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Chirinos-Peinado D, Castro-Bedriñana J, Ríos-Ríos E, Castro-Chirinos G, Quispe-Poma Y. Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Milk Produced in the Vicinity of a Mini Mineral Concentrator in the Central Andes and Health Risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2376-2390. [PMID: 37713056 PMCID: PMC10954997 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The bovine milk quality, safety, and security are of great concern mainly due to the dispersion of toxic substances from various anthropogenic activities and poor practices for organophosphates in agriculture use. This study evaluated the potential risk to human health from lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) from the consumption of milk produced in an area of the Central Andes valley near a mini mineral concentrator by estimating the weekly intake (WI), dietary risk quotient (DRC), hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for the Peruvian population aged 2 to 85 years, in three scenarios of milk consumption by age (minimum, average, and maximum). Toxic element quantification was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following standardized procedures. The mean amount ± standard deviation of Pb, Cd, and As in soils was 292±60.90, 3.54±1.58, and 5.60±2.20 mg/kg, the order of importance being Pb>As>Cd. The contents of Pb, Cd, and As in pastures were 23.17±10.02, 0.25±0.57, and 0.06±0.09 mg/kg, being from highest to lowest Pb>Cd>As. The means of Pb, Cd, and As content in 19 milk samples were 0.029±0.022, 0.007±0.006, and 0.010±0.004 mg/kg. Pb and Cd exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL), and the As was below the MPL. At all ages and milk consumption levels, the WI for Pb and Cd were below the estimated tolerable intake (TWI). The WI for As in < 19 years was higher than the TWI. The DRC for Pb and Cd at all three milk intake levels and all ages was < 1, and for As, it was > 1 in < 19 years, being the risk group. The TQH and HI for Pb and Cd were also > 1, signifying no health risk, and for As, the values were > 1 in < 11 years. Our results are valuable for preventing adverse health impacts from safe and innocuous milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Chirinos-Peinado
- Research Center in Food and Nutritional Security, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Perú
| | - Jorge Castro-Bedriñana
- Research Center in Food and Nutritional Security, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Perú.
| | - Elva Ríos-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Yubaly Quispe-Poma
- Zootechnical Faculty, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Perú
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Archundia D, Prado-Pano B, Molina-Freaner F. Potentially toxic elements in soil-plant-water-animal continuum in a mining area from Northwestern Mexico: animal exposure pathways and health risks for children. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:99. [PMID: 38403801 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mining increases environmental concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulating in organisms and spreading in the human food chain-their presence in milk is of great human health concern. Pathways were identified by which these elements reach raw milk from farms within a mining area in Northwestern Mexico; health risks for dairy cattle and children were also evaluated. Water from river and cattle waterers, as well as, soils showed that PTE concentrations generally below the Mexican and international limits; cattle forage concentrations were above the World Health Organization limits. Al, Mg, Mo, Ni and Zn were recorded in raw milk samples from the mining area, showing that Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb and V are transferred from soil to plants but not accumulated in raw milk. Zn concentrations in raw milk exceeded the permissible limit; milk from farms without mining operations (comparison site) showed the presence of Al, Cr and Cu. In cattle tail hair, PTE did not correlate with raw milk concentrations. Metal accumulation in milk was higher through water consumption than that accumulated through forage consumption. Daily intakes (DI) of Al, Mg and Zn in cows could represent a risk for their health. The observed biotransference was higher than in other parts of Mexico, and the calculated DI and hazard quotients indicate no adverse health effects for children. However, the hazard Index values indicate that exposure to multiple PTE represents a risk for children. Management measures should be performed to control the cumulative risks to protect young children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Archundia
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), 03940, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Prado-Pano
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco Molina-Freaner
- Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 83250, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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3
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Isci G, Orucoglu B, Ekici M. Assessing heavy metal levels in pediatric enteral nutrition formulas available in the Turkish market: Implications for consumer health. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114037. [PMID: 37714447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 27 pediatric enteral nutrition (EN) formulas from five international brands available in the Turkish market. Analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), Toxicological contribution % of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) models. Our objective was to evaluate heavy metal exposure in EN formulas, specifically focusing on Cd, Pb, iAs, and Hg levels according to recommended amounts for different age groups based on their energy requirements. Average concentrations of iAs in polymeric (PC), oligomeric (OC), and monomeric (MC) EN formulas were as follows: PC: 2.13 ± 0.16 (
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursel Isci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Agri, Turkey.
