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Menzel R, Korzun A, Golz C, Maier T, Pahl I, Hauk A. Dimethylsilanediol from silicone elastomers: Analysis, release from biopharmaceutical process equipment, and clearance studies. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123441. [PMID: 37774757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Polysiloxanes are considered one of the most important commercial families of synthetic elastomers. They are frequently employed in biopharmaceutical manufacturing equipment as flexible single-use solutions due to superior material properties and compatibility with diverse sterilization methods. Extractables and leachables (E&L) testing is essential in qualifying such equipment, involving extraction studies to assess the potential release of compounds from plastic components for risk assessment. Silicone releases oligomeric siloxanes and small hydrolysis products, with dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) being the main hydrolysis product found in significant concentrations in aqueous process solutions. DMSD presents challenges for analysis, requiring specifically tailored analytical methods to detect it, which are commonly not applied in standard E&L screening tests. In biopharmaceutical manufacturing, it is relevant to consider the potential of DMSD to repolymerize into silicone oil when specific process parameters are altered. This may lead to interactions with drug ingredients, including proteins, resulting in the formation of aggregates. We synthesized and characterized DMSD using X-ray structure analysis and established an HPLC method with a refractive index detector to investigate the release of DMSD from commercially available silicone tubing used in drug manufacturing following autoclaving and irradiation. Subsequently, we assessed typical biopharmaceutical downstream operations for effectively removing this compound from the process stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Menzel
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - André Korzun
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Maier
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Liu YQ, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Progress in research on the safety of silicone rubber products in food processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2887-2909. [PMID: 37183940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is widely used in the food processing industry due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, due to the differences in SR product production formulas and processes, the quality of commercially available SR products varies greatly, with chemical and biological hazard potentials. Residual chemicals in SR, such as siloxane oligomers and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, are non-intentionally added substances, which may migrate into food during processing so the safe use of SR must be guaranteed. Simultaneously, SR in contact with food is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria growing and biofilm formation, like Cronobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, posing a food safety risk. Under severe usage scenarios such as high-temperature, high-pressure, microwave, and freezing environments with long-term use, SR products are more prone to aging, and their degradation products may pose potential food safety hazards. Based on the goal of ensuring food quality and safety to the greatest extent possible, this review suggests that enterprises need to prepare high-quality food-contact SR products by optimizing the manufacturing formula and production process, and developing products with antibacterial and antiaging properties. The government departments should establish quality standards for food-contact SR products and conduct effective supervision. Besides, the reusable SR products should be cleaned by consumers immediately after use, and the deteriorated products should be replaced as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Feng D, Zhang X, Yuan H, Li X, Fan X. Identification, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes in silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154449. [PMID: 35276138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes (MSs) in 32 silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China were studied. Thirty types of MSs in two families, which included 11 linear MSs (LMSs, L4-L14) and 19 cyclic MSs (CMSs, D4-D22), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) associated with standards, retention index, and carbon number rule. In 32 nipples, MSs with molecular weight < 1000 Da and CMSs were predominant. Considering the actual daily use of bottle nipples, the migration tests of MSs from nipples to artificial saliva and reconstituted powdered formula were performed. In particular, the orthogonal test design-QuEChERS-GC/MS was employed to detect MSs in formula. The median migration level of ΣMSs (MW < 1000 Da) in formula was 950.9 ng/mL, which was much higher than that in artificial saliva (98.1 ng/mL). If formula is fed to children aged 3-36 months using bottle nipples according to product instructions, the daily oral exposure to ΣMSs (MW < 1000) for children ranged from 52 to 146 μg/kg bw-day, which were two to five orders of magnitude higher than those of other exposure pathways. In sum, oral intake (especially through formula) may be the predominant pathway of exposure of MSs in children. This research enhances our understanding of the oral exposure risks of MSs and provides useful information that could aid the development of risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Feng
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - XiRong Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - XueYan Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoJie Fan
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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4
