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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Titer and charge-based heterogeneity multiattribute monitoring of mAbs in cell culture harvest using 2D ProA CEX MS. Talanta 2024; 276:126232. [PMID: 38749159 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Robust monitoring of heterogeneity in biopharmaceutical development is crucial for producing safe and efficacious biotherapeutic products. Multiattribute monitoring (MAM) has emerged as an efficient tool for monitoring of mAb heterogeneities like deamidation, sialylation, glycosylation, and oxidation. Conventional biopharma analysis during mAb development relies on use of one-dimensional methods for monitoring titer and charge-based heterogeneity using non-volatile solvents without direct coupling with mass spectrometry (MS). This approach requires analysis of mAb harvest by ProA for titer estimation followed by separate cation exchange chromatography (CEX) analysis of the purified sample for estimating charge-based heterogeneity. This can take up to 60-90 min due to the required fraction collection and buffer exchange steps. In this work, a native two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) mass spectrometry method has been developed with Protein A chromatography in the first dimension for titer estimation and cation exchange chromatography (CEX) in the second dimension for charge variant analysis. The method uses volatile salts for both dimensions and enables easy coupling to MS. The proposed 2DLC method exhibits a charge variant profile that is similar to that observed via the traditional methods and takes only 15 min for mass identification of each variant. A total of six charge variants were separated by the CEX analysis after titer estimation, including linearity assessment from 5 μg to 160 μg of injected mAb sample. The proposed method successfully estimated charge variants for the mAb innovator and 4 of its biosimilars, showcasing its applicability for biosimilarity exercises. Hence, the 2D ProA CEX MS method allows direct titer and charge variant estimation of mAbs in a single workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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2
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Feng H, Dunn ZD, Kargupta R, Desai J, Phuangthong C, Venkata T, Appiah-Amponsah E, Patel B. Pioneering Just-in-Time (JIT) Strategy for Accelerating Raman Method Development and Implementation for Biologic Continuous Manufacturing. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38321842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a popular process analytical technology (PAT) tool that has been increasingly used to monitor and control the monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing process. Although it allows the characterization of a variety of quality attributes by developing chemometric models, a large quantity of representative data is required, and hence, the model development process can be time-consuming. In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has been expediting new drug development in order to achieve faster delivery of life-changing drugs to patients. The shortened development timelines have impacted the Raman application, as less time is allowed for data collection. To address this problem, an innovative Just-in-Time (JIT) strategy is proposed with the goal of reducing the time needed for Raman model development and ensuring its implementation. To demonstrate its capabilities, a proof-of-concept study was performed by applying the JIT strategy to a biologic continuous process for producing monoclonal antibody products. Raman spectroscopy and online two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) were integrated as a PAT analyzer system. Raman models of antibody titer and aggregate percentage were calibrated by chemometric modeling in real-time. The models were also updated in real-time using new data collected during process monitoring. Initial Raman models with adequate performance were established using data collected from two lab-scale cell culture batches and subsequently updated using one scale-up batch. The JIT strategy is capable of accelerating Raman method development to monitor and guide the expedited biologics process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Feng
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary D Dunn
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roli Kargupta
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jay Desai
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chelsea Phuangthong
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tayi Venkata
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bhumit Patel
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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4
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Factors affecting therapeutic protein purity and yield during chromatographic purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:150-158. [PMID: 37233514 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2217507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are recombinant proteins generated through recombinant DNA technology and have attracted a great deal of interest in numerous applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human and animal health, agriculture, food, and bioremediation. Producing therapeutic proteins on a large scale, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, necessitates a cost-effective, straightforward, and adequate manufacturing process. In industry, a protein separation technique based mainly on protein characteristics and modes of chromatography will be applied to optimize the purification process. Typically, the downstream process of biopharmaceutical operations may involve multiple chromatography phases that require the use of large columns pre-packed with resins that must be inspected before use. Approximately 20% of the proteins are assumed to be lost at each purification stage during the production of biotherapeutic products. Hence, to produce a high quality product, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, the correct approach and understanding of the factors influencing purity and yield during purification are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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5