| | - Betul Orucoglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Merve Ekici
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Agri, Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34758, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow's Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060317. [PMID: 35736925 PMCID: PMC9227626 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2−85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area.
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Sharifi S, Sohrabvandi S, Mofid V, Javanmardi F, Khanniri E, Mortazavian AM. The assessment of lead concentration in raw milk collected from some major dairy farms in Iran and evaluation of associated health risk. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:181-186. [PMID: 35669832 PMCID: PMC9163241 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Milk is one of the most consumed sources among people, especially children. hence, its contamination with heavy metals can pose a serious risk to children. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the lead concentration as one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the raw milk of several major animal husbandries in Tehran province from Iran. A total of 57 raw milk samples were collected from different regions of Tehran province. The lead contents were measured using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. To evaluate the risk of the samples and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated. The results showed that HQ for all samples was lower than 1 which was found within the acceptable level. Because the absorption of Pb is higher in children and this metal has a cumulative property in the body, even its small weekly intake can be dangerous in long-term consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Sharifi
- Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sohrabvandi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Qods Town (The West), Shahid Farahzadi Blvd, Shahid Hafezi St, Tehran, 1981619573 Iran
| | - Vahid Mofid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Qods Town (The West), Shahid Farahzadi Blvd, Shahid Hafezi St, Tehran, 1981619573 Iran
| | - Fardin Javanmardi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Qods Town (The West), Shahid Farahzadi Blvd, Shahid Hafezi St, Tehran, 1981619573 Iran
| | - Elham Khanniri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Qods Town (The West), Shahid Farahzadi Blvd, Shahid Hafezi St, Tehran, 1981619573 Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Mortazavian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Qods Town (The West), Shahid Farahzadi Blvd, Shahid Hafezi St, Tehran, 1981619573 Iran
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Zyambo G, Yabe J, Muzandu K, M’kandawire E, Choongo K, Kataba A, Chawinga K, Liazambi A, Nakayama SMM, Nakata H, Ishizuka M. Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead-Zinc Mine in Kabwe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084757. [PMID: 35457623 PMCID: PMC9032925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) contamination in the environment affects both humans and animals. Chronic exposure to Pb via dietary intake of animal products such as milk from contaminated areas poses a health risk to consumers; therefore, the present study investigated Pb contamination in cow milk and its health risk impact on humans through consumption of milk from cattle reared in the proximity of a Pb−Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Fresh milk samples were collected from cows from Kang’omba (KN), Kafulamse (KF), Mpima (MP), Mukobeko (MK), and Munga (MN) farming areas. Pb determination was performed using Graphite Flame Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Cow milk Pb levels showed different concentration patterns according to season, distance, and location of the farms from the Pb−Zn mine. The overall mean Pb levels were ranged 0.60−2.22 µg/kg and 0.50−4.24 µg/kg in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The mean Pb concentration, chronic daily intake (CDIs), target hazard quotients (THQs), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results obtained were all within the permissible limits of 20 µg/kg, 3 and 12.5 µg/kg-BW/day, <1 and 10−4 to10−6, respectively. In conclusion, although Pb was detected in milk from cows reared in Kabwe, the health risk effects of Pb exposure associated with the consumption of milk in both adults and children were negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golden Zyambo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-11-706-5105 (M.I.)
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Kennedy Choongo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Andrew Kataba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Kenneth Chawinga
- Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia; (K.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Allan Liazambi
- Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia; (K.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Shouta M. M Nakayama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-11-706-5105 (M.I.)
