1
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Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Homogeneous multi-payload antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2024; 16:854-870. [PMID: 38760431 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many systemic cancer chemotherapies comprise a combination of drugs, yet all clinically used antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) contain a single-drug payload. These combination regimens improve treatment outcomes by producing synergistic anticancer effects and slowing the development of drug-resistant cell populations. In an attempt to replicate these regimens and improve the efficacy of targeted therapy, the field of ADCs has moved towards developing techniques that allow for multiple unique payloads to be attached to a single antibody molecule with high homogeneity. However, the methods for generating such constructs-homogeneous multi-payload ADCs-are both numerous and complex owing to the plethora of reactive functional groups that make up the surface of an antibody. Here, by summarizing and comparing the methods of both single- and multi-payload ADC generation and their key preclinical and clinical results, we provide a timely overview of this relatively new area of research. The methods discussed range from branched linker installation to the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, with a generalized comparison tool of the most promising modification strategies also provided. Finally, the successes and challenges of this rapidly growing field are critically evaluated, and from this, future areas of research and development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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2
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Watts E, Bashyal A, Dunham SD, Crittenden CM, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Characterization of Lysine-Linked Antibody Drug Conjugates Enabled by Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry and Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation-Triggered Electron-Transfer/Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation and Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38651410 PMCID: PMC11036284 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As the development of new biotherapeutics advances, increasingly sophisticated tandem mass spectrometry methods are needed to characterize the most complex molecules, including antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Lysine-linked ADCs, such as trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1), are among the most heterogeneous biotherapeutics. Here, we implement a workflow that combines limited proteolysis with HCD-triggered EThcD and UVPD mass spectrometry for the characterization of the resulting middle-down large-sized peptides of T-DM1. Fifty-three payload-containing peptides were identified, ranging in mass from 1.8 to 16.9 kDa, and leading to the unambiguous identification of 46 out of 92 possible conjugation sites. In addition, seven peptides were identified containing multiple payloads. The characterization of these types of heterogeneous peptides represents an important step in unraveling the combinatorial nature of lysine-conjugated ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Aarti Bashyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Sean D. Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
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3
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Castel J, Delaux S, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Recent advances in structural mass spectrometry methods in the context of biosimilarity assessment: from sequence heterogeneities to higher order structures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115696. [PMID: 37713983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics and their biosimilar versions have been flourishing in the biopharmaceutical market for several years. Structural and functional characterization is needed to achieve analytical biosimilarity through the assessment of critical quality attributes as required by regulatory authorities. The role of analytical strategies, particularly mass spectrometry-based methods, is pivotal to gathering valuable information for the in-depth characterization of biotherapeutics and biosimilarity assessment. Structural mass spectrometry methods (native MS, HDX-MS, top-down MS, etc.) provide information ranging from primary sequence assessment to higher order structure evaluation. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in structural mass spectrometry for biotherapeutic and biosimilar characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Delaux
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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4
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Juliano BR, Keating JW, Li HW, Anders AG, Xie Z, Ruotolo BT. Development of an Automated, High-Throughput Methodology for Native Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16717-16724. [PMID: 37924308 PMCID: PMC11081713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Native ion mobility mass spectrometry (nIM-MS) has emerged as a useful technology for the rapid evaluation of biomolecular structures. When combined with collisional activation in a collision-induced unfolding (CIU) experiment, nIM-MS experimentation can be leveraged to gain greater insight into biomolecular conformation and stability. However, nIM-MS and CIU remain throughput limited due to nonautomated sample preparation and introduction. Here, we explore the use of a RapidFire robotic sample handling system to develop an automated, high-throughput methodology for nMS and CIU. We describe native RapidFire-MS (nRapidFire-MS) capable of performing online desalting and sample introduction in as little as 10 s per sample. When combined with CIU, our nRapidFire-MS approach can be used to collect CIU fingerprints in 30 s following desalting by using size exclusion chromatography cartridges. When compared to nMS and CIU data collected using standard approaches, ion signals recorded by nRapidFire-MS exhibit identical ion collision cross sections, indicating that the same conformational populations are tracked by the two approaches. Our data further suggest that nRapidFire-MS can be extended to study a variety of biomolecular classes, including proteins and protein complexes ranging from 5 to 300 kDa and oligonucleotides. Furthermore, nRapidFire-MS data acquired for biotherapeutics suggest that nRapidFire-MS has the potential to enable high-throughput nMS analyses of biopharmaceutical samples. We conclude by discussing the potential of nRapidFire-MS for enabling the development of future CIU assays capable of catalyzing breakthroughs in protein engineering, inhibitor discovery, and formulation development for biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock R Juliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph W Keating
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anna G Anders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhuoer Xie
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Blöchl C, Gstöttner C, Sénard T, Stork EM, Scherer HU, Toes REM, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. A robust nanoscale RP HPLC-MS approach for sensitive Fc proteoform profiling of IgG allotypes. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341795. [PMID: 37827688 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The conserved region (Fc) of IgG antibodies dictates the interactions with designated receptors thus defining the immunological effector functions of IgG. Amino acid sequence variations in the Fc, recognized as subclasses and allotypes, as well as post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulate these interactions. Yet, the high similarity of Fc sequences hinders allotype-specific PTM analysis by state-of-the-art bottom-up methods and current subunit approaches lack sensitivity and face co-elution of near-isobaric allotypes. To circumvent these shortcomings, we present a nanoscale reversed-phase (RP) HPLC-MS workflow of intact Fc subunits for comprehensive characterization of Fc proteoforms in an allotype- and subclass-specific manner. Polyclonal IgGs were purified from individuals followed by enzymatic digestion releasing single chain Fc subunits (Fc/2) that were directly subjected to analysis. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to separate Fc/2 subunits of near-isobaric allotypes and subclasses allowing allotype and proteoform identification and quantification across all four IgG subclasses. The workflow was complemented by a semi-automated data analysis pipeline based on the open-source software Skyline followed by post-processing in R. The approach revealed pronounced differences in Fc glycosylation between donors, besides inter-subclass and inter-allotype variability within donors. Notably, partial occupancy of the N-glycosylation site in the CH3 domain of IgG3 was observed that is generally neglected by established approaches. The described method was benchmarked across several hundred runs and showed good precision and robustness. This methodology represents a first mature Fc subunit profiling approach allowing truly subclass- and allotype-specific Fc proteoform characterization beyond established approaches. The comprehensive information obtained paired with the high sensitivity provided by the miniaturization of the approach guarantees applicability to a broad range of research questions including clinically relevant (auto)antibody characterization or pharmacokinetics assessment of therapeutic IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Blöchl