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Sadighi R, de Kleijne V, Wouters S, Lubbers K, Somsen GW, Gargano AFG, Haselberg R. Online multimethod platform for comprehensive characterization of monoclonal antibodies in cell culture fluid from a single sample injection - Intact protein workflow. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342074. [PMID: 38182339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise a large structural variability with respect to charge, size and post-translational modifications. These critical quality attributes (CQAs) need to be assessed during and after the production of mAbs. This normally requires off-line purification and sample preparation as well as several chromatographic selectivities, which makes the whole process time-consuming and error-prone. To improve on this, we developed an integrated and automated multi-dimensional analytical platform for the simultaneous assessment of multiple CQAs of mAbs in cell culture fluid (CCF) from upstream processes. RESULTS The on-line system allows mAb characterization at the intact level, combining protein A affinity chromatography (ProtA) with size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic modes with UV and mass spectrometric detection. Multiple heart cuts of a single mAb elution band from ProtA are stored in 20-μL loops and successively sent to the multimethod options in the second dimension. ProtA loading and elution conditions and their compatibility with second-dimension LC modes were studied and optimized. Subsequently, heart-cutting and valve-switching schemes were investigated to achieve effective and reproducible analyses. The applicability of the developed workflow was demonstrated by the direct analysis (i.e. not requiring off-line sample preparation) of a therapeutic mAb in CCF, obtaining useful information on accurate molecular mass, glycosylation, and charge and size variants of the mAb product at the same time and in just over 1 h. SIGNIFICANCE The developed multidimensional platform is the first system that allows for multiple fractions from a single ProtA band to be characterized using different chromatographic selectivities in a single run allowing direct correlation between CQAs. The performance of the system is comparable to established off-line methods, fully compatible with upstream process samples, and provides a significant time-reduction of the characterization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Sadighi
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Vera de Kleijne
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Wouters
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, Waldbronn, 76337, Germany
| | - Karin Lubbers
- Polpharma Biologics Utrecht B.V., Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Dunn ZD, Bohman P, Quinteros A, Sauerborn B, Milman F, Patel M, Kargupta R, Wu S, Hornshaw M, Barrientos R, Bones J, Tayi VS, Abaroa N, Patel B, Appiah-Amponsah E, Regalado EL. Automated Online-Sampling Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography with Feedback-Control Capability as a Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of mAb Critical Quality Attributes in Multiple Bioreactors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18130-18138. [PMID: 38015205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of biopharmaceutical reactors is becoming increasingly important as the processes become more complex. During the continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the desired mAb product is continually created and collected over a 30 day process, where there can be changes in quality over that time. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the workhorse instrumentation capable of measuring mAb concentration as well as quality attributes such as aggregation, charge variants, oxidation, etc. However, traditional offline sampling is too infrequent to fully characterize bioprocesses, and the typical time from sample generation to data analysis and reporting can take weeks. To circumvent these limitations, an automated online sampling multidimensional workflow was developed to enable streamlined measurements of mAb concentration, aggregation, and charge variants. This analytical framework also facilitates automated data export for real-time analysis of up to six bioreactors, including feedback-controlling capability using readily available LC technology. This workflow increases the data points per bioreactor, improving the understanding of each experiment while also reducing the data turnaround time from weeks to hours. Examples of effective real-time analyses of mAb critical quality attributes are illustrated, showing substantial throughput improvements and accurate results while minimizing labor and manual intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Bohman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexis Quinteros
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brian Sauerborn
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Felix Milman
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Misaal Patel
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roli Kargupta
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suyang Wu
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Martin Hornshaw
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicholas Abaroa
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bhumit Patel
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Narsimhan M, Kim J, Morris NA, Bower MA, Gunawardena HP, Bowen E, Regnier FE. Mobile Affinity Selection Chromatography Analysis of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16115-16122. [PMID: 37883730 PMCID: PMC10633814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Federal regulatory agencies require continuous verification of recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) quality that is commonly achieved in a two-step process. First, the host-cell proteome and metabolome are removed from the production medium by protein A affinity chromatography. Second, following recovery from the affinity column with an acidic wash, mAb quality is assessed in multiple ways by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, lengthy sample preparation and the lack of higher-order structure analyses are limitations of this approach. To address these issues, this report presents an integrated approach for the analysis of two critical quality attributes of mAbs, namely titer and relative aggregate content. Integration of sample preparation and molecular-recognition-based analyses were achieved in a single step utilizing an isocratically eluted mobile affinity selection chromatography (MASC) column. MASC circumvents the protein A step, simplifying sample preparation. Within 10 min, (i) mAbs are fluorescently coded for specific detection, (ii) monomers and aggregates are resolved, (iii) the mAb titer is quantified, (iv) relative aggregate content is determined, (v) analytes are detected, and (vi) the column is ready for the next sample. It is suggested herein that this mode of rapid quality assessment will be of value at all stages of discovery (screening, clone selection, characterization), process R&D, and manufacturing. Rapid monitoring of variant formation is a critical element of quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena
