS), Como , Italy
| | | | - Massimo Oldrini
- b LILA (Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS), Como , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruth BJ, Velásquez EE, Marshall JW, Ziperstein D. Shaping the future of prevention in social work: an analysis of the professional literature from 2000 through 2010. SOCIAL WORK 2015; 60:126-134. [PMID: 25929010 PMCID: PMC4888782 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swu060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In light of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's goals of better patient care, cost control, and improved population outcomes, prevention has emerged as an important component of health reform. Social work, with its extensive involvement in the health system and deep roots in public health, can benefit from a better understanding of its role in prevention. This study builds on the Social Work Interest in Prevention Study (SWIPS), which evaluated extent, type, and levels of prevention content in nine social work journals from 2000 to 2005. The goal of the expanded study, the SWIPS-Expansion, was to assess whether interest in prevention increased over the years in which health reform was enacted. Of the 3,745 articles reviewed, 9.0 percent (n = 336) met the criteria for "prevention articles." Between 2000 and 2010, prevention articles rose from 4.1 percent to 14.3 percent of all articles. A secondary analysis focused on topics within social work prevention, with violence, aging, and disease as primary focal areas. The findings suggest that although prevention interest appears to be growing, it remains a minority focus in the profession's journals. A national conversation on prevention can help expand the profession's role in health reform at this critical time.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jani JS, Deforge BR. Contextually appropriate measurement as the basis for culturally appropriate interventions: a case study in Managua, Nicaragua. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 30:157-174. [PMID: 25496142 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2014.969859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in U.S. health care, racial and ethnic minorities experience significantly worse health and mental health outcomes. Policy responses to this problem are based on available research, which is often premised on a misinterpretation of the cultural concepts that underlie people's health and mental health. Health researchers often rely upon measurements with questionable cultural validity. This contributes to a lack of understanding of health disparities that nondominant populations experience and creates obstacles to the development of effective policies to alleviate them. Even statistically valid or literally translated measurements often fail to account for different social and cultural contexts and/or neglect to consider vital information about the population studied or its history. This article reports on the content validity of measures used in a study that investigated predictors of mental health in Managua, Nicaragua. Results reveal a polarized response structure and lack of cultural relevance in underlying concepts measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree S Jani
- a School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emma-Echiegu N, Okoye UO, Odey ES. Knowledge of causes of VVF and discrimination suffered by patients in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: a qualitative study. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 29:417-427. [PMID: 25068607 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2013.853635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) is a major public health issue in Nigeria. This study focused on VVF patients seeking treatment. Hospital records were used to sample 30 respondents. Three focus group discussions were conducted and analyzed in themes. Results reveal that most of the respondents did not know what brought about their condition, whereas some felt it was a curse from the gods. Respondents reported discrimination and stigmatization by relatives. Findings suggest the need to have trained social workers working in all fistula centers in the country. They will help in the counseling, rehabilitation, and reintegration of these women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nkechi Emma-Echiegu
- a Department of Sociology/Anthropology , Ebonyi State University , Abakaliki , Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Craig SL, Bejan R, Muskat B. Making the invisible visible: are health social workers addressing the social determinants of health? SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2013; 52:311-331. [PMID: 23581836 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2013.764379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the ways in which health social workers (HSW) address the social determinants of health (SDH) within their social work practice. Social workers (n = 54) employed at major hospitals across Toronto had many years of practice in health care (M = 11 years; SD = 10.32) and indicated that SDH were a top priority in their daily work; with 98% intentionally intervening with at least one and 91% attending to three or more. Health care services were most often addressed (92%), followed by housing (72%), disability (79%), income (72%), and employment security (70%). Few HSW were tackling racism, Aboriginal status, gender, or social exclusion in their daily practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley L Craig
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Health concerns for Latinos, the largest ethnic minority in the United States, merit attention by policy makers. Given the importance of the Latino population to the economic well-being of the United States, ensuring good health for this group is crucial. Lack of access to health care is the most obvious barrier to maintaining good health for Latinos, but it is not the only important factor. Sociocultural factors, including acculturation, culturally competent health professionals, immigration status, income, and education are also influential to health concerns. Recommendations to decrease health disparities among Latino men include theoretically based health interventions, better integration of research findings, working with local communities, and incorporating Latino masculine values into both health care and health education. Given the importance of the sociocultural factors, the discussion that follows emphasizes these and the interaction of these factors with Latino cultural values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gast
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (JG), Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology (TP), Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Terry Peak
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (JG), Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology (TP), Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| |
Collapse
|