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sénard
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Maria Stork
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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6
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Beck A, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Cianférani S. Benefits and Limitations of High-Resolution Cyclic IM-MS for Conformational Characterization of Native Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4162-4171. [PMID: 36780376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently represent the main class of therapeutic proteins. mAbs approved by regulatory agencies are selected from IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses, which possess different interchain disulfide connectivities. Ion mobility coupled to native mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has emerged as a valuable approach to tackle the challenging characterization of mAbs' higher order structures. However, due to the limited resolution of first-generation IM-MS instruments, subtle conformational differences on large proteins have long been hard to capture. Recent technological developments have aimed at increasing available IM resolving powers and acquisition mode capabilities, namely, through the release of high-resolution IM-MS (HR-IM-MS) instruments, like cyclic IM-MS (cIM-MS). Here, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of cIM-MS for better conformational characterization of intact mAbs (∼150 kDa) in native conditions compared to first-generation instruments. We first assessed the extent to which multipass cIM-MS experiments could improve the separation of mAbs' conformers. These initial results evidenced some limitations of HR-IM-MS for large native biomolecules which possess rich conformational landscapes that remain challenging to decipher even with higher IM resolving powers. Conversely, for collision-induced unfolding (CIU) approaches, higher resolution proved to be particularly useful (i) to reveal new unfolding states and (ii) to enhance the separation of coexisting activated states, thus allowing one to apprehend gas-phase CIU behaviors of mAbs directly at the intact level. Altogether, this study offers a first panoramic overview of the capabilities of cIM-MS for therapeutic mAbs, paving the way for more widespread HR-IM-MS/CIU characterization of mAb-derived formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois 74160, France
| | - David Ropartz
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
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7
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van Schaick G, Domínguez-Vega E, Castel J, Wuhrer M, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Online Collision-Induced Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Glyco-Variants through Direct Hyphenation of Cation Exchange Chromatography with Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3932-3939. [PMID: 36791123 PMCID: PMC9979139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) not only substantially increase structural heterogeneity of proteins but can also alter the conformation or even biological functions. Monitoring of these PTMs is particularly important for therapeutic products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since their efficacy and safety may depend on the PTM profile. Innovative analytical strategies should be developed to map these PTMs as well as explore possible induced conformational changes. Cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with native mass spectrometry has already emerged as a valuable asset for the characterization of mAb charge variants. Nevertheless, questions regarding protein conformation cannot be explored using this approach. Thus, we have combined CEX separation with collision-induced unfolding (CIU) experiments to monitor the unfolding pattern of separated mAbs and thereby pick up subtle conformational differences without impairing the CEX resolution. Using this novel strategy, only four CEX-CIU runs had to be recorded for a complete CIU fingerprint either at the intact mAb level or after enzymatic digestion at the mAb subunit level. As a proof of concept, CEX-CIU was first used for an isobaric mAb mixture to highlight the possibility to acquire individual CIU fingerprints of CEX-separated species without compromising CEX separation performances. CEX-CIU was next successfully applied to conformational characterization of mAb glyco-variants, in order to derive glycoform-specific information on the gas-phase unfolding, and CIU patterns of Fc fragments, revealing increased resistance of sialylated glycoforms against gas-phase unfolding. Altogether, we demonstrated the possibilities and benefits of combining CEX with CIU for in-depth characterization of mAb glycoforms, paving the way for linking conformational changes and resistance to gas-phase unfolding charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France,
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8
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Mass spectrometric insights into protein aggregation. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:243-253. [PMID: 36636963 PMCID: PMC10070474 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is now recognized as a generic and significant component of the protein energy landscape. Occurring through a complex and dynamic pathway of structural interconversion, the assembly of misfolded proteins to form soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates remains a challenging topic of study, both in vitro and in vivo. Since the etiology of numerous human diseases has been associated with protein aggregation, and it has become a field of increasing importance in the biopharmaceutical industry, the biophysical characterization of protein misfolded states and their aggregation mechanisms continues to receive increased attention. Mass spectrometry (MS) has firmly established itself as a powerful analytical tool capable of both detection and characterization of proteins at all levels of structure. Given inherent advantages of biological MS, including high sensitivity, rapid timescales of analysis, and the ability to distinguish individual components from complex mixtures with unrivalled specificity, it has found widespread use in the study of protein aggregation, importantly, where traditional structural biology approaches are often not amenable. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of selected MS-based approaches that can provide a range of biophysical descriptors associated with protein conformation and the aggregation pathway. Recent examples highlight where this technology has provided unique structural and mechanistic understanding of protein aggregation.
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9
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Ehkirch A, Martelet A, Ropartz D, Lechat N, Hernandez-Alba O, Menet JM, Clavier S, Rogniaux H, Genet B, Cianférani S. Combination of IM-Based Approaches to Unravel the Coexistence of Two Conformers on a Therapeutic Multispecific mAb. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7981-7989. [PMID: 35604400 PMCID: PMC9178554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multispecific antibodies,
which target multiple antigens at once,
are emerging as promising therapeutic entities to offer more effective
treatment than conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However,
these highly complex mAb formats pose significant analytical challenges.