L. Narsimhan
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Nathan A. Morris
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Mary A. Bower
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen
Research & Development, The Janssen
Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Bowen
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fred E. Regnier
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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8
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Li X. Recent applications of quantitative mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical process development and manufacturing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115581. [PMID: 37494866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical products have seen rapid growth over the past few decades and continue to dominate the global pharmaceutical market. Aligning with the quality by design (QbD) framework and realization, recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instrumentation and related techniques have enhanced biopharmaceutical characterization capabilities and have supported an increased development of biopharmaceutical products. Beyond its routine qualitative characterization, the quantitative feature of LC-MS has unique applications in biopharmaceutical process development and manufacturing. This review describes the recent applications and implications of the advancement of quantitative MS methods in biopharmaceutical process development, and characterization of biopharmaceutical product, product-related variants, and process-related impurities. We also provide insights on the emerging applications of quantitative MS in the lifecycle of biopharmaceutical product development including quality control in the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) environment and process analytical technology (PAT) practices during process development and manufacturing. Through collaboration with instrument and software vendors and regulatory agencies, we envision broader adoption of phase-appropriate quantitative MS-based methods for the analysis of biopharmaceutical products, which in turn has the potential to enable manufacture of higher quality products for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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9
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Kumari P, Saldanha M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation during cell culture using medium additives facilitated by the monitoring of aggregation in cell culture matrix using size exclusion chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115575. [PMID: 37467528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation at the upstream stage itself can significantly reduce the burden on downstream processing and can improve the process yield. Hence, we have investigated the use of sugar osmolytes (glucose, mannose, sucrose and maltose) and formulation excipients (mannitol, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80) as medium additives to reduce protein aggregation during cell culture. Aggregate content in cell culture samples was estimated using a high-resolution size-exclusion chromatography technique, which efficiently resolved the antibody monomer and aggregates in the cell culture matrix i.e., without purification. Glucose, mannose, maltose and the polysorbates effectively reduced the mean aggregate content over the course of the culture. Sugar-based additives exhibited a higher degree of variation during aggregate quantitation as compared to polysorbate additives, rendering the latter a preferred additive. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential of sugar osmolytes and formulation excipients as media additives during cell culture to reduce aggregate formation, without negatively impacting cell growth and antibody production, facilitated by the monitoring of aggregate content in cell culture samples without purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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10
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Optimizing transfer and dilution processes when using active solvent modulation in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341040. [PMID: 36935135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is becoming increasingly popular for the analysis of complex samples, which is partly due to the recent introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. To deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between highly orthogonal retention mechanisms, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC), several strategies have been introduced over the years. One of these strategies is active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension before transfer to the second dimension. This strategy has gained a lot of attention and holds great potential, however, no clear guidelines are currently in place for its use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how the ASM process can be optimized when using highly incompatible LC combinations, such as HILIC and RPLC, in a simplified selective comprehensive 2D-LC set-up (sHILIC x RPLC) to suggest guidelines for future users. Using a representative sample, the dilution factor (DF), the duration of the ASM phase, the filling percentage of the sample loops, and their unloading configuration are investigated and optimized. It is observed that a DF of 10 with an optimal ASM phase duration, a sample loop filling of maximum 25%, and an unloading configuration in backflush mode, result in the best peak shapes, intensities, and recoveries for early eluting compounds, while keeping the total analysis time minimal. Based on these results, some general recommendations are made that could also be applied in other 2D-LC modes, such as comprehensive 2D-LC (LC x LC), heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC-LC), and other chromatographic combinations with mobile phase incompatibility issues.