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Asensio E, Uranga J, Nerín C. Analysis of potential migration compounds from silicone molds for food contact by SPME-GC-MS. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113130. [PMID: 35569599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four commercially available silicone cupcake molds have been studied. An evaluation of the post-cure treatment applied to the silicone molds was carried out and the loss of volatile organic compounds after cure treatment was quantified. The two higher quality molds showed losses at the 0.5% (w/w) (recommended by BfR standard), while the two lower quality molds exceeded this limit. The migration studies were carried out using Tenax® as a solid food simulant. The volatile compounds that migrate were identified and quantified using SPME-GC-MS. Up to fourteen silicone oligomers were quantified. When the molds were subjected to post-cure treatment, none of them exceeded the global migration of 10 mg/dm2; while those lower quality molds showed migrations higher than 10 mg/dm2, so their use in contact with food is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Asensio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Uranga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Palacios-Jordan H, Jané-Brunet A, Jané-Brunet E, Puiggròs F, Canela N, Rodríguez MA. Considerations on the Analysis of E-900 Food Additive: An NMR Perspective. Foods 2022; 11:297. [PMID: 35159449 PMCID: PMC8833973 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Food additives are in widespread use in the food industry to extend the shelf life of food, improve its organoleptic characteristics or facilitate industrial processing. Their use is not without controversy, which makes regulation and control crucial for food safety and public health. Among food additives, silicone-based antifoaming agents (polysiloxanes or E900) are difficult to analyze and quantify due to their polymeric nature. Currently, there is no official method of quantifying this additive in foods. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a quantitative method for speciation analysis of silicon compounds almost without known interferents. In this work, we describe the evolution of the regulation of the E900 additive, discuss different analytic methods quantifying polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), and propose a new method based on NMR suitable for analyzing the content of E900 in the form of PDMS in various types of food from dietary oils to marmalades and jellies, among others. The proposed method consists of a previous quantitative concentration of PDMS by liquid-liquid extraction and the monitoring of the quantification using a bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (BTMSB) standard to control the variability, ranging within 2-7%, depending on the food. This simple, direct, and reproducible procedure for aqueous and lipidic foods may help to monitor and fill a gap in regulatory legislation regarding the E900 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Palacios-Jordan
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
| | - Anna Jané-Brunet
- LLUIS JANE BUSQUETS (LJB) Analysis Laboratory S.L., Sant Quirze del Vallés, 08192 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-B.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Eduard Jané-Brunet
- LLUIS JANE BUSQUETS (LJB) Analysis Laboratory S.L., Sant Quirze del Vallés, 08192 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-B.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
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Su Y, Hu X, Tang H, Lu K, Li H, Liu S, Xing B, Ji R. Steam disinfection releases micro(nano)plastics from silicone-rubber baby teats as examined by optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:76-85. [PMID: 34764453 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicone-rubber baby teats used to bottle-feed infants are frequently disinfected by moist heating. However, infant exposure to small microplastics (<10 μm) potentially released from the heated teats by hydrothermal decomposition has not been studied, owing to the limitations of conventional spectroscopy in visualizing microplastic formation and in characterizing the particles at the submicrometre scale. Here both the surfaces of silicone teats subjected to steam disinfection and the wash waters of the steamed teats were analysed using optical-photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. This new technique revealed submicrometre-resolved steam etching on and chemical modification of the teat surface. Numerous flake- or oil-film-shaped micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) (in the size range of 0.6-332 μm) presented in the wash waters, including cyclic and branched polysiloxanes or polyimides, which were generated by the steam-induced degradation of the base polydimethylsiloxane elastomer and the polyamide resin additive. The results indicated that by the age of one year, a baby could ingest >0.66 million elastomer-derived micro-sized plastics (MPs) (roughly 81% in 1.5-10 μm). Global MP emission from teat disinfection may be as high as 5.2 × 1013 particles per year. Our findings highlight an entry route for surface-active silicone-rubber-derived MNPs into both the human body and the environment. The health and environmental risks of the particles are as yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Quantum Design (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Tang
- Quantum Design (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Krüger O, Ebner I, Kappenstein O, Roloff A, Luch A, Bruhn T. Towards a better comparability during GMP assessment – Identifying the main parameters that influence the loss of volatile organic compounds from silicone elastomers. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Liu YQ, Wrona M, Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C, Hu CY. Influence of cooking conditions on the migration of silicone oligomers from silicone rubber baking molds to food simulants. Food Chem 2021; 347:128964. [PMID: 33453582 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stability, surface micromorphology, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of silicone rubber baking molds (SRBMs) were tested while using the molds under severe conditions: baking at 175 °C, microwaving at 800 W, and freezing at -18 °C. Moreover, migration tests of SRBMs to food simulants (isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax®) at 70 °C for 2 h (accelerated conditions) were performed. The initial total VOCs concentration was 2.53% higher than that recommended by BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials. Therefore, the SRBM samples were considered as badly tempered materials, and 18 different types of silicone oligomers were identified during the migration tests. The following percentage of silicone oligomers with a molecular weight lower than 1000 Da in isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax® were detected: 70.7%, 91.8%, and 97.2%, respectively. It has been proven that previous baking treatments effectively reduced the content of silicone oligomers migrating from SRBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Magdalena Wrona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Liu YQ, Yu WW, Jiang H, Shang GQ, Zeng SF, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Variation of baking oils and baking methods on altering the contents of cyclosiloxane in food simulants and cakes migrated from silicone rubber baking moulds. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Myat Thu A, Song M, Wu S, Sheng A, Chen X, Wang X. Artificial Neural Network Prediction and Mechanism Analysis for Migration of Environmental Contaminant Cyclic Organosiloxane Oligomer from Silicone Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aung Myat Thu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| | - Meng Song
