Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for qualitative screening of neomycin in muscle, liver, kidney, eggs and milk

A REVIEW ON DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES IN FOOD PRODUCTS

In this paper, we discuss veterinary medicine and its applications in the food field as well as its risk to the health of humans and animals by the residues. We review how the veterinary residues enter and cause some detrimental effects. We also mention two techniques to determine the residue of veterinary medication that existed in food originating from animals, including classic and advanced techniques. Finally, we discuss the potential of various developed methods compared to some traditional techniques.

Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods

Veterinary drugs are used to treat livestock and aquatic diseases and thus are introduced into animal-derived foods, endangering consumer health and safety. Antibiotic resistance is rapidly becoming a major worldwide problem, and there has been a steady increase in the number of pathogens that show multi-drug resistance. Illegal and excessive use of veterinary drugs in animals and aquaculture has serious adverse effects on humans and on all other environmental organisms. It is necessary to develop simple extraction methods and fast analytical methods to effectively detect veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods. This review summarizes the application of various sample extraction techniques and detection and quantification methods for veterinary drug residues reported in the last decade (2010-2020). This review compares the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques and detection methods and describes advanced methods, such as those that use electrochemical biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, optical biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymer biosensors. Finally, the future prospects and trends related to extraction methods, detection methods and advanced methods for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods are summarized.

A multi-class multi-residue method for the analysis of polyether ionophores, tetracyclines and sulfonamides in multi-matrices of animal and aquaculture fish tissues by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) based multiclass multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis of 5 polyether ionophores, 4 tetracycline and 10 sulfonamides in animal and aquaculture fish tissues was developed and validated. Sample extraction and clean-up were based on a modified QuEChERS method. The method was validated using an in-house validation based on performance characteristics modified from Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Both matrix effect and uncertainties associated with sample preparation and instrumental analysis were minimised by the use of matrix-matched calibrations. Recoveries of analytes were generally satisfactory and typically fell between 80% and 113%. The repeatability and intermediate reproducibility measured as relative standard deviations were in most cases less than 15% (n = 63). The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) ranged from 110.7 to 125.8 and 121.5 to 151.7 µg kg^-1 for tetracyclines, 113.4 to 118.3 and 116.8 to 126.5 µg kg^-1 for sulfonamides and 50.8 to 52.4 and 51.5 to 55.6 µg kg^-1 for polyether ionophores, respectively. The method displayed its fitness for purpose through satisfactory results obtained in international proficiency testing schemes. The method was applied to animal and aquaculture fish tissues obtained from different sources in South Africa. Polyether ionophores were predominantly detected in samples in the range 4.26-290.10 µg/kg. Oxytetracycline was found in one porcine liver sample; however, none of the targeted analytes were present above the detection limit in the aquaculture samples.

Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future

Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscriminately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics residue in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue.

Strategies for the screening of antibiotic residues in eggs: comparison of the validation of the classical microbiological method with an immunobiosensor method

Efficient screening methods are needed to control antibiotic residues in eggs. A microbiological kit (Explorer® 2.0 test (Zeu Inmunotech, Spain)) and an immunobiosensor kit (Microarray II (AM® II) on Evidence Investigator™ system (Randox, UK)) have been evaluated and validated for screening of antibiotic residues in eggs, according to the European decision EC/2002/657 and to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods. The e-reader™ system, a new automatic incubator/reading system, was coupled to the Explorer 2.0 test. The AM II kit can detect residues of six different families of antibiotics in different matrices including eggs. For both tests, a different liquid/liquid extraction of eggs had to be developed. Specificities of the Explorer 2.0 and AM II kit were equal to 8% and 0% respectively. The detection capabilities were determined for 19 antibiotics, with representatives from different families, for Explorer 2.0 and 12 antibiotics for the AM II kit. For the nine antibiotics having a maximum residue limit (MRL) in eggs, the detection capabilities CCβ of Explorer 2.0 were below the MRL for four antibiotics, equal to the MRL for two antibiotics and between 1 and 1.5 MRLs for the three remaining antibiotics (tetracyclines). For the antibiotics from other families, the detection capabilities were low for beta-lactams and sulfonamides and satisfactory for dihydrostreptomycin (DHS) and fluoroquinolones, which are usually difficult to detect with microbiological tests. The CCβ values of the AM II kit were much lower than the respective MRLs for three detected antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, tylosin). Concerning the nine other antibiotics, the detection capabilities determined were low. The highest CCβ was obtained for streptomycin (100 µg kg^-1).

Development of generic immunoassay for the detection of a series of aminoglycosides with 6'-OH group for the treatment of genetic diseases in biological samples

Over the last two decades, a growing number of scientific evidences highlighted the potential therapeutic value of several structures of aminoglycoside antibiotics (including gentamicin and G418) for the treatment of various genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. These findings resulted in a fast evolvement of synthetic derivatives of aminoglycosides which were shown to be more target specific and less toxic than the clinically used antibiotics. The emerging progress in drug design and development has necessitated the urge to develop a fast, easy and accurate procedure for the determination of these potential therapeutic agents in various biologically derived matrices. Here we describe the preparation of a generic polyclonal antibody that was used for the development of homologous and heterologous immunoassays for the detection of a wide range of natural and synthetic aminoglycoside derivatives, highlighted today as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various genetic diseases. A common two-ring scaffold, NB82, present in the majority of compounds exhibiting potent biological activity, was used as a generic immunization hapten for the immunization of two rabbits. By using a series of chemical steps, NB82 was selectively conjugated via the N-1 position through glutaric acid linker to a carrier protein. Sensitivity (I₅₀) values for the recognition of three representative compounds NB82, NB84 and NB124 were determined to be 10 ± 3 ng mL⁻¹, 0.5 ± 0.04 μg mL⁻¹ and 1 ± 0.12 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Limits of detection were determined to be 1 ± 0.3 ng mL⁻¹ for NB82, 20 ± 7 ng mL⁻¹ for NB84 and 15 ± 8 ng mL⁻¹ for NB124. The developed assays were further exploited for the in vivo monitoring of the therapeutic compounds in mice serum. Serum experimentations exhibited similar detection limits as observed for the PBS calibration experiments, demonstrating no interference with assays sensitivity, with rather high recovery ratios ranging from 92 to 107% in whole blood samples.