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11
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Rathore AS, Auclair J, Kumar S. Intact Mass Analysis–Based Multi-Attribute Methods (iMAMs) for Characterization of Biopharmaceuticals. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2023. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ou3689p8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-attribute methods (MAMs) are becoming increasingly popular for their ability to analyze multiple critical quality attributes (CQA) in a single workflow. This capability becomes particularly attractive for a product class such as monoclonal antibodies, which are large and complex, and have many CQAs that need to be monitored and controlled during their manufacturing so as to deliver consistent product quality. In an earlier installment, we discussed the role of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in MAMs. In this article, we focus on intact mass analysis–based multi-attribute methods (iMAMs), a suitable alternative that can complement standard MAMs or be used when there is a need for rapid turnaround and monitoring of only a limited number of CQAs. Multiple case studies are presented to elucidate this concept.
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12
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Lambiase G, Klottrup-Rees K, Lovelady C, Ali S, Shepherd S, Muroni M, Lindo V, James DC, Dickman MJ. An automated, low volume, and high-throughput analytical platform for aggregate quantitation from cell culture media. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463809. [PMID: 36731329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening methods have driven a paradigm shift in biopharmaceutical development by reducing the costs of good manufactured (COGM) and accelerate the launch to market of novel drug products. Scale-down cell culture systems such as shaken 24- and 96-deep-well plates (DWPs) are used for initial screening of hundreds of recombinant mammalian clonal cell lines to quickly and efficiently select the best producing strains expressing product quality attributes that fit to industry platform. A common modification monitored from early-stage product development is protein aggregation due to its impact on safety and efficacy. This study aims to integrate high-throughput analysis of aggregation-prone therapeutic proteins with 96-deep well plate screening to rank clones based on the aggregation levels of the expressed proteins. Here we present an automated, small-scale analytical platform workflow combining the purification and subsequent aggregation analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals expressed in 96-DWP cell cultures. Product purification was achieved by small-scale solid-phase extraction using dual flow chromatography (DFC) automated on a robotic liquid handler for the parallel processing of up to 96 samples at a time. At-line coupling of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a 2.1 mm ID column enabled the detection of aggregates with sub-2 µg sensitivity and a 3.5 min run time. The entire workflow was designed as an application to aggregation-prone mAbs and "mAb-like" next generation biopharmaceuticals, such as bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Application of the high-throughput analytical workflow to a shake plate overgrow (SPOG) screen, enabled the screening of 384 different clonal cell lines in 32 h, requiring < 2 μg of protein per sample. Aggregation levels expressed by the clones varied between 9 and 76%. This high-throughput analytical workflow allowed for the early elimination of clonal cell lines with high aggregation, demonstrating the advantage of integrating analytical testing for critical quality attributes (CQAs) earlier in product development to drive better decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lambiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK; Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerensa Klottrup-Rees
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare Lovelady
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Salma Ali
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Shepherd
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maurizio Muroni
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK.
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK.