We report here on the characterization of a trispecific antibody (tsAb),
which presents two isomeric forms clearly separated and identified
with size exclusion chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry
(SEC-nMS). Previous studies showed that these isomers might originate
from a proline cis/trans isomerization
in one Fab subunit of the tsAb. We combined several innovative ion
mobility (IM)-based approaches to confirm the isomeric nature of the
two species and to gain new insights into the conformational landscape
of both isomers. Preliminary SEC-nIM-MS measurements performed on
a low IM resolution instrument provided the first hints of the coexistence
of different conformers, while complementary collision-induced unfolding
(CIU) experiments evidenced distinct gas-phase unfolding behaviors
upon activation for the two isomers. As subtle conformational differences
remained poorly resolved on our early generation IM platform, we performed
high-resolution cyclic IM (cIM-MS) to unambiguously conclude on the
coexistence of two conformers. The cis/trans equilibrium was further tackled by exploiting the IMn slicing capabilities of the cIM-MS instrument. Altogether, our results
clearly illustrate the benefits of combining state-of-the-art nMS
and IM-MS approaches to address challenging issues encountered in
biopharma. As engineered antibody constructs become increasingly sophisticated,
CIU and cIM-MS methodologies undoubtedly have the potential to integrate
the drug development analytical toolbox to achieve in-depth conformational
characterization of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armelle Martelet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Nelly Lechat
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Michel Menet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Séverine Clavier
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Genet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Cahuzac H, Sallustrau A, Malgorn C, Beau F, Barbe P, Babin V, Dubois S, Palazzolo A, Thai R, Correia I, Lee KB, Garcia-Argote S, Lequin O, Keck M, Nozach H, Feuillastre S, Ge X, Pieters G, Audisio D, Devel L. Monitoring In Vivo Performances of Protein-Drug Conjugates Using Site-Selective Dual Radiolabeling and Ex Vivo Digital Imaging. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6953-6968. [PMID: 35500280 PMCID: PMC9833330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical models, the development and optimization of protein-drug conjugates require accurate determination of the plasma and tissue profiles of both the protein and its conjugated drug. To this aim, we developed a bioanalytical strategy based on dual radiolabeling and ex vivo digital imaging. By combining enzymatic and chemical reactions, we obtained homogeneous dual-labeled anti-MMP-14 Fabs (antigen-binding fragments) conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E where the protein scaffold was labeled with carbon-14 (14C) and the conjugated drug with tritium (3H). These antibody-drug conjugates with either a noncleavable or a cleavable linker were then evaluated in vivo. By combining liquid scintillation counting and ex vivo dual-isotope radio-imaging, it was possible not only to monitor both components simultaneously during their circulation phase but also to quantify accurately their amount accumulated within the different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Cahuzac
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Carole Malgorn
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Fabrice Beau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Peggy Barbe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Victor Babin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Steven Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 1825 Pressler St, Houston TX 77030
| | - Sébastien Garcia-Argote
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Hervé Nozach
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Xin Ge
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 1825 Pressler St, Houston TX 77030
| | - Gregory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, (France),
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11
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Vallejo DD, Jeon CK, Parson KF, Herderschee HR, Eschweiler JD, Filoti DI, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Structures and Stabilities of Biotherapeutic Antibody Aggregates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6745-6753. [PMID: 35475624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stability is a key critical quality attribute monitored throughout the development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Minor changes in their higher order structure (HOS) caused by stress or environment may alter mAb aggregation, immunogenicity, and efficacy. In addition, the structures of the resulting mAb aggregates are largely unknown, as are their dependencies on conditions under which they are created. In this report, we investigate the HOS of mAb monomers and dimers under a variety of forced degradation conditions with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) technologies. We evaluate two model IgG1 antibodies that differ significantly only in their complementarity-determinant regions: IgG1α and IgG1β. Our data covering both heat- and pH-based forced degradation conditions, aquired on two different IM-MS platforms, show that these mAbs undergo global HOS changes at both monomer and dimer levels upon degradation, but shifts in collision cross section (CCS) differ under pH or heat degradation conditions. In addition, the level of CCS change detected is different between IgG1α and IgG1β, suggesting that differences in the CDR drive differential responses to degradation that influence the antibody HOS. Dramatically different CIU fingerprints are obtained for IgG1α and IgG1β monomers and dimers for both degradation conditions. Finally, we constructed a series of computational models of mAb dimers for comparison with experimental CCS values and found evidence for a compact, overlapped dimer structure under native and heat degradation conditions, possibly adopting an inverted or nonoverlapped quaternary structure when produced through pH degredation. We conclude by discussing the potential impact of our findings on ongoing biotherapeutic discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chae Kyung Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kristine F Parson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hayley R Herderschee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Dana I Filoti
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Postupalenko V, Marx L, Viertl D, Gsponer N, Gasilova N, Denoel T, Schaefer N, Prior JO, Hagens G, Lévy F, Garrouste P, Segura JM, Nyanguile O. Template directed synthesis of antibody Fc conjugates with concomitant ligand release. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3965-3976. [PMID: 35440989 PMCID: PMC8985508 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are an attractive therapeutic modality for cancer treatment as they allow the increase of the treatment response rate and avoid the severe side effects of chemotherapy. Notwithstanding the strong benefit of antibodies, the efficacy of anti-cancer antibodies can dramatically vary among patients and ultimately result in no response to the treatment. Here, we have developed a novel means to regioselectively label the Fc domain of any therapeutic antibody with a radionuclide chelator in a single step chemistry, with the aim to study by SPECT/CT imaging if the radiolabeled antibody is capable of targeting cancer cells in vivo. A Fc-III peptide was used as bait to bring a carbonate electrophilic site linked to a metal chelator and to a carboxyphenyl leaving group in close proximity with an antibody Fc nucleophile amino acid (K317), thereby triggering the covalent linkage of the chelator to the antibody lysine, with the concomitant release of the carboxyphenyl Fc-III ligand. Using CHX-A′′-DTPA, we radiolabeled trastuzumab with indium-111 and showed in biodistribution and imaging experiments that the antibody accumulated successfully in the SK-OV-3 xenograft tumour implanted in mice. We found that our methodology leads to homogeneous conjugation of CHX-A′′-DTPA to the antibody, and confirmed that the Fc domain can be selectively labeled at K317, with a minor level of unspecific labeling on the Fab domain. The present method can be developed as a clinical diagnostic tool to predict the success of the therapy. Furthermore, our Fc-III one step chemistry concept paves the way to a broad array of other applications in antibody bioengineering. A method is reported to attach a radionuclide chelator in a single step chemistry to the Fc domain of any therapeutic antibody.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Postupalenko
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Léo Marx
- Debiopharm Research & Manufacturing SA, Campus "après-demain" Rue du Levant 146 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - David Viertl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland.,In Vivo Imaging Facility, Department of Research and Training, University of Lausanne CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nadège Gsponer
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- EPFL Valais Wallis, MSEAP, ISIC-GE-VS rue de l'Industrie 17 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Denoel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Schaefer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - John O Prior
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Hagens
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- Debiopharm International SA, Forum "après-demain" Chemin Messidor 5-7 Case postale 5911 1002 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garrouste
- Debiopharm Research & Manufacturing SA, Campus "après-demain" Rue du Levant 146 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - Jean-Manuel Segura
