1
|
Conner CM, van Fossan D, Read K, Cowley DO, Alvarez O, Xu SXR, Webb DR, Jarnagin K. A precisely humanized FCRN transgenic mouse for preclinical pharmacokinetics studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115470. [PMID: 36870576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the fastest-growing classes of drugs and have been approved to treat several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. Preclinical pharmacokinetics studies are performed to determine the therapeutically meaningful dosages and efficacy of candidate drugs. These studies are typically performed in non-human primates; however, using primates is costly and raises ethical considerations. As a result, rodent models that better mimic human-like pharmacokinetics have been generated and remain an area of active investigation. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a candidate drug, such as half-life, are partly controlled by antibody binding to the human neonatal receptor hFCRN. Due to the abnormally high binding of human antibodies to mouse FCRN, traditional laboratory rodents do not accurately model the pharmacokinetics of human mAbs. In response, humanized rodents expressing hFCRN have been generated. However, these models generally use large inserts randomly integrated into the mouse genome. Here, we report the production and characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated hFCRN transgenic mouse termed SYNB-hFCRN. Using CRISPR/Cas9-assisted gene targeting, we prepared a strain with a simultaneous knockout of mFcrn and insertion of a hFCRN mini-gene under the control of the endogenous mouse promoter. These mice are healthy and express hFCRN in the appropriate tissues and immune cell subtypes. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of human IgG and adalimumab (Humira®) demonstrate hFCRN-mediated protection. These newly generated SYNB-hFCRN mice provide another valuable animal model for use in preclinical pharmacokinetics studies during early drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Don van Fossan
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Kristen Read
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Dale O Cowley
- TransViragen, Inc., PO Box 110301, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Oscar Alvarez
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | | | - David R Webb
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Kurt Jarnagin
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Awad RM, Breckpot K. Novel technologies for applying immune checkpoint blockers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 382:1-101. [PMID: 38225100 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells develop several ways to subdue the immune system among others via upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) proteins. These ICPs paralyze immune effector cells and thereby enable unfettered tumor growth. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block ICPs can prevent immune exhaustion. Due to their outstanding effects, mAbs revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, current ICP therapy regimens suffer from issues related to systemic administration of mAbs, including the onset of immune related adverse events, poor pharmacokinetics, limited tumor accessibility and immunogenicity. These drawbacks and new insights on spatiality prompted the exploration of novel administration routes for mAbs for instance peritumoral delivery. Moreover, novel ICP drug classes that are adept to novel delivery technologies were developed to circumvent the drawbacks of mAbs. We therefore review the state-of-the-art and novel delivery strategies of ICP drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu X, Li T, Shen Z, Jing H, Xie X, Zhou X, Shen Y, Yang Y. The establishment of B cell-deficient Igh-J KO mouse model by gene editing and efficacy evaluation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109704. [PMID: 36689847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, immunotherapy has made significant progress in treating various cancers with therapeutic antibodies. However, therapeutic antibodies have been validated for inducing an unintended immune response in human and animal models, which leads to the emergence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and affects their effectiveness and safety. In preclinical research, ADAs production by B cells may accelerate antibody metabolism and result in missing potential candidate molecules. Thus, it is urgent to develop preclinical models that remove only B cells without affecting the function of T and NK cells. Rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain J gene fragment (Igh-J) is the first link in B cell development, and immunotherapies are currently leaning toward combination treatments with PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, here we created humanized PD-1, PD-L1 and Igh-J knockout (hPD-1/hPD-L1, Igh-J KO) mice and validated by using the reported high immunogenicity drug M7824 (a protein designed to simultaneously block PD-L1 and TGF-β pathways, poorly anti-tumor efficacy in immunocompetent mice). Phenotypic analysis revealed that human PD-1 and PD-L1 were detectable in hPD-1/hPD-L1, Igh-J KO mice, but not mouse IgM and IgD. Igh-J KO depleted B cells while increased the percentage of other immune cell types. Meanwhile, the humanization of PD-1/PD-L1 and Igh-J KO had neither effect on the overall development, differentiation, or distribution of T cell subtypes, nor on the activation of NK and T cells, indicating that mice can be used for T and NK-related immunotherapies. Furthermore, M7824 treatment of these B cell-deficient mice inhibited tumor growth significantly, with higher M7824 analog concentrations and lower ADA-positive rates. These findings demonstrate that Igh-J KO mice are an effective and stable preclinical model for testing drugs based on T and NK cells with high immunogenicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Yu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China; Joint Graduate School, Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, People's Republic of China; Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Jing