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13
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Feng J, Jiang L, Cao Y, Deng C, Li Y. Tractable Method for Rapid Quality Assessment of Therapeutic Antibodies in Harvested Cell Culture Fluid based on FcγRIIIa-Immobilized Magnetic Microspheres. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11492-11499. [PMID: 35938925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIIa-binding affinity is one of the key factors to ensure the efficacy of many antitumor therapeutic antibodies, which should be monitored along with the titer, protein aggregation, and other critical quality attributes. The conventional workflow for the quality assessment of therapeutic antibodies in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) is time-consuming and costly nevertheless. In this study, a tractable method was established for rapid quality assessment of a HCCF sample through differentially extracting IgG with different FcγRIIIa affinity levels using FcγRIIIa-immobilized magnetic microspheres, followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the amount and monomer percentage of IgGs in the preceding eluate. FcγRIIIa-immobilized magnetic microspheres with polydopamine (PDA) and hydrophilic dendrimer (PAMAM) coating (denoted as Fe3O4@PDA@PAMAM-FcγRIIIa) were synthesized for the first time as magnetic adsorbents. The PDA cladding endowed the composites with good chemical stability in acidic elution buffer, and the PAMAM dendrimer empowered the composites of high ligand immobilization capacity and hydrophilic surface. The labile FcγRIIIa was immobilized under mild conditions. By directly applying a simple magnetic solid phase extraction procedure to treat HCCF, favored IgG species with high FcγRIIIa affinity would be selectively captured by Fe3O4@PDA@PAMAM-FcγRIIIa composites for subsequent SEC analysis. The monomer peak area value in SEC, which was set as the read-out of the proposed method, correlated directly with the theoretical overall quality of standard-spiked HCCF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiqing Cao
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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14
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Lambiase G, Inman SE, Muroni M, Lindo V, Dickman MJ, James DC. High-throughput multiplex analysis of mAb aggregates and charge variants by automated two-dimensional size exclusion-cation exchange chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462944. [PMID: 35344792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are extremely complex due to the presence of structural modifications resulting from enzymatic and chemical reactions such as glycosylation, glycation, deamidation, isomerisation, oxidation, aggregation and fragmentation. Size and charge variants analysis are carried out from the early stages of drug development throughout product lifetime to investigate product degradation pathways and optimise process conditions. However, conventional analytical workstreams for size and charge variant characterization are both time and sample demanding, requiring the application of multiple analytical methods. This study presents the development of a novel 2D-LC/MS approach combining both aggregate and charge variant profiling of a mAb candidate in a single method. Aggregate quantification was performed in the first dimension (1D) by size exclusion chromatography SEC, followed by online fraction transfer of the monomer peak to the second dimension (2D) by a heart-cutting for charge variant analysis by cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Aiming to maximise the information obtained from minimal sample and time required for analysis, a salt-based separation with UV detection was developed for supporting the processing of a large number of samples to facilitate high-throughput process development (HTPD). In addition, a mass spectrometry (MS) compatible SEC-CEX separation was developed enabling online charge variant peak identification. This study presented the ability to multiplex mAb size and charge variants analysis by coupling SEC with CEX in a 2D-LC set-up. To date, this is the first 2D SEC-CEX-UV(-MS) application for intact mAb analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lambiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E Inman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Muroni
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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15
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Moussa A, Lauer T, Stoll D, Desmet G, Broeckhoven K. Modelling of analyte profiles and band broadening generated by interface loops used in multi-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462578. [PMID: 34700181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the shape and variance of the analyte band entering the second dimension column when injected from an open loop interface in two-dimensional liquid chromatography is not fully understood. This is however important as it is connected to several other variables encountered when developing 2D-LC methods, including the first dimension flow rate, the sampling (modulation) time and the loop volume. Both numerical simulation methods and experimental measurements were used to understand and quantify the dispersion occurring in open tubular interface loops. Variables included are the analyte diffusion coefficient (Dmol), loop filling and emptying rates (Ffill & Fempty), loop inner diameter or radius (Rloop) and loop volume (Vloop). For a straight loop capillary, we find that the concentration profile (as measured at the loop outlet) depends only on a single dimensionless parameter tempty*=VloopFempty·DmolRloop2 and the ratio of the filling and emptying flow rates Fempty/Ffill. A model depending only on these two parameters was developed to predict of the peak variance resulting from the filling and emptying of a straight capillary operated in the first-in-last-out (FILO) modulation mode. Comparison of the concentration profiles and the corresponding variances obtained by either numerical simulation or experiments with straight capillaries shows the results generally agree very well. When the straight capillary is replaced by a tightly coiled loop, significantly smaller (20-40%) peak variances are observed compared to straight capillaries. The magnitude of these decreases is not predicted as well by simulations, however the simulation results are still useful in this case, because they represent an upper boundary (i.e., worst-case scenario) on the predicted variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lauer