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Origène Nyanguile
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
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13
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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14
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Jakes C, Füssl F, Zaborowska I, Bones J. Rapid Analysis of Biotherapeutics Using Protein A Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13505-13512. [PMID: 34585915 PMCID: PMC8515350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) and related products undergo a wide
range of modifications, many of which can often be directly associated
to culture conditions during upstream processing. Ideally, such conditions
should be monitored and fine-tuned based on real-time or close to
real-time information obtained by the assessment of the product quality
attribute (PQA) profile of the biopharmaceutical produced, which is
the fundamental idea of process analytical technology. Therefore,
methods that are simple, quick and robust, but sufficiently powerful,
to allow for the generation of a comprehensive picture of the PQA
profile of the protein of interest are required. A major obstacle
for the analysis of proteins directly from cultures is the presence
of impurities such as cell debris, host cell DNA, proteins and small-molecule
compounds, which usually requires a series of capture and polishing
steps using affinity and ion-exchange chromatography before characterization
can be attempted. In the current study, we demonstrate direct coupling
of protein A affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry
(ProA-MS) for development of a robust method that can be used to generate
information on the PQA profile of mAbs and related products in as
little as 5 min. The developed method was applied to several samples
ranging in complexity and stability, such as simple and more complex
monoclonal antibodies, as well as cysteine-conjugated antibody–drug
conjugate mimics. Moreover, the method demonstrated suitability for
the analysis of protein amounts of <1 μg, which suggests
applicability during early-stage development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Izabela Zaborowska
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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15
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Nagornov KO, Gasilova N, Kozhinov AN, Virta P, Holm P, Menin L, Nesatyy VJ, Tsybin YO. Drug-to-Antibody Ratio Estimation via Proteoform Peak Integration in the Analysis of Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates with Orbitrap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12930-12937. [PMID: 34519496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in general, and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) in particular, depend on the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) distribution and average value. The DAR is considered a critical quality attribute, and information pertaining to it needs to be gathered during ADC/AOC development, production, and storage. However, because of the high structural complexity of ADC/AOC samples, particularly in the initial drug-development stages, the application of the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometric approaches can be limited for DAR analysis. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for the analysis of complex ADC/AOC samples, following native size-exclusion chromatography Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). The approach is based on the integration of the proteoform-level mass spectral peaks in order to provide an estimate of the DAR distribution and its average value with less than 10% error. The peak integration is performed via a truncation of the Orbitrap's unreduced time-domain ion signals (transients) before mass spectra generation via FT processing. Transient recording and processing are undertaken using an external data acquisition system, FTMS Booster X2, coupled to a Q Exactive HF Orbitrap FTMS instrument. This approach has been applied to the analysis of whole and subunit-level trastuzumab conjugates with oligonucleotides. The obtained results indicate that ADC/AOC sample purification or simplification procedures, for example, deglycosylation, could be omitted or minimized prior to the DAR analysis, streamlining the drug-development process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Holm
- Protein and Antibody Engineering Unit, Orion Pharma, 20380 Turku, Finland
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor J Nesatyy
- Protein and Antibody Engineering Unit, Orion Pharma, 20380 Turku, Finland
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16
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Abstract
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Native mass spectrometry
(MS) involves the analysis and characterization
of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes,
whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the
analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary,
tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules.
Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical
toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced
immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving
power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers,
sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation
techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and
novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review
focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native
MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein
assemblies, proteoform profiling of—among others—biopharmaceuticals
and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of
protein–ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid,
drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Füssl F, Barry CS, Pugh KM, Chooi KP, Vijayakrishnan B, Kang GD, von Bulow C, Howard PW, Bones J. Simultaneous monitoring of multiple attributes of pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibody-drug conjugates by size exclusion chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114287. [PMID: 34385015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of oncology treatments combining the unique specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the highly cytotoxic properties of small molecule compounds. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are highly potent agents capable of inhibiting cellular DNA replication which leads to apoptosis. To ensure efficacy and patient safety upon administration of such toxic and heterogeneous molecules, their structure and quality attributes must be closely monitored. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a powerful, fast and robust tool for the separation of compounds varying in molecular weight. When using volatile components in the chromatographic mobile phase, SEC has also been shown to be amenable for interfacing to mass spectrometry, providing potential for reliable identification of protein isoforms across the size variants present. Here, we present a SEC-MS method developed for the characterisation of PBD-based ADCs on the intact molecular level. We demonstrate that information on ADC monomers such as the glycoform distribution and the average drug-antibody ratio (DAR) can be obtained in 15 minutes of analysis time. Qualitative and quantitative information on low and high molecular weight impurities such as aggregates and fragments, fundamental for critical quality attribute analysis of biopharmaceuticals, can be generated simultaneously. SEC-MS enables the characterisation of multiple product quality attributes of complex biotherapeutics at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Conor S Barry
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Pugh
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - K Phin Chooi
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Balakumar Vijayakrishnan
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christina von Bulow
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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18
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Larson EJ, Roberts DS, Melby JA, Buck KM, Zhu Y, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Ge Y. High-Throughput Multi-attribute Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Enabled by Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10013-10021. [PMID: 34258999 PMCID: PMC8319120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the fastest growing classes of anticancer therapies. Combining the high targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with cytotoxic small molecule drugs, ADCs are complex molecular entities that are intrinsically heterogeneous. Primary sequence variants, varied drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, and conformational changes in the starting mAb structure upon drug conjugation must be monitored to ensure the safety and efficacy of ADCs. Herein, we have developed a high-throughput method for the analysis of cysteine-linked ADCs using trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) combined with top-down mass spectrometry (MS) on a Bruker timsTOF Pro. This method can analyze ADCs (∼150 kDa) by TIMS followed by a three-tiered top-down MS characterization strategy for multi-attribute analysis. First, the charge state distribution and DAR value of the ADC are monitored (MS1). Second, the intact mass of subunits dissociated from the ADC by low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) is determined (MS2). Third, the primary sequence for the dissociated subunits is characterized by CID fragmentation using elevated collisional energies (MS3). We further automate this workflow by directly injecting the ADC and using MS segmentation to obtain all three tiers of MS information in a single 3-min run. Overall, this work highlights a multi-attribute top-down MS characterization method that possesses unparalleled speed for high-throughput characterization of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jake A Melby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin M Buck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Linjie Han
