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Benedetti F, Stadlmayr G, Stadlbauer K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Selection of High-Affinity Heterodimeric Antigen-Binding Fc Fragments from a Large Yeast Display Library. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:131-159. [PMID: 37405647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-binding Fc (Fcab™) fragments, where a novel antigen binding site is introduced by the mutagenesis of the C-terminal loops of the CH3 domain, function as parts of bispecific IgG-like symmetrical antibodies when they replace their wild-type Fc. Their homodimeric structure typically leads to bivalent antigen binding. In particular, biological situations monovalent engagement, however, would be preferred, either for avoiding agonistic effects leading to safety issues, or the attractive option of combining a single chain (i.e., one half) of an Fcab fragment reactive with different antigens in one antibody. We present the strategies for construction and selection of yeast libraries displaying heterodimeric Fcab fragments and discuss the effects of altered thermostability of the basic Fc scaffold and novel library designs that lead to isolation of highly affine antigen binding clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Benedetti
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rüker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Therapeutic effect of two Co(II) coordination polymers by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and invasion on pancreatic cancer. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Natale V, Stadlmayr G, Benedetti F, Stadlbauer K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Trispecific antibodies produced from mAb 2 pairs by controlled Fab-arm exchange. Biol Chem 2022; 403:509-523. [PMID: 35089662 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies and antibody fragments are therapeutics of growing importance. They are clinically applied for effector cell engagement, enhanced targeting selectivity, addressing of multiple cellular pathways and active transfer of certain activities into difficult-to-reach compartments. These functionalities could profit from a third antigen specificity. In this work we have employed symmetrical bispecific parental antibodies of mAb2 format, which feature a novel antigen binding site in the CH3 domains, and engineered them with a minimal number of point mutations to guide the formation of a controlled Fab-arm exchanged trispecific antibody at a high yield after reduction and re-oxidation. Two model antibodies, one reactive with EGFR, Her2 and VEGF, and one with Fab-arms binding to Ang2 and VEGF and an Fc fragment binding to VEGF, were prepared and examined for heterodimeric status, stability, antigen binding properties and biological activity. Resulting molecules were of good biophysical characteristics and retained antigen reactivity and biological activity of the parental mAb2 constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Natale
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Filippo Benedetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rüker
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Benedetti F, Stracke F, Stadlmayr G, Stadlbauer K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Bispecific antibodies with Fab-arms featuring exchanged antigen-binding constant domains. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100959. [PMID: 33718630 PMCID: PMC7920882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can acquire the property of engagement of a second antigen via fusion methods or modification of their CDR loops, but also by modification of their constant domains, such as in the mAb2 format where a set of mutated amino acid residues in the CH3 domains enables a high-affinity specific interaction with the second antigen. We tested the possibility of introducing multiple binding sites for the second antigen by replacing the Fab CH1/CL domain pair with a pair of antigen-binding CH3 domains in a model scaffold with trastuzumab variable domains and VEGF-binding CH3 domains. Such bispecific molecules were produced in a “Fab-like” format and in a full-length antibody format. Novel constructs were of expected molecular composition using mass spectrometry. They were expressed at a high level in standard laboratory conditions, purified as monomers with Protein A and gel filtration and were of high thermostability. Their high-affinity binding to both target antigens was retained. Finally, the Her2/VEGF binding domain-exchanged bispecific antibody was able to mediate a potentiated surface Her2-internalization effect on the Her2-overexpressing cell line SK-BR-3 due to improved level of cross-linking with the endogenously secreted cytokine. To conclude, bispecific antibodies with Fabs featuring exchanged antigen-binding CH3 domains offer an alternative solution in positioning and valency of antigen binding sites. Fab constant domains can be efficiently exchanged for antigen-binding CH3 domains. Such mutagenesis results in bispecific antibodies with correct chain pairing. Domain-exchanged bispecific Fab- and IgG-like formats are of favorable biophysical properties. Resulting bispecific antibodies show high-affinity binding to both target antigens.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- BLI, biolayer interferometry
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bispecific antibody
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- Domain-exchanged antibody
- EC50, half-maximal effective concentration
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fab constant domain exchange
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- Fcab, Fc with antigen binding properties
- HPLC-SEC, high pressure liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography
- Her2 internalization
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC-ESI-MS, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- PNGase F, Peptide:N-glycosidase F
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- TRA, trastuzumab
- Tm, melting temperature
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- “Knobs-into-holes” heterodimerization
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Benedetti
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Stracke
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rüker
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- CD Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Lisacek F, Alagesan K, Hayes C, Lippold S, de Haan N. Bioinformatics in Immunoglobulin Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:205-233. [PMID: 34687011 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods developed for studying immunoglobulin glycosylation rely heavily on software tailored for this purpose. Many of these tools are now used in high-throughput settings, especially for the glycomic characterization of IgG. A collection of these tools, and the databases they rely on, are presented in this chapter. Specific applications are detailed in examples of immunoglobulin glycomics and glycoproteomics data processing workflows. The results obtained in the glycoproteomics workflow are emphasized with the use of dedicated visualizing tools. These tools enable the user to highlight glycan properties and their differential expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Catherine Hayes
