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Freitag S, Sulyok M, Reiter E, Lippl M, Mechtler K, Krska R. Influence of regional and yearly weather patterns on multi-mycotoxin occurrence in Austrian wheat: a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric and multivariate statistics approach. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38770945 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin surveys play an essential role in our food safety system. The obtained occurrence data form the basis for the assessment of the exposure of humans and animals to these toxic fungal secondary metabolites. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the gold standard for mycotoxin determination because it enables selective and sensitive multi-toxin analysis. Simultaneous determination of several hundreds of secondary fungal metabolites is feasible using this technique. In this study, we combined a targeted dilute-and-shoot LC-MS/MS-based multi-analyte approach with multivariate statistics for the analysis of Austrian wheat from two different years and different geographical origins. RESULTS We quantified 47 secondary fungal metabolites, including regulated emerging and masked mycotoxins. The resulting multi-mycotoxin occurrence data were further analyzed using both multivariate and univariate statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) were employed to identify regional and yearly trends within the dataset and to quantify the variance in metabolite occurrence attributed to the different effects. In addition, secondary fungal metabolites significantly impacted by these factors were selected via ANOVA. Of the 47 secondary metabolites identified, 39 were affected by the year, region or a combined effect. Moreover, our findings show that 43 of the secondary fungal metabolites were significantly influenced by the weather conditions. CONCLUSION The results presented in this study underline the added value of combining targeted LC-MS/MS with multivariate statistics for monitoring a broad spectrum of secondary fungal metabolites in food crops. Through multivariate statistics, trends associated with the year or region can be readily studied. The approach presented could pave the way for a better understanding of the impact of climate change on plant pathogenic fungi and its implications for food safety. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Reiter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lippl
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Mechtler
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Sustainable Plant Production, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Qiu T, Zhang H, Lei H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shen X, Xu B, Zhu J, Xiao W, Zheng J, Chen J. Preparation of Anti-Zearalenone IgY and Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA Method for the Measurement of Zearalenone in Post-Fermented Tea. Foods 2023; 12:4478. [PMID: 38137282 PMCID: PMC10742412 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-fermented tea (PFT) is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Rapid microbial growth and significant changes in the microbial composition of PFT during processing and storage pose a potential risk of contamination with mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN). Screening for ZEN contamination in a simple, rapid, and inexpensive manner is required to ensure that PFT is safe for consumption. To monitor ZEN in PFT, ZEN was conjugated with bovine serum albumin to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY). A specific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on IgY was developed and validated. ZEN was extracted with acetonitrile and water (50:50, v/v) containing 5% acetic acid and purified using a mixture of primary and secondary amines and graphitized carbon black to remove matrix interference from the PFT samples. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of this assay was 13.8-508.9 ng mL-1, the limit of detection was 9.3 ng mL-1, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 83.8 ng mL-1. Cross-reactivity was negligible, and the assay was specific for ZEN-related molecules. The recovery rate of ZEN in the control blanks of PFT samples spiked with a defined concentration of ZEN of 89.5% to 98.0%. The recovery and accuracy of the method were qualified for PFT matrices. No significant differences were evident between the results of the actual PFT samples analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and ic-ELISA. The collective data indicate that the developed ic-ELISA can be used for the rapid and simple detection of ZEN in PFT products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Qiu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huayi Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Biyun Xu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jialin Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wentao Xiao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jixu Zheng
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
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Tanveer ZI, Ahmad K, Dong Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu T. Evaluation of reduced graphene oxide-based nanomaterial as dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent for isolation and purification of aflatoxins from poultry feed, combined with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1035-1048. [PMID: 37459595 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feed comprises cereals and their by-products and is vulnerable to aflatoxins contamination. This study utilised reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (rGO-TiO2) nanomaterial as a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) adsorbent to extract, enrich and purify aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2). The synthesis of rGO-TiO2 nanomaterials through hydrothermal process and characterisation by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction reveals that the nanomaterials have a single-layer structure embedded with TiO2 nanoparticles. The matrix-spiked technique was employed for the extraction process, optimisation of d-SPE, and analytical method validation. The most appropriate extraction