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7
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An assessment of heavy metal level in infant formula on the market in Turkey and the hazard index. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sai Chaithanya M, Bhaskar D, Vidya R. Metal transfer and related human health risk assessment through milk from cattle grazing at an industrial discharge area. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:295-310. [PMID: 34932429 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2007291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The water bodies within industrial areas are often used for the disposal of effluents leading to metal contamination in water, soil, and vegetation. However, the impact of metal enrichment in the food grown in these areas has not been much explored. The present study investigates the food chain contamination of eight metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in the milk from the cattle grazing on a shallow lake bed within the industrial town of Ranipet, India, and associated health risk from the consumption by adults and children. It also considers the possible sources of metals into the cattle from water, forage, and soil. The total number of cattle grazing in the study area was identified, along with their average daily intakes. The total milk yield from these cattle and the milk consumption rates were identified from surveys conducted among cattle owners and milk buyers. The primary sources of all the metals, except Al are forage; whereas for Al, it is the soil. The projected milk consumption pattern indicates that 531 children and 1279 adults drinking contaminated milk are at considerable risk. The hazard indices ranged from 0.86 to 2.74 for children, and 0.35 to 1.13 for adults. The Cancer Risk values for Cd and Cr were above 10-4 for adults and children, signify serious health risk. The analyses of tail switch hair samples indicated that cattle are also environmentally exposed to metals indicating their subclinical effect. Hence, the study substantiates that soil can be a potential source of metals in the food chain, and apprises stringent quality control and monitoring food chain contamination from milk in industrial belts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthyala Sai Chaithanya
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Das Bhaskar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - R Vidya
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Su C, Gao Y, Qu X, Zhou X, Yang X, Huang S, Han L, Zheng N, Wang J. The Occurrence, Pathways, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Raw Milk from Industrial Areas in China. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120320. [PMID: 34941756 PMCID: PMC8708092 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) contamination in raw milk from industrial areas in China, identified the possible pathways of heavy metals from the environment to raw milk, and made a risk assessment of the consumption of heavy metals from milk consumption. The Cr, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in raw milk, water and silage were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Cr and As in soil were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. Cd and Pb in soil were determined by a Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Cr and As concentrations in milk from industrial areas were 2.41 ± 2.12 and 0.44 ± 0.31 μg/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those from non-industrial areas, which had levels of 1.10 ± 0.15 and 0.25 ± 0.09 μg/kg, respectively. Chromium was mainly transferred through the soil-silage-milk pathway, As was transferred through the water-silage-milk pathway, while Cd was mainly transferred through the soil (water)-silage-milk pathway. The contributions of each metal to the overall hazard index (HI) followed a descending order of As, Cr, Pb, and Cd, with values of 46.64%, 25.54%, 24.30%, and 3.52%, respectively. Children were at higher risk than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyou Su
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Xueyin Qu
- Tianjin Mengde Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China;
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Xue Yang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Lei Han
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Nan Zheng
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-62816069 (N.Z. & J.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-62816069 (N.Z. & J.W.)
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10
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Castro-Bedriñana J, Chirinos-Peinado D, Ríos-Ríos E, Machuca-Campuzano M, Gómez-Ventura E. Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112382. [PMID: 34090106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mining-metallurgical industry in the central Andes of Peru is a source of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in milk, and there are no studies on the impact of their ingestion. Using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, we quantified the concentration of these metals in raw milk produced in agroecological zones near these industries, and estimated the exposure and dietary risk in people aged 2-85 yr with minimum, average and maximum daily milk intake. In 2018, 40 raw milk samples were collected from 20 cows at two times of the year. The mean Pb and Cd concentrations were 577 ± 18.2 and 18.35 ± 5.4 μg/kg, all samples exceeded the maximum limits (ML). Children aged 2-5 and 6-15 yr, with average milk consumption, had Pb weekly intakes (WI) of 2019 and 2423 μg, exceeding the risk value; values for Cd 64 and 77 μg were below the risk values. In those older than 20 years the WI for both metals are below the risk values. The Dietary Risk Coefficient (DRC) to Pb in children younger than 8 years was >3 due to higher milk consumption in relation to body weight; for children aged 9-19 years it was 1.7 and 2.9, being <1 for those older than 20 yr. Cd RDCs were <1 at all ages, with the exception of 2-year-olds in the high milk consumption scenario (RDC > 1). There was notable evidence of Pb and Cd exposure risk from consumption of milk produced near mining-metallurgical activities, predominantly for children under 19-year-olds. In Peru there are no regulations for Pb and Cd in fresh milk and milk products, we recommended that ML for heavy metals in food be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castro-Bedriñana
- Research Center in Food and Nutritional Security, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Peru.