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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19
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Deslignière E, Ehkirch A, Duivelshof BL, Toftevall H, Sjögren J, Guillarme D, D’Atri V, Beck A, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. State-of-the-Art Native Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Methods to Monitor Homogeneous Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Synthesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060498. [PMID: 34073805 PMCID: PMC8225019 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biotherapeutics consisting of a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked covalently to a cytotoxic drug. Early generation ADCs were predominantly obtained through non-selective conjugation methods based on lysine and cysteine residues, resulting in heterogeneous populations with varying drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR). Site-specific conjugation is one of the current challenges in ADC development, allowing for controlled conjugation and production of homogeneous ADCs. We report here the characterization of a site-specific DAR2 ADC generated with the GlyCLICK three-step process, which involves glycan-based enzymatic remodeling and click chemistry, using state-of-the-art native mass spectrometry (nMS) methods. The conjugation process was monitored with size exclusion chromatography coupled to nMS (SEC-nMS), which offered a straightforward identification and quantification of all reaction products, providing a direct snapshot of the ADC homogeneity. Benefits of SEC-nMS were further demonstrated for forced degradation studies, for which fragments generated upon thermal stress were clearly identified, with no deconjugation of the drug linker observed for the T-GlyGLICK-DM1 ADC. Lastly, innovative ion mobility-based collision-induced unfolding (CIU) approaches were used to assess the gas-phase behavior of compounds along the conjugation process, highlighting an increased resistance of the mAb against gas-phase unfolding upon drug conjugation. Altogether, these state-of-the-art nMS methods represent innovative approaches to investigate drug loading and distribution of last generation ADCs, their evolution during the bioconjugation process and their impact on gas-phase stabilities. We envision nMS and CIU methods to improve the conformational characterization of next generation-empowered mAb-derived products such as engineered nanobodies, bispecific ADCs or immunocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bastiaan L. Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France;
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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20
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Jones J, Pack L, Hunter JH, Valliere-Douglass JF. Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry: suitability for antibody-drug conjugate drug-to-antibody ratio quantitation across a range of chemotypes and drug-loading levels. MAbs 2021; 12:1682895. [PMID: 31769727 PMCID: PMC6927766 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) is an analytical methodology that is appropriate for accurately quantitating the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) on a wide variety of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), irrespective of chemotype. In the current preclinical environment, novel ADCs conjugated with unique drug-linkers need to progress toward the clinic as quickly as possible. Platform analytical approaches can reduce time-to-clinic because key process development and optimization activities can be decoupled from the development of bespoke, molecule-specific analytical methods. In this work, we assessed the potential of nSEC-MS as a platformable, quantitative DAR method. The nSEC-MS method was evaluated according to performance characteristics and parameters described in the ICH guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). In order to comprehensively assess the accuracy and bias of nSEC-MS DAR quantitation, ADCs were generated using three different drug-linker chemotypes with DARs ranging from 2 to 8. These molecules were tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and nSEC-MS, and DARs obtained from both methods were compared to assess the degree to which nSEC-MS quantitation aligned with the HIC release assay. Our results indicated that there is no bias introduced by nSEC-MS quantitation of DAR and that SEC-MS data can be bridged to HIC data without the need for a correction factor or offset. nSEC-MS was also found to be suitable for unbiased DAR quantitation in the other ADC chemotypes that were evaluated. Based on the totality of our work, we conclude that, used as intended, nSEC-MS is well suited for quantitating DAR on a variety of interchain cysteine-linked ADCs in an accurate, unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jones
- Analytical Sciences, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Laura Pack
- Quality, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Conjugation Process Development, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
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21
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Abstract
High-resolution native mass spectrometry (MS) provides accurate mass measurements (within 30 ppm) of intact ADCs and can also yield drug load distribution (DLD) and average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) in parallel with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Native MS is furthermore unique in its ability to simultaneously detect covalent and noncovalent species in a mixture and for HIC peak identity assessment offline or online.As an orthogonal method described in this chapter, LC-MS following ADC reduction or IdeS (Fabricator) digestion and reduction can also be used to measure the DLD of light chain and Fd fragments for hinge native cysteine residues such as brentuximab vedotin. Both methods allow also the measurement of average DAR for both monomeric and multimeric species. In addition, the Fc fragments can be analyzed in the same run, providing a complete glycoprofile and the demonstration or absence of additional conjugation of this subdomain involved in FcRn and Fc-gammaR binding.
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22
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Yang J, Sumbria RK. The concentration of brain homogenates with the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters. MethodsX 2021; 8:101584. [PMID: 35004217 PMCID: PMC8720913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring the brain concentration of a neurotherapeutic is critical in determining its pharmacokinetic profile in vivo. Biologics are potential therapeutics for neurologic diseases and biologics fused to an antibody targeting a transcytosis receptor at the Blood-Brain Barrier, designated as antibody-biologic fusion proteins, are Blood-Brain Barrier penetrating neurotherapeutics. The use of sandwich immunosorbent assays to measure concentrations of antibody-biologic fusion proteins in brain homogenates has become increasingly popular. The raw brain homogenate contains many proteins and other macromolecules that can cause a matrix effect, potentially interfering with the limit of detection of such assays and reduce the overall sample signal. Further, the low sample loading volumes while running these assays can reduce the sample signal. Our aim was therefore to optimize the existing tissue sample preparation and processing to concentrate the sample to elevate the signal of the analyte. Here, we present a protocol for concentrating and increasing the signal of transferrin receptor antibody-biologic fusion proteins in mouse brain homogenates using the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters. • The presented method uses the Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters to concentrate mouse brain tissue homogenates. • The concentrated brain tissue homogenates are then assayed using standard sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols. • This method improves upon the traditional brain homogenization procedure and ELISA measurements for antibody-biologic fusion proteins by effectively concentrating brain tissue homogenates.
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23
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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24
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Cahuzac H, Devel L. Analytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of ADCs in Biological Matrices. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120462. [PMID: 33327644 PMCID: PMC7765153 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) is a one of the critical steps enabling their successful development and optimization. Their complex structure combining large and small molecule characteristics brought out multiple bioanalytical methods to decipher the behavior and fate of both components in vivo. In this respect, these methods must provide insights into different key elements including half-life and blood stability of the construct, premature release of the drug, whole-body biodistribution, and amount of the drug accumulated within the targeted pathological tissues, all of them being directly related to efficacy and safety of the ADC. In this review, we will focus on the main strategies enabling to quantify and characterize ADCs in biological matrices and discuss their associated technical challenges and current limitations.