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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16
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Singh SM, Furman R, Singh RK, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Tao L, Li Z. Size exclusion chromatography for the characterization and quality control of biologics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ran Furman
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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17
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Sutarlie L, Siak-Wie Ow D, Kong Ng S, Yang Y, Su X. Gold Nanoparticle-based "Mix and Measure" Fluorimetric Assays to Quantify Antibody Titer. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3188-3193. [PMID: 34423583 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for treatment of human diseases are typically human or humanized Immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in mammalian cell lines. A rapid, less tedious, and high throughput method to quantify mAbs is in demand to accelerate mAb production efficiency. To quantify mAb titer, we developed gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-based "mix and measure" fluorimetric assays by exploiting AuNPs' fluorescence quenching ability. The AuNPs are functionalized by an Fc binding protein, i. e. protein G, which binds human IgG and fluorescently labeled rat IgG (Alexa Fluor 488-rat IgG) with differential affinity. The assays can be in competition or displacement format. The competitive binding of human IgG drug and the labelled rat IgG to protein G-coated AuNP lead to varied fluorescent intensity that is proportional to the amount of human IgG analte; or the displacement of the labelled rat IgG from protein G-coated AuNP by human IgG can lead to fluorescent recovery that is also proportionally related to human IgG concentration. The assays can quantify therapeutic mAbs in the range of 10-1,000 mg/L, demonstrated for Herceptin, Avastin, and Humira in cell culture media. The assays have fast turn over time (within 15 min). They can be performed in microplates and are suitable for high throughput "on-line" or "at-line" measurement in mAbs production lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak-Wie Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, level 3, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Chemmalil L, Wasalathanthri DP, Zhang X, Kuang J, Shao C, Barbour R, Bhavsar S, Prabhakar T, Knihtila R, West J, Puri N, McHugh K, Rehmann MS, He Q, Xu J, Borys MC, Ding J, Li Z. Online monitoring and control of upstream cell culture process using 1D and 2D-LC with SegFlow interface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3593-3603. [PMID: 34185315 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning from currently deployed batch-mode bioprocessing to a highly efficient and agile next-generation bioprocessing with the adaptation of continuous bioprocessing, which reduces capital investment and operational costs. Continuous bioprocessing, aligned with FDA's quality-by-design platform, is designed to develop robust processes to deliver safe and effective drugs. With the deployment of knowledge-based operations, product quality can be built into the process to achieve desired critical quality attributes (CQAs) with reduced variability. To facilitate next-generation continuous bioprocessing, it is essential to embrace a fundamental shift-in-paradigm from "quality-by-testing" to "quality-by-design," which requires the deployment of process analytical technologies (PAT). With the adaptation of PAT, a systematic approach of process and product understanding and timely process control are feasible. Deployment of PAT tools for real-time monitoring of CQAs and feedback control is critical for continuous bioprocessing. Given the current deficiency in PAT tools to support continuous bioprocessing, we have integrated Infinity 2D-LC with a post-flow-splitter in conjunction with the SegFlow autosampler to the bioreactors. With this integrated system, we have established a platform for online measurements of titer and CQAs of monoclonal antibodies as well as amino acid analysis of bioreactor cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letha Chemmalil
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - June Kuang
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sohil Bhavsar
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jay West
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neha Puri
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle McHugh
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Qin He
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Julia Ding