| | - Doris Chirinos-Peinado
- Research Center in Food and Nutritional Security, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Peru
| | - Elva Ríos-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Elvis Gómez-Ventura
- Zootechnical Faculty, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo, Junín, Peru
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Su C, Liu H, Qu X, Zhou X, Gao Y, Yang H, Zheng N, Wang J. Heavy Metals in Raw Milk and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Vicinity of Leather-Processing Plants. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3303-3311. [PMID: 33184740 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the contamination levels of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in raw milk and the subsequent potential health risk to local consumers close to leather-processing plants in China. The As and Pb concentrations in milk from contaminated areas were 0.43 ± 0.21 and 2.86 ± 0.96 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.20 ± 0.05 and 2.32 ± 0.78 μg/L, respectively. The Cr and Cd levels in milk from contaminated areas were 1.21 ± 1.57 and 0.15 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, which were slightly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.87 ± 0.61 and 0.13 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, (P > 0.05). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values for As, Pb, Cr, and Cd from milk consumption were calculated for individuals aged 3 to 69. The THQ followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cr > Cd, with values of 0.0066-0.0441, 0.0033-0.0220, 0.0019-0.0124, and 0.0007-0.0046, respectively. The HI values (0.0124-0.0832) were far below the threshold of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyou Su
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueyin Qu
- Tianjin Mengde Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Blood, Hair and Feces as an Indicator of Environmental Exposure of Sheep, Cow and Buffalo to Cobalt: A Health Risk Perspectives. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals (TMs) such as cobalt (Co) can cause lifelong carcinogenic disorders and mutagenic outcomes. TMs enter ground water and rivers from human activity, anthropogenic contamination, and the ecological environment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of sewage water irrigation on cobalt (Co) toxicity and bioaccumulation in a soil-plant environment and to assess the health risk of grazing livestock via forage consumption. Cobalt is a very necessary element for the growth of plants and animals; however, higher concentrations have toxic impacts. Measurement of Co in plant, soil and water samples was conducted via wet digestion method using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Co pollution severity was examined in soil, forage crops (Sorghum bicolor Kuntze, Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk. and Tribulus terrestris L.) in blood, hair and feces of sheep, cow and buffalo from district Toba-Tek-Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Three sites were selected for investigation of Co level in soil and forage samples. Highest concentration of Co was 0.65 and 0.35 mg/kg occurring in S. bicolor at site I. The sheep blood, cow hair and sheep feces samples showed highest concentrations of 0.545, 0.549 and 0.548 mg/kg, respectively at site I and site II. Bioconcentration factor, pollution load index, enrichment factor and daily intake were found to be higher (0.667, 0.124, 0.12 and 0.0007 mg/kg) in soil, S. bicolor, S. fruticosa and in buffalo, respectively, at site I. It was concluded that forage species irrigated with wastewater are safe for consumption of livestock. However, though the general values were lower than the permissible maximum limit, it was observed that the bioaccumulation in the forage species was higher. Therefore, soil and food chain components should be avoided from trace metal contamination, and other means of nonconventional water resources should be employed for forages irrigation.