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China; Joint Graduate School, Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, People's Republic of China; Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulong Xie
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China; Joint Graduate School, Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, People's Republic of China; Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School, Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, People's Republic of China; Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, People's Republic of China; Joint Graduate School, Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, People's Republic of China; Institute of Innovative Medicine, Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102609, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ishiwatari-Ogata C, Kyuuma M, Ogata H, Yamakawa M, Iwata K, Ochi M, Hori M, Miyata N, Fujii Y. Ozoralizumab, a Humanized Anti-TNFα NANOBODY ® Compound, Exhibits Efficacy Not Only at the Onset of Arthritis in a Human TNF Transgenic Mouse but Also During Secondary Failure of Administration of an Anti-TNFα IgG. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853008. [PMID: 35273620 PMCID: PMC8902368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the introduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors represented a significant advance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), traditional anti-TNFα antibodies are somewhat immunogenic, and their use results in the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and loss of efficacy (secondary failure). Ozoralizumab is a trivalent, bispecific NANOBODY® compound that differs structurally from IgGs. In this study we investigated the suppressant effect of ozoralizumab and adalimumab, an anti-TNFα IgG, on arthritis and induction of ADAs in human TNF transgenic mice. Ozoralizumab markedly suppressed arthritis progression and did not induce ADAs during long-term administration. We also developed an animal model of secondary failure by repeatedly administering adalimumab and found that switching from adalimumab to ozoralizumab was followed by superior anti-arthritis efficacy in the secondary-failure animal model. Moreover, ozoralizumab did not form large immune complexes that might lead to ADA formation. The results of our studies suggest that ozoralizumab, which exhibited low immunogenicity in the animal model used and has a different antibody structure from that of IgGs, is a promising candidate for the treatment of RA patients not only at the onset of RA but also during secondary failure of anti-TNFα treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanao Kyuuma
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ogata
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Machi Yamakawa
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Iwata
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoki Ochi
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hori
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyata
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Qian M, Wu Y, Wang Y, Shangguan W, Lu J, Zhao W, Feng J. Design and biological evaluation of novel long-acting adalimumab Fab conjugated with the albumin binding domain. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174152. [PMID: 33964292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are preferred alternatives to antibodies for medical application, whereas their short half-lives limit therapeutic effectiveness. Albumin binding domain (ABD) with high affinity for albumin possesses a great potential in enhancing in vivo performance of biotherapeutics. In this study, to mitigate the poor pharmacokinetics of adalimumab Fab targeting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), an ABD fusion strategy was applied innovatively using GA3, ABD035, ABD094 and ABDCon with high affinities for albumin. The prokaryotic expression, bioactivities and half-lives of those novel Fab-ABD fusions were investigated in vitro and in vivo. All Fab-ABD fusions were successfully purified, and they retained similar TNFα-binding activities with the unmodified Fab control, also presented high affinities for human/mouse serum albumin (HSA/MSA). Additionally, the simultaneous binding of the difunctional Fab-ABD fusions to TNFα and albumin was verified, and ABD fused to Fab neither interfered with Fab-TNFα binding nor impaired the association between Fc fragment of IgG receptor and transporter (FcRn) and albumin. Based on the highest binding affinity for HSA and maximal yield, Fab-ABDCon was selected for further evaluation. Fab-ABDCon showed similar thermostability with the Fab control and robust stability in human and mouse plasma. Most notably, the pharmacokinetics of Fab-ABDCon in mice was significantly improved with a 22-fold longer plasma half-life (28.2 h) compared with that of Fab control (1.31 h), which have contributed to its satisfactory therapeutic efficacy in murine TNFα-induced hepatonecrosis model. Thus, Fab-ABDCon could be a promising long-acting candidate suitable for drug development targeting TNFα-mediated inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mengxin Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Jianguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morillon YM, Sabzevari A, Schlom J, Greiner JW. The Development of Next-generation PBMC Humanized Mice for Preclinical Investigation of Cancer Immunotherapeutic Agents. Anticancer Res 2020; 40:5329-5341. [PMID: 32988851 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the efficacy and mechanisms of human immuno-oncology agents has been hampered due to species-specific differences when utilizing preclinical mouse models. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) humanized mice provide a platform for investigating the modulation of the human immune-mediated antitumor response while circumventing the limitations of syngeneic model systems. Use of humanized mice has been stymied by model-specific limitations, some of which include the development of graft versus host disease, technical difficulty and cost associated with each humanized animal, and insufficient engraftment of some human immune subsets. Recent advances have addressed many of these limitations from which have emerged humanized models that are more clinically relevant. This review characterizes the expanded usage, advantages and limitations of humanized mice and provides insights into the development of the next generation of murine humanized models to further inform clinical applications of cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Maurice Morillon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Ariana Sabzevari
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
| | - John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu W, Bennett AL, Ning W, Tan HY, Berwanger JD, Zeng X, Bruening ML. Monoclonal Antibody Capture and Analysis Using Porous Membranes Containing Immobilized Peptide Mimotopes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12161-12167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin L. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Wenjing Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | | | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Warnders FJ, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, Kosterink JGW. Influence of protein properties and protein modification on biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody derivatives, and non-Ig scaffolds. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1837-1873. [PMID: 29635825 DOI: 10.1002/med.21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed protein drugs that target tumor-associated antigens are often modified in order to increase their therapeutic effect, tumor exposure, and safety profile. During the development of protein drugs, molecular imaging is increasingly used to provide additional information on their in vivo behavior. As a result, there are increasing numbers of studies that demonstrate the effect of protein modification on whole body distribution and tumor uptake of protein drugs. However, much still remains unclear about how to interpret obtained biodistribution data correctly. Consequently, there is a need for more insight in the correct way of interpreting preclinical and clinical imaging data. Summarizing the knowledge gained to date may facilitate this interpretation. This review therefore provides an overview of specific protein properties and modifications that can affect biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody fragments, and nonimmunoglobulin scaffolds. Protein properties that are discussed in this review are molecular size, target interaction, FcRn binding, and charge. Protein modifications that are discussed are radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling drug conjugation, glycosylation, humanization, albumin binding, and polyethylene glycolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jan Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bon C, Hofer T, Bousquet-Mélou A, Davies MR, Krippendorff BF. Capacity limits of asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated liver targeting. MAbs 2017; 9:1360-1369. [PMID: 28876162 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1373924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundant cell surface asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a highly selective receptor found on hepatocytes that potentially can be exploited as a selective shuttle for delivery. Various nucleic acid therapeutics that bind ASGPR are already in clinical development, but this receptor-mediated delivery mechanism can be saturated, which will likely result in reduced selectivity for the liver and therefore increase the likelihood for systemic adverse effects. Therefore, when aiming to utilize this mechanism, it is important to optimize both the administration protocol and the molecular properties. We here present a study using a novel ASGPR-targeted antibody to estimate ASGPR expression, turnover and internalization rates in vivo in mice. Using pharmacokinetic data (intravenous and subcutaneous dosing) and an in-silico target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model, we estimate an ASGPR expression level of 1.8 million molecules per hepatocyte. The half-life of the degradation of the receptor was found to be equal to 15 hours and the formed ligand-receptor complex is internalized with a half-life of 5 days. A biodistribution study was performed and confirmed the accuracy of the TMDD model predictions. The kinetics of the ASGPR shows that saturation of the shuttle at therapeutic concentrations is possible; however, simulation allows the dosing schedule to be optimized. The developed TMDD model can be used to support the development of therapies that use the ASGPR as a shuttle into hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bon
- a Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,b Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, TOXALIM , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Thomas Hofer
- c Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Alain Bousquet-Mélou
- b Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, TOXALIM , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- a Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|