1
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Ringenier M, Cherlet M, Dewulf J, Devreese M. Residue depletion of enrofloxacin and flumequine in feathers of broilers based on quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38935119 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2370367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
To explore potential factors contributing to high fluoroquinolone resistance levels, it is essential to develop analytical methods capable of detecting residues and trace amounts of antibiotic use in broilers. The aim of the present study was to develop and in-house validate a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method capable of determining enrofloxacin (ENR) and flumequine (FLU) residues at slaughter age (day 45) when the animals were treated with these antimicrobials one day after hatching. Residue depletion of ENR and FLU in feathers was also assessed. Two experimental trials were performed, both consisting of 5 different treatment groups. In the first trial animals were treated with ENR and in the second one with FLU. The developed method was successfully validated and was found to be sensitive enough to detect residues of fluoroquinolones in the feathers up until slaughter age in all treatment groups. Average ENR concentration on day 45 was 10 ng g-1 feather after drinking water treatment, with all concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 ng g-1 feather. For FLU average concentration on day 45 after drinking water administration was 4 ng g-1 feather, with an LOQ of 1 ng g-1 feather. Therefore, the method is suited for application to monitor fluoroquinolone use in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Ringenier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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2
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Song Z, Xiao Z, Fan X, Zhuang H, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhao D, Paerhati M, Suo D. Multiresidue Determination of 26 Quinolones in Poultry Feathers Using UPLC-MS/MS and Their Application in Residue Monitoring. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093738. [PMID: 37175148 PMCID: PMC10180027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-traditional sample matrix, feather samples can be used to effectively monitor antibiotic addition and organismal residue levels in poultry feeding. Therefore, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine the residue levels of 26 quinolones in poultry feathers. The feather samples were extracted by sonication with a 1% formic acid and acetonitrile mixture in a water bath at 50 °C for 30 min, purified by the adsorption of multiple matrix impurities, dried with nitrogen, redissolved, and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and precision were calculated. The 26 antibiotics demonstrated good linearity in the linear range. The recoveries and coefficients of variation were 78.9-110% and <13.7% at standard spiked levels of 10, 100 and 200 μg/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 0.12-1.31 and 0.96-2.60 μg/kg, respectively. The method also successfully identified quinolone residues in 50 poultry feather samples. The results showed that quinolones can accumulate and stabilize for a certain period of time after transferring from the body to the feathers of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanteng Song
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongting Zhuang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Maerhaba Paerhati
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Dréano E, Miquel D, Taillandier JF, Laurentie M, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Mompelat S. Antimicrobial residues along the broiler feathers: Analysis of sulfadiazine, trimethoprim and oxytetracycline in feather segments over time. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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4
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Dréano E, Valentin C, Taillandier JF, Travel A, Soumet C, Bridier A, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Laurentie M, Viel A, Mompelat S. Presence and Depletion of Sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim, and Oxytetracycline into Feathers of Treated Broiler Chickens and Impact on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16106-16116. [PMID: 36524955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of poultry byproducts, like feathers (processed to feather meal), in animal feed could contribute to the presence of veterinary drugs, including antibiotics. An animal study was carried out to study the fate of sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and oxytetracycline in feathers, plasma, and droppings of broiler chickens. Cage and floor housing, different from current farm practices, were studied. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A longer presence of antibiotics was observed in feathers compared to plasma, with sulfadiazine being present the most. The internal presence (via blood) and the external presence (via droppings) of antibiotics in/on feathers were shown. Analysis of Escherichia coli populations, from droppings and feathers, highlighted that resistant bacteria could be transferred from droppings to feathers in floor-housed animals. The overall results suggest that feathers are a potential reservoir of antimicrobial residues and could contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment, animals, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Dréano