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Numa Pompilio CG, Francisco CS, Marco Tulio FDMT, Sergio Samuel SM, Fernanda Eliza GJ. Heavy metals in blood, milk and cow's urine reared in irrigated areas with wastewater. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06693. [PMID: 33937539 PMCID: PMC8079447 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the content of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), strontium (Sr) and thallio (Tl) in blood, milk and urine from cows fed forage irrigated with sewage water and cultivated in the vicinity of the Popocatépetl volcano and determine the rate of transfer of these elements from blood to milk and urine. Digestion was performed in a microwave oven (CEM-MarsX). The determination was made using an ICP -OES. The Cd in the blood was significantly higher than in milk and urine. The Cr in the blood was higher than in the urine. In milk the content of Pb and Cu was significantly higher than in blood. Sr and Tl concentration in the urine was higher than that detected in milk and blood and Pb in blood. Milk transfer Index revealed a significant difference in relation to the TI values found in the urine and only in the case of Cu in milk was TI > 1. In urine, the values found of Sr and Tl were higher than milk TI. It is concluded that when metals are ingested by cows in fodder, they are easily transferred to milk and urine through the blood. Presence of heavy metals in the different matrices determines the degree of environmental and trofic chain contamination with which we can consider the cow a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Castro-González Numa Pompilio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, A.V. Universidad s/n San Juan Acateno Teziutlan, Puebla, México
| | | | | | | | - González-Juárez Fernanda Eliza
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, A.V. Universidad s/n San Juan Acateno Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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14
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Su C, Zheng N, Gao Y, Huang S, Yang X, Wang Z, Yang H, Wang J. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market. Foods 2020; 9:E1839. [PMID: 33321845 PMCID: PMC7763862 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the content of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in domestic and imported infant formulas from Beijing, China were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of Cr, As, Cd and Pb was 2.51-83.80, 0.89-7.87, 0.13-3.58 and 0.36-5.57 μg/kg, respectively. Even though there were no significant differences in toxic elements content between domestic and imported infant formulas, Cd content was slightly lower in domestic samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated for infants between 0.5 and 5 y of age. The EDIs were lower than the oral reference doses. THQ of As, Cr, Cd and Pb was 0.027-0.103, 0.024-0.093, 0.0025-0.0090 and 0.0015-0.0046, respectively. HI values were 0.055-0.192 for boys and 0.056-0.209 for girls and were inversely associated with age with a threshold < 1. The non-carcinogenic risk value were in the safe range, indicating that exposure of As, Pb, Cr and Cd from infant formulas do not represent a health risk in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyou Su
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yanan Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xue Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (N.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
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15
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Early-life Pb exposure as a potential risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: are there hazards for the Mexican population? J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1285-1303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Frisbie SH, Mitchell EJ, Roudeau S, Domart F, Carmona A, Ortega R. Manganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223636. [PMID: 31689314 PMCID: PMC6830775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) in children has recently been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Current infant formula regulations for Mn content were set between 1981 (United States), 2006 (European Union, France), and 2007 (Codex Alimentarius) prior to the publication of much of the growing body of research on the developmental neurotoxicity of Mn. In this study, we sought to measure the concentrations of Mn in some infant formulas and young child nutritional beverages available on the United States (US) and French markets using ion beam analysis by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry and then compare the analytical results to concentrations reported in the literature for breast milk and applicable infant formula regulations and guidelines. We were particularly interested in measuring Mn concentrations in product types for which there is very little data from previous surveys, especially soy-based, rice-based, goat-milk based, chocolate-flavored, and nutritional beverages for young children that are not regulated as infant or follow-on formulas (e.g. “toddler formulas” and “toddler powders”). We purchased 44 infant formulas and young child nutritional beverage products in the US and France with varying protein sources (cow-milk, goat-milk, soy, rice) labelled for birth to 3 years. We selected these samples using maximum variation sampling to explore market extremes to facilitate comparisons to regulatory limits. Since this sampling method is non-probabilistic, other inferences cannot be made beyond this set of samples to the overall markets. We used ion beam analysis to measure the concentrations of Mn in each product. The range of measured Mn concentrations in the products is 160–2,800 μg/L, substantially higher than the 3–6 μg/L mean Mn concentration reported in human breast milk. All products satisfied national and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) international standards for minimum Mn content in infant formulas; however, 7/25 of the products purchased in the US exceeded the CAC Guidance Upper Level of 100 μg Mn/kcal for infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika J. Mitchell