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25
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Larson EJ, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Ge Y. Rapid Analysis of Reduced Antibody Drug Conjugate by Online LC-MS/MS with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15096-15103. [PMID: 33108180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), which harness the high targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with the potency of small molecule therapeutics, are one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical classes. Nevertheless, ADC conjugation techniques and processes may introduce intrinsic heterogeneity including primary sequence variants, varied drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, and drug positional isomers, which must be monitored to ensure the safety and efficacy of ADCs. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful tool for characterization of ADCs. However, the conventional bottom-up MS analysis workflows require an enzymatic digestion step which can be time consuming and may introduce artifactual modifications. Herein, we develop an online LC-MS/MS method for rapid analysis of reduced ADCs without digestion, enabling determination of DAR, characterization of the primary sequence, and localization of the drug conjugation site of the ADC using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS. Specifically, a model cysteine-linked ADC was reduced to generate six unique subunits: light chain (Lc) without drug (Lc0), Lc with 1 drug (Lc1), heavy chain (Hc) without drug (Hc0), and Hc with 1-3 drugs (Hc1-3, respectively). A concurrent reduction strategy is applied to assess ADC subunits in both the partially reduced (intrachain disulfide bonds remain intact) and fully reduced (all disulfide bonds are cleaved) forms. The entire procedure including the sample preparation and LC-MS/MS takes less than 55 min, enabling rapid multiattribute analysis of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bifan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Linjie Han
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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26
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Deslignière E, Ehkirch A, Botzanowski T, Beck A, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Toward Automation of Collision-Induced Unfolding Experiments through Online Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12900-12908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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27
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Watts E, Williams JD, Miesbauer LJ, Bruncko M, Brodbelt JS. Comprehensive Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Characterization of an Antibody–Drug Conjugate by Combined Ion Activation Methods. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9790-9798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | | | - Milan Bruncko
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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28
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Gahoual R, Bolbach G, Ould-Melha I, Clodic G, François YN, Scherman D, Mignet N, Houzé P. Kinetic and structural characterization of therapeutic albumin chemical functionalization using complementary mass spectrometry techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Botzanowski T, Hernandez-Alba O, Malissard M, Wagner-Rousset E, Deslignière E, Colas O, Haeuw JF, Beck A, Cianférani S. Middle Level IM–MS and CIU Experiments for Improved Therapeutic Immunoglobulin Subclass Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8827-8835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Malissard
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-François Haeuw
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Zhu X, Huo S, Xue C, An B, Qu J. Current LC-MS-based strategies for characterization and quantification of antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:209-220. [PMID: 32612867 PMCID: PMC7322744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed enormous progresses in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Consequently, comprehensive analysis of ADCs in biological systems is critical in supporting discovery, development and evaluation of these agents. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a promising and versatile tool for ADC analysis across a wide range of scenarios, owing to its multiplexing ability, rapid method development, as well as the capability of analyzing a variety of targets ranging from small-molecule payloads to the intact protein with a high, molecular resolution. However, despite this tremendous potential, challenges persist due to the high complexity in both the ADC molecules and the related biological systems. This review summarizes the up-to-date LC-MS-based strategies in ADC analysis and discusses the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shihan Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Bo An
- Exploratory Biomarker, In-vitro/In-vivo Translation, R&D Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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31
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Nagy G, Attah IK, Conant CR, Liu W, Garimella SVB, Gunawardena HP, Shaw JB, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM. Rapid and Simultaneous Characterization of Drug Conjugation in Heavy and Light Chains of a Monoclonal Antibody Revealed by High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations in SLIM. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5004-5012. [PMID: 32142606 PMCID: PMC8754684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have recently gained traction in the biomedical community due to their promise for human therapeutics and an alternative to chemotherapy for cancer. Crucial metrics for ADC efficacy, safety, and selectivity are their drug-antibody ratios (DARs). However, DAR characterization (i.e., determining the average number of conjugated drugs on the antibody) through analytical methods remains challenging due to the heterogeneity of drug conjugation as well as the numerous post-translational modifications possible in the monoclonal antibody. Herein, we report on the use of high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry separations in structures for lossless ion manipulations coupled to mass spectrometry (SLIM IMS-MS) for the rapid and simultaneous characterization of the drug load profile (i.e., stoichiometric distribution of the number of conjugated drugs present on the mAb), determination of the weighted average DAR in both the heavy and light chains of a model antibody-drug conjugate, and calculation of the overall DAR of the ADC. After chemical reduction of the ADC and a subsequent 31.5 m SLIM IMS separation, the various drug-bound antibody species could be well resolved for both chains. We also show significantly higher resolution separations were possible for these large ions with SLIM IMS as compared to ones performed on a commercially available (1 m) drift tube IMS-MS platform. We expect high-resolution SLIM IMS separations will augment the existing toolbox for ADC characterization, particularly to enable the rapid optimization of DAR for a given ADC and thus better understand its potential toxicity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher R Conant
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Weijing Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jared B Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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32
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry performed in nondenaturing conditions (native MS) has proven its utility for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), especially when ADCs' subunits involve noncovalent interactions (i.e., cysteine-conjugated ADCs). Its hyphenation to ion mobility spectrometry (IM-MS) allows differentiation of gas-phase ions based on their rotationally averaged collision cross section providing an additional dimension of conformational characterization of ADCs. More recently, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) appeared as an interesting technique to perform online buffer exchange in an automated way prior to native MS/IM-MS analysis. Online SEC-native MS/IM-MS allows the global structural characterization of ADCs and the assessment of some critical quality attributes (CQAs) required for ADC release on the market, such as drug load distribution (DLD), drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), the average DAR (DARav), and the relative amount of unconjugated mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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33
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Assessing localized conformational stability of antibody-drug conjugate by protein conformation assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:113020. [PMID: 31835127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of attractive therapeutic agents to fight cancer with conjugation of potent chemical agents on target-selective antibodies. The conceptually elegant approach has encountered mounting practical challenges in combining the mAb and potent drug while maintaining the conformational and physiochemical stability of the bioconjugates. The attachment of hydrophobic drug-linker with antibody could potentially alter the antibody conformational scaffold, locally or globally. Here we propose to use a protein conformation assay (PCA) to measure the higher-order structure of antibodies upon drug-linker conjugation. The PCA analysis provides insights into the formation of partially unfolded ADCs, which may correlate with protein stability and aggregation propensity. To further elucidate the cause of the unfolding events, in-depth peptide mapping combined with the PCA conformational footprints were performed on a commercial ADC trastuzumab emtansine in this study. The locally altered conformational hot-spots observed in PCA matched with conjugation sites with high occupancy rate identified in peptide mapping. In summary, by combining PCA and in-depth peptide mapping, a snapshot of ADC structural conformation and stability profile could be obtained and provide a swift and convenient measurement of the 'fitness' of ADC to facilitate payload selection, conjugation process development and early predictive developability assessment.