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Weber D, Sittig C, Hubbuch J. Impact of freeze-thaw processes on monoclonal antibody platform process development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3914-3925. [PMID: 34170514 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Freezing of cell culture supernatant (CCS) is a standard procedure in process development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) platform processes as up- and downstream development are usually separated. In the manufacturing process of mAb, however, freezing is avoided, which poses the question of comparability and transferability from process development to manufacturing. In this case study, mAb CCS from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is frozen and thawed in a novel active freezing device and subsequently captured by protein A chromatography. Critical quality attributes such as host cell protein (HCP) concentration and soluble mAb dimer shares have been monitored throughout the case study. Furthermore, cryo-concentration of individual proteins was investigated. The main factors that drive cryo-concentration are diffusion and natural convection. Natural convection in freezing processes was found to increase at warmer freezing temperatures and thus slower freezing, leading to higher concentration gradients from top to bottom of a freezing chamber. The freeze concentration was dependent on protein size and correlated to diffusivity, where smaller proteins are exposed to higher cryo-concentration. Our results suggest that as a result of freezing processes, large particles based on mAb and specific host cell proteins (HCPs) expressing a certain affinity to mAbs are formed that have to be removed before purification. This leads to a significant improvement in HCP reduction by the protein A step, when compared with reference samples, where twice as much HCP remained in the eluate. Furthermore, HCP and mAb dimer concentrations in protein A eluate were dependent on the freezing temperature. As a conclusion, CCS should be frozen as rapidly as possible during process development to minimize issues of transferability from process development to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Weber
- Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Sittig
- Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Tan S, Saito K, Hearn MTW. Adsorption of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody onto Thermoresponsive Copolymer-Grafted Sepharose Fast Flow Sorbents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1054-1061. [PMID: 33448225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The batch adsorption behavior of a humanized monoclonal antibody (hIgG2 mAb) with thermoresponsive polymer (TRP)-modified Sepharose Fast Flow sorbents with different compositions of grafted copolymers is described. At high protein loadings, the adsorption with negatively charged copolymer-modified sorbents exhibited S-shaped isotherms in most cases, indicative of unrestricted multilayer adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the negatively charged copolymer-modified sorbents increased with an increase in the applied environmental temperature due to increased protein-sorbent surface hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The affinity of the hIgG2 mAb for a positively charged copolymer-grafted sorbent was much lower than that found for the negatively charged copolymer-grafted sorbents at both 20 and 50 °C due to electrostatic repulsive effects. This study has documented that the molecular functionalities of the grafted copolymer can significantly affect the adsorption behavior of this humanized mAb at both 20 and 50 °C with the isothermal dependencies revealing subtle effects due to copolymer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuo Tan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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21
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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22
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Annušová A, Bodík M, Hagara J, Kotlár M, Halahovets Y, Mičušík M, Chlpík J, Cirák J, Hofbauerová M, Jergel M, Majková E, Šiffalovič P. On the extraction of MoO x photothermally active nanoparticles by gel filtration from a byproduct of few-layer MoS 2 exfoliation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 32:045708. [PMID: 33140739 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gel filtration is a versatile technique employed for biological molecules and nanoparticles, offering their reproducible classification based on size and shape. Colloidal nanoparticles are of significant interest in biomedical applications due to a large number of solution-based bioconjugation procedures. Nevertheless, the inherent polydispersity of the nanoparticles produced by various techniques necessitates the employment of high yield separation and purification techniques. Here we demonstrate the employment of gel filtration on non-stoichiometric plasmonic MoO x nanoparticles, prepared by an oxidation process during liquid-phase exfoliation of few-layer MoS2 nanosheets. This resulted in the separation of two types of MoO x particles, in the form of two different chromatographic fractions. They showed different sizes, morphological and optical properties. The fraction containing smaller particles with diameters of 1-4 nm, exhibited an increased absorbance peak in the near IR region and responded with a significant temperature increase to laser irradiation at the wavelength close to the maximal absorption. The fraction with the larger particles from 3 up to 10 nm, showed weak photoluminescence and a preferred orientation upon the deposition on a planar substrate. However, it had no absorbance in the near IR compared to the former fraction. According to our knowledge, this is the first time that the gel filtration was applied to the separation of molybdenum oxide nanomaterials. This step ensured the isolation of plasmonic MoO x nanoparticles suitable for further bioconjugation and target photothermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Annušová
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia. Centre for Advanced Material Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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23
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Camperi J, Dai L, Guillarme D, Stella C. Fast and Automated Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Minor Variants from Cell Cultures by Combined Protein-A and Multidimensional LC/MS Methodologies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8506-8513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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