- Better Life Laboratories, Incorporated, East Calais, VT, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Roudeau
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Florelle Domart
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Richard Ortega
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
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17
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Evaluation of Health Risks due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of Emilio Portes Gil’s population, for the exposition to the Atoyac River pollution in the State of Puebla, was evaluated. The objective was to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals by ingesting water from wells and spri ngs. The chronic daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk index (CRI) in adults, teenagers, and children were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, Al, Ni, and Pb in some of the samples exceeded the recommended standards for human consumption and was significantly higher in the dry season. The hazard index (HI), due to the collective intake of metals, was higher in children (> 50% compared to adults), due to the consumption of spring water in the dry season. Risk of noncancerous diseases was not detected in the long term, since the indices did not exceed the unit (reference value). The carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to Cr (CRIchildren = 3.2 × 10−4), was greater than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) in the water spring, and Cr and Pb were the main metals that contributed to the potential health risk of the inhabitants. The study showed the risks by the intake of polluted water from the sources of supply in the region, and that the risk is higher in the dry season (> 100% compared with rainy season).
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Castro-González NP, Calderón-Sánchez F, Pérez-Sato M, Soní-Guillermo E, Reyes-Cervantes E. Health risk due to chronic heavy metal consumption via cow's milk produced in Puebla, Mexico, in irrigated wastewater areas. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:38-44. [PMID: 30277127 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1520742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the heavy metals content of milk from cows fed with forage irrigated with waste water from industrial sources and the health risk to children. Milk samples were taken from milk collection tanks of eight localities in the state of Puebla. On average, the heavy metals in the milk had the following order Zn> As> Pb > Cr> Cu > Ni. Pb (0.03 mg kg-1) exceeded the Codex limits. For As the hazard index was 8.0 ± 0.4, which is far above 1. On the other hand, the individual risk of cancer showed a descending order Cr> As > Pb, while the risk of total cancer (0.004 ± 0.002) indicated that the combined effect of heavy metals created a serious risk for girls and children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Pérez-Sato
- a Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla , México
| | - Eutiquio Soní-Guillermo
- a Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla , México
| | - Erick Reyes-Cervantes
- c Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Calle Universal, Ciudad Universitaria , Puebla , México
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Castro-González NP, Calderón-Sánchez F, Castro de Jesús J, Moreno-Rojas R, Tamariz-Flores JV, Pérez-Sato M, Soní-Guillermo E. Heavy metals in cow's milk and cheese produced in areas irrigated with waste water in Puebla, Mexico. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 11:33-36. [PMID: 29086632 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1397060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As levels in raw milk and Oaxaca and ranchero type cheeses, produced in areas irrigated with waste water from Puebla in Mexico. Milk results showed a mean Pb level of 0.03 mg kg-1, which is above the maximum limit as set by Codex Alimentarius and the European Commission standards. For As a mean value of 0.12 mg kg-1 in milk was obtained. Mean As and Pb levels in milk were below the Mexican standard. Milk whey and ranchero cheese had mean Pb levels of 0.07 and 0.11 mg kg-1, respectively. As was higher in Oaxaca and ranchero cheese at 0.17 and 0.16 mg kg-1, respectively. It was concluded that cheeses made from cow's milk from areas irrigated with waste water are contaminated with Pb and As, which may represent a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jair Castro de Jesús
- a Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Tlatlauquitepec , México
| | - Rafael Moreno-Rojas
- c Departamento de Bromatología y Biotecnología de alimentos , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , España
| | - José V Tamariz-Flores
- d Departamento de Investigación en Ciencias Agrícolas , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla , México
| | - Marcos Pérez-Sato
- a Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Tlatlauquitepec , México
| | - Eutiquio Soní-Guillermo
- a Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica , Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Tlatlauquitepec , México
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