solvent was acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v), with 30 min of extraction time assisted by ultra-sonication. The optimised d-SPE parameters were: 50 mg of rGO-TiO2 as sorbent amount, 2% methanol as the sample loading solvent, 30 min as adsorption time, and absolute ethanol as the washing reagent. The d-SPE method exhibited good desorption efficiency with 3 mL of acetonitrile/formic acid (99/1, v/v) and 20 min desorption time. After validation, the UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method has an acceptable range of specificity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), sensitivity (LOQ 0.04-0.1 µg kg-1), recoveries (74-105% at three matrix-spiked levels) and precision (RSD 1.5-9.6%). Poultry feed samples (n = 12) were pretreated by this method to extract, enrich and analyse aflatoxins, which were detected in all poultry feed samples. The contamination levels were within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Tanveer
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Chongqing Taiji Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tenfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ye J, Bao H, Zheng M, Liu H, Chen J, Wang S, Ma H, Zhang Y. Development of a Novel Magnetic-Bead-Based Automated Strategy for Efficient and Low-Cost Sample Preparation for Ochratoxin A Detection Using Mycotoxin–Albumin Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040270. [PMID: 37104208 PMCID: PMC10145472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is toxic to humans and frequently contaminates wine and beer. Antibodies are essential recognition probes for the detection of OTA. However, they have several drawbacks, such as high costs and difficulty in preparation. In this study, a novel magnetic-bead-based automated strategy for efficient and low-cost OTA sample preparation was developed. Human serum albumin, which is an economical and stable receptor based on the mycotoxin–albumin interaction, was adapted and validated to replace conventional antibodies to capture OTA in the sample. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection was used in combination with this preparation method for efficient detection. The effects of different conditions on this method were investigated. The recovery of OTA samples spiked at three different concentrations ranged from 91.2% to 102.1%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.2%–8.2% in wine and beer. For red wine and beer samples, the LODs were 0.37 and 0.15 µg/L, respectively. This reliable method overcomes the drawbacks of conventional methods and offers significant application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Hui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengyao Zheng
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haihua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Cheng S, Feng X, Liu G, Zhao N, Liu J, Zhang Z, Yang N, Zhou L, Pang M, Tang B, Dong J, Zhao B, Liu Y. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Maize in North China. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080521. [PMID: 36006182 PMCID: PMC9414867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins seriously threaten the quality of maize seriously around the world. A total of 426 samples of maize kernel from northeast and northwest China were analyzed in this study. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) was performed to analyze the mycotoxin contamination of maize samples. The results showed that it was contaminated by mycotoxins in maize. The average contamination levels of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 were 937, 431, 22, 27, 2 and 12 μg/kg, respectively. Concentration of mycotoxins in some samples exceeded their limit, but most were still at safe levels. The contamination level of FBs and DON were most significative. The proportion of mycotoxins exceeding the maximum limit standard was in the following order: 8.0%, 8.0%, 7.0%, 1.6%, 1.4% and 0.0%. The contamination of mycotoxins in maize varies from region to region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingao Dong
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
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Ye J, Zheng M, Ma H, Xuan Z, Tian W, Liu H, Wang S, Zhang Y. Development and Validation of an Automated Magneto-Controlled Pretreatment for Chromatography-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Cereals and Oils through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070454. [PMID: 35878192 PMCID: PMC9319898 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chromatography-free detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereals and oils through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been developed using quantum dots and immunomagnetic beads. A magneto-controlled pretreatment platform for automatic purification, labeling, and digestion was constructed, and AFB1 detection through AAS was enabled. Under optimal conditions, this immunoassay exhibited high sensitivity for AFB1 detection, with limits of detection as low as 0.04 μg/kg and a linear dynamic range of 2.5–240 μg/kg. The recoveries for four different food matrices ranged from 92.6% to 108.7%, with intra- and inter-day standard deviations of 0.7–6.3% and 0.6–6.9%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the detection of AFB1 in husked rice, maize, and polished rice samples, and the detection results were not significantly different from those of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method realized the detection of mycotoxins through AAS for the first time. It provides a new route for AFB1 detection, expands the application scope of AAS, and provides a reference for the simultaneous determination of multiple poisonous compounds (such as mycotoxins and heavy metals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Mengyao Zheng
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haihua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhihong Xuan
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Wei Tian
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China; (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (W.T.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (Y.Z.)
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