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Lippold
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Salzer B, Schueller CM, Zajc CU, Peters T, Schoeber MA, Kovacic B, Buri MC, Lobner E, Dushek O, Huppa JB, Obinger C, Putz EM, Holter W, Traxlmayr MW, Lehner M. Engineering AvidCARs for combinatorial antigen recognition and reversible control of CAR function. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4166. [PMID: 32820173 PMCID: PMC7441178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) have shown impressive clinical efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies. However, the development of CAR-T cell therapies for solid tumors is hampered by the lack of truly tumor-specific antigens and poor control over T cell activity. Here we present an avidity-controlled CAR (AvidCAR) platform with inducible and logic control functions. The key is the combination of (i) an improved CAR design which enables controlled CAR dimerization and (ii) a significant reduction of antigen-binding affinities to introduce dependence on bivalent interaction, i.e. avidity. The potential and versatility of the AvidCAR platform is exemplified by designing ON-switch CARs, which can be regulated with a clinically applied drug, and AND-gate CARs specifically recognizing combinations of two antigens. Thus, we expect that AvidCARs will be a highly valuable platform for the development of controllable CAR therapies with improved tumor specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Salzer
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Charlotte U Zajc
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo Peters
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Schoeber
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Kovacic
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle C Buri
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M Putz
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael W Traxlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manfred Lehner
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Puchol Tarazona AA, Lobner E, Taubenschmid Y, Paireder M, Torres Acosta JA, Göritzer K, Steinkellner H, Mach L. Steric Accessibility of the Cleavage Sites Dictates the Proteolytic Vulnerability of the Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 in Plants. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900308. [PMID: 31657528 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hold great promise for immunoprophylaxis and the suppression of viremia in HIV-positive individuals. Several studies have demonstrated that plants as Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable hosts for the generation of protective anti-HIV-1 antibodies. However, the production of the anti-HIV-1 bNAbs 2F5 and PG9 in N. benthamiana is associated with their processing by apoplastic proteases in the complementarity-determining-region (CDR) H3 loops of the heavy chains. Here, it is shown that apoplastic proteases can also cleave the CDR H3 loop of the bNAb 2G12 when the unusual domain exchange between its heavy chains is prevented by the replacement of Ile19 with Arg. It is demonstrated that CDR H3 proteolysis leads to a strong reduction of the antigen-binding potencies of 2F5, PG9, and 2G12-I19R. Inhibitor profiling experiments indicate that different subtilisin-like serine proteases account for bNAb fragmentation in the apoplast. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments corroborate that the antigen-binding domains of wild-type 2G12 and 4E10 are more compact than those of proteolysis-sensitive antibodies, thus shielding their CDR H3 regions from proteolytic attack. This suggests that the extent of proteolytic inactivation of bNAbs in plants is primarily dictated by the steric accessibility of their CDR H3 loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Puchol Tarazona
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Taubenschmid
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan A Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Cornwell O, Bond NJ, Radford SE, Ashcroft AE. Long-Range Conformational Changes in Monoclonal Antibodies Revealed Using FPOP-LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15163-15170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Cornwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Bond
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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9
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De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, D'Andrea LD. Pro-angiogenic peptides in biomedicine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Frenz B, Rämisch S, Borst AJ, Walls AC, Adolf-Bryfogle J, Schief WR, Veesler D, DiMaio F. Automatically Fixing Errors in Glycoprotein Structures with Rosetta. Structure 2018; 27:134-139.e3. [PMID: 30344107 PMCID: PMC6616339 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) have resulted in determination of an increasing number of protein structures with resolved glycans. However, existing protocols for the refinement of glycoproteins at low resolution have failed to keep up with these advances. As a result, numerous deposited structures contain glycan stereochemical errors. Here, we describe a Rosetta-based approach for both cryoEM and X-ray crystallography refinement of glycoproteins that is capable of correcting conformational and configurational errors in carbohydrates. Building upon a previous Rosetta framework, we introduced additional features and score terms enabling automatic detection, setup, and refinement of glycan-containing structures. We benchmarked this approach using 12 crystal structures and showed that glycan geometries can be automatically improved while maintaining good fit to the crystallographic data. Finally, we used this method to refine carbohydrates of the human coronavirus NL63 spike glycoprotein and of an HIV envelope glycoprotein, demonstrating its usefulness for cryoEM refinement. New method for refinement of carbohydrates with low-resolution electron density Improved physical geometry of glycans in protein structures Compatible with cryoEM and X-ray crystallography data
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Frenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sebastian Rämisch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jared Adolf-Bryfogle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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