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P.R. China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Anbang Sheng
- Qingdao Metro Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xinghao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
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Fromme H, Witte M, Fembacher L, Gruber L, Hagl T, Smolic S, Fiedler D, Sysoltseva M, Schober W. Siloxane in baking moulds, emission to indoor air and migration to food during baking with an electric oven. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:145-152. [PMID: 30798195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (l-VMS and c-VMS) are man-made chemicals with no natural source. They have been widely used in cosmetics, personal care products, coatings and many other products. As a consequence of their wide use, VMS can be found in different environmental media, as well as in humans. We bought 14 new silicone baking moulds and 3 metallic moulds from the market and used them in different baking experiments. Four of the silicone baking moulds were produced in Germany, two in Italy, four in China, and for the other moulds were no information available. The metal forms were all produced in Germany. VMS were measured in the indoor air throughout the baking process and at the edge and in the center of the finished cakes using a GC/MS system. Additionally, the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution were measured in the indoor air. The highest median concentrations of VMS were observed immediately following baking: 301 μg/m3 of D7, 212 μg/m3 of D6, and 130 μg/m3 of D8. The silicone moulds containing the highest concentrations of c-VMS corresponded with distinctly higher concentrations of the compounds in indoor air. Using a mould for more than one baking cycle reduced the indoor air concentrations substantially. Samples collected from the edge of the cake had higher concentrations relative to samples from the center, with a mean initial concentration of 6.6 mg/kg of D15, 3.9 mg/kg of D9, 3.7 mg/kg of D12, and 4.8 mg/kg of D18. D3 to D5 were measured only at very low concentrations. Before starting the experiment, an average PNC of 7300 particles/cm3 was observed in the room's air, while a PNC of 140,000 particles/cm3 was observed around the electric stove while it was baking, but this PNC slowly decreased after the oven was switched off. Baking with 4 of the moulds exceeded the German indoor precaution guide value for c-VMS, but the health hazard guide value was not reached during every experiment. Compared to other exposure routes, c-VMS contamination of cake from silicone moulds seems to be low, as demonstrated by the low concentrations of D4 and D6 measured. For less volatile c-VMS > D6 the results of the study indicate that food might play a more important role for daily intake. As a general rule, silicone moulds should be used only after precleaning and while strictly following the temperature suggestions of the producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Witte
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Gruber
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tanja Hagl
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Smolic
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Fiedler
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Sysoltseva
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schober
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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Helling R, Seifried P, Fritzsche D, Simat T. Characterisation and migration properties of silicone materials during typical long-term commercial and household use applications: a combined case study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1489-500. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.694374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Begley TH, Hayward DG, Limm W. Determination of siloxanes in silicone products and potential migration to milk, formula and liquid simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1311-21. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.684891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Elskens M, Vloeberghs D, Van Elsen L, Baeyens W, Goeyens L. Multiple testing of food contact materials: a predictive algorithm for assessing the global migration from silicone moulds. Talanta 2012; 99:161-6. [PMID: 22967536 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For reasons of food safety, packaging and food contact materials must be submitted to migration tests. Testing of silicone moulds is often very laborious, since three replicate tests are required to decide about their compliancy. This paper presents a general modelling framework to predict the sample's compliance or non-compliance using results of the first two migration tests. It compares the outcomes of models with multiple continuous predictors with a class of models involving latent and dummy variables. The model's prediction ability was tested using cross and external validations, i.e. model revalidation each time a new measurement set became available. At the overall migration limit of 10 mg dm(-2), the relative uncertainty on a prediction was estimated to be ~10%. Taking the default values for α and β equal to 0.05, the maximum value that can be predicted for sample compliance was therefore 7 mg dm(-2). Beyond this limit the risk for false compliant results increases significantly, and a third migration test should be performed. The result of this latter test defines the sample's compliance or non-compliance. Propositions for compliancy control inspired by the current dioxin control strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Elskens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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