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34
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Harel ET, Drake PM, Barfield RM, Lui I, Farr-Jones S, Van’t Veer L, Gartner ZJ, Green EM, Lourenço AL, Cheng Y, Hann BC, Rabuka D, Craik CS. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a Possible Treatment of Aggressive Breast Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040054. [PMID: 31694242 PMCID: PMC6963874 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising molecular target for aggressive cancers is the urokinase receptor (uPAR). A fully human, recombinant antibody that binds uPAR to form a stable complex that blocks uPA-uPAR interactions (2G10) and is internalized primarily through endocytosis showed efficacy in a mouse xenograft model of highly aggressive, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of 2G10 were designed and produced bearing tubulin inhibitor payloads ligated through seven different linkers. Aldehyde tag technology was employed for linking, and either one or two tags were inserted into the antibody heavy chain, to produce site-specifically conjugated ADCs with drug-to-antibody ratios of either two or four. Both cleavable and non-cleavable linkers were combined with two different antimitotic toxins—MMAE (monomethylauristatin E) and maytansine. Nine different 2G10 ADCs were produced and tested for their ability to target uPAR in cell-based assays and a mouse model. The anti-uPAR ADC that resulted in tumor regression comprised an MMAE payload with a cathepsin B cleavable linker, 2G10-RED-244-MMAE. This work demonstrates in vitro activity of the 2G10-RED-244-MMAE in TNBC cell lines and validates uPAR as a therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat T. Harel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Penelope M. Drake
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Robyn M. Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA;
| | - Laura Van’t Veer
- Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Evan M. Green
- Biophysics Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Byron C. Hann
- Preclinical Therapeutics Core, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-476-8146
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Hernandez-Alba O, Houel S, Hessmann S, Erb S, Rabuka D, Huguet R, Josephs J, Beck A, Drake PM, Cianférani S. A Case Study to Identify the Drug Conjugation Site of a Site-Specific Antibody-Drug-Conjugate Using Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2419-2429. [PMID: 31429052 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) has emerged as a promising alternative to classical bottom-up approaches for protein characterization. Middle-level experiments after enzymatic digestion are routinely used for subunit analysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-related compounds, providing information on drug load distribution and average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). However, peptide mapping is still the gold standard for primary amino acid sequence assessment, post-translational modifications (PTM), and drug conjugation identification and localization. However, peptide mapping strategies can be challenging when dealing with more complex and heterogeneous mAb formats, like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We report here, for the first time, MD MS analysis of a third-generation site-specific DAR4 ADC using different fragmentation techniques, including higher-energy collisional- (HCD), electron-transfer (ETD) dissociation and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). UVPD used as a standalone technique for ADC subunit analysis afforded, within the same liquid chromatography-MS/MS run, enhanced performance in terms of primary sequence coverage compared to HCD- or ETD-based MD approaches, and generated substantially more MS/MS fragments containing either drug conjugation or glycosylation site information, leading to confident drug/glycosylation site identification. In addition, our results highlight the complementarity of ETD and UVPD for both primary sequence validation and drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of UVPD for ADC MD MS analysis for drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment, and indicate that MD MS strategies can improve structural characterization of empowered next-generation mAb-based formats, especially for PTMs and drug conjugation sites validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Houel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Steve Hessmann
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Romain Huguet
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Jonathan Josephs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France.
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36
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Chabrol E, Stojko J, Nicolas A, Botzanowski T, Fould B, Antoine M, Cianférani S, Ferry G, Boutin JA. VHH characterization.Recombinant VHHs: Production, characterization and affinity. Anal Biochem 2019; 589:113491. [PMID: 31676284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the biological approaches to therapeutics, are the cells, such as CAR-T cells engineered or not, the antibodies armed or not, and the smaller protein scaffolds that can be modified to render them specific of other proteins, à la façon of antibodies. For several years, we explored ways to substitute antibodies by nanobodies (also known as VHHs), the smallest recognizing part of camelids' heavy-chain antibodies: production of those small proteins in host microorganisms, minute analyses, characterization, and qualification of their affinity towards designed targets. Here, we present three standard VHHs described in the literature: anti-albumin, anti-EGF receptor and anti-HER2, a typical cancer cell surface -associated protein. Because they differ slightly in global structure, they are good models to assess our body of analytical methodologies. The VHHs were expressed in several bacteria strains in order to identify and overcome the bottlenecks to obtain homogeneous preparations of this protein. A large panel of biophysical tools, ranging from spectroscopy to mass spectrometry, was here combined to assess VHH structural features and the impact of the disulfide bond. The routes are now ready to move to more complex VHHs raised against specific targets in numerous areas including oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chabrol
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Johann Stojko
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Antoine
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Jean A Boutin
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France; Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 50 rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes Cedex, France.
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37
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Matsuda Y, Robles V, Malinao MC, Song J, Mendelsohn BA. Comparison of Analytical Methods for Antibody–Drug Conjugates Produced by Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation: First-Generation AJICAP. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12724-12732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Veronica Robles
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - James Song
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501, United States
| | - Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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38
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Hartmann L, Botzanowski T, Galibert M, Jullian M, Chabrol E, Zeder-Lutz G, Kugler V, Stojko J, Strub JM, Ferry G, Frankiewicz L, Puget K, Wagner R, Cianférani S, Boutin JA. VHH characterization. Comparison of recombinant with chemically synthesized anti-HER2 VHH. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1865-1879. [PMID: 31423659 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the continuous exploration of the VHH chemistry, biochemistry and therapeutic future use, we investigated two different production strategies of this small antibody-like protein, using an anti-HER2 VHH as a model. The total chemical synthesis of the 125 amino-acid peptide was performed with reasonable yield, even if optimization will be necessary to upgrade this kind of production. In parallel, we expressed the same sequence in two different hosts: Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Both productions were successful and led to a fair amount of VHHs. The integrity and conformation of the VHH were characterized by complementary mass spectrometry approaches, while surface plasmon resonance experiments were used to assess the VHH recognition capacity and affinity toward its "antigen." Using this combination of orthogonal techniques, it was possible to show that the three VHHs-whether synthetic or recombinant ones-were properly and similarly folded and recognized the "antigen" HER2 with similar affinities, in the nanomolar range. This opens a route toward further exploration of modified VHH with unnatural amino acids and subsequently, VHH-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hartmann
- Plateforme IMPReSs, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Eric Chabrol
- PEX de Biotechnologie, Chimie et Biologie, Institut de REchercehs Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Gabrielle Zeder-Lutz
- Plateforme IMPReSs, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Kugler
- Plateforme IMPReSs, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Stojko
- PEX de Biotechnologie, Chimie et Biologie, Institut de REchercehs Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- PEX de Biotechnologie, Chimie et Biologie, Institut de REchercehs Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | - Renaud Wagner
- Plateforme IMPReSs, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
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39
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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40
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Is hydrophobic interaction chromatography the most suitable technique to characterize site-specific antibody-drug conjugates? J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:149-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Polasky DA, Dixit SM, Fantin SM, Ruotolo BT. CIUSuite 2: Next-Generation Software for the Analysis of Gas-Phase Protein Unfolding Data. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3147-3155. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Polasky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sugyan M. Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sarah M. Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brandon T. Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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42
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Structural mass spectrometry comes of age: new insight into protein structure, function and interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:317-327. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) provides an impressive array of information about the structure, function and interactions of proteins. In recent years, many new developments have been in the field of native MS and these exemplify a new coming of age of this field. In this mini review, we connect the latest methodological and instrumental developments in native MS to the new insights these have enabled. We highlight the prominence of an increasingly common strategy of using hybrid approaches, where multiple MS-based techniques are used in combination, and integrative approaches, where MS is used alongside other techniques such as ion-mobility spectrometry. We also review how the emergence of a native top-down approach, which combines native MS with top-down proteomics into a single experiment, is the pièce de résistance of structural mass spectrometry's coming of age. Finally, we outline key developments that have enabled membrane protein native MS to shift from being extremely challenging to routine, and how this technique is uncovering inaccessible details of membrane protein–lipid interactions.
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43
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Tian Y, Lippens JL, Netirojjanakul C, Campuzano IDG, Ruotolo BT. Quantitative collision-induced unfolding differentiates model antibody-drug conjugates. Protein Sci 2018; 28:598-608. [PMID: 30499138 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are antibody-based therapeutics that have proven to be highly effective cancer treatment platforms. They are composed of monoclonal antibodies conjugated with highly potent drugs via chemical linkers. Compared to cysteine-targeted chemistries, conjugation at native lysine residues can lead to a higher degree of structural heterogeneity, and thus it is important to evaluate the impact of conjugation on antibody conformation. Here, we present a workflow involving native ion mobility (IM)-MS and gas-phase unfolding for the structural characterization of lysine-linked monoclonal antibody (mAb)-biotin conjugates. Following the determination of conjugation states via denaturing Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements, we performed both size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and native IM-MS measurements in order to compare the structures of biotinylated and unmodified IgG1 molecules. Hydrodynamic radii (Rh) and collision cross-sectional (CCS) values were insufficient to distinguish the conformational changes in these antibody-biotin conjugates owing to their flexible structures and limited instrument resolution. In contrast, collision induced unfolding (CIU) analyses were able to detect subtle structural and stability differences in the mAb upon biotin conjugation, exhibiting a sensitivity to mAb conjugation that exceeds native MS analysis alone. Destabilization of mAb-biotin conjugates was detected by both CIU and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, suggesting a previously unknown correlation between the two measurement tools. We conclude by discussing the impact of IM-MS and CIU technologies on the future of ADC development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jennifer L Lippens
- Amgen Discovery Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- Amgen Discovery Research, Hybrid Modality Engineering, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Discovery Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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44
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Linz T, Yeo D, Hong Q, Zmolek W, McFarland J, Barfield RM, Haskins WE, Rabuka D. Systematic LC/MS/MS Investigations for the IND-Enabling Extended Characterization of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Modifications. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7040040. [PMID: 31544890 PMCID: PMC6698958 DOI: 10.3390/antib7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that systematic liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry investigations of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), its small and large molecular components, and surrogate small-molecule conjugates might comprise a simple and efficient approach for the extended characterization of ADCs. Furthermore, we envisioned that results from this work might allow us to assign specific composition changes in the ADC based on monoisotopic mass shifts of conjugatable modifications as detected in the surrogate small-molecule conjugates. We tested our hypothesis with a case study using an aldehyde-tag-based ADC conjugated to a noncleavable linker bearing a maytansine payload. Nearly quantitative bioconversion from cysteine to formylglycine was observed in the monoclonal antibody, and bioorthogonal conjugation was detected only on the formylglycine residues in the ADC. Using our method, both conjugatable and nonconjugatable modifications were discovered in the linker/payload; however, only conjugatable modifications were observed on the ADC. Based on these results, we anticipate that our approach to systematic mass spectrometric investigations can be successfully applied to other ADCs and therapeutic bioconjugates for investigational new drug (IND)-enabling extended characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linz
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Dominick Yeo
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Qiuting Hong
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Wesley Zmolek
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Jesse McFarland
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Robyn M Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | | | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
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45
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Hernandez-Alba O, Wagner-Rousset E, Beck A, Cianférani S. Native Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility, and Collision-Induced Unfolding for Conformational Characterization of IgG4 Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8865-8872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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46
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Ehkirch A, Hernandez-Alba O, Colas O, Beck A, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Hyphenation of size exclusion chromatography to native ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analytical characterization of therapeutic antibodies and related products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Liu-Shin L, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Influence of disulfide bond isoforms on drug conjugation sites in cysteine-linked IgG2 antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:583-595. [PMID: 29436897 PMCID: PMC5973704 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) produced from IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are more heterogeneous than ADCs generated from IgG1 mAbs, as IgG2 ADCs are composed of a wider distribution of molecules, typically containing 0 – 12 drug-linkers per antibody. The three disulfide isoforms (A, A/B, and B) of IgG2 antibodies confer differences in solvent accessibilities of the interchain disulfides and contribute to the structural heterogeneity of cysteine-linked ADCs. ADCs derived from either IgG2-A or IgG2-B mAbs were compared to better understand the role of disulfide isoforms on attachment sites and distribution of conjugated species. Our characterization of these ADCs demonstrated that the disulfide configuration affects the kinetics of disulfide bond reduction, but has minimal effect on the primary sites of reduction. The IgG2-A mAbs yielded ADCs with higher drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) due to the easier reduction of its interchain disulfides. However, hinge-region cysteines were the primary conjugation sites for both IgG2-A and IgG2-B mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
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48
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Dixit SM, Polasky DA, Ruotolo BT. Collision induced unfolding of isolated proteins in the gas phase: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 42:93-100. [PMID: 29207278 PMCID: PMC5828980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly characterizing the three-dimensional structures of proteins and the multimeric machines they form remains one of the great challenges facing modern biological and medical sciences. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry based techniques are playing an expanding role in characterizing these functional complexes, especially in drug discovery and development workflows. Despite this expansion, ion mobility-mass spectrometry faces many challenges, especially in the context of detecting small differences in protein tertiary structure that bear functional consequences. Collision induced unfolding is an ion mobility-mass spectrometry method that enables the rapid differentiation of subtly-different protein isoforms based on their unfolding patterns and stabilities. In this review, we summarize the modern implementation of such gas-phase unfolding experiments and provide an overview of recent developments in both methods and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugyan M Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daniel A Polasky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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49
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Ehkirch A, D’Atri V, Rouviere F, Hernandez-Alba O, Goyon A, Colas O, Sarrut M, Beck A, Guillarme D, Heinisch S, Cianferani S. An Online Four-Dimensional HIC×SEC-IM×MS Methodology for Proof-of-Concept Characterization of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1578-1586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florent Rouviere
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Morgan Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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50
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Wagh A, Song H, Zeng M, Tao L, Das TK. Challenges and new frontiers in analytical characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:222-243. [PMID: 29293399 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1412025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics in which a potent small molecule is linked to an antibody. ADCs are highly complex and structurally heterogeneous, typically containing numerous product-related species. One of the most impactful steps in ADC development is the identification of critical quality attributes to determine product characteristics that may affect safety and efficacy. However, due to the additional complexity of ADCs relative to the parent antibodies, establishing a solid understanding of the major quality attributes and determining their criticality are a major undertaking in ADC development. Here, we review the development challenges, especially for reliable detection of quality attributes, citing literature and new data from our laboratories, highlight recent improvements in major analytical techniques for ADC characterization and control, and discuss newer techniques, such as two-dimensional liquid chromatography, that have potential to be included in analytical control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Hangtian Song
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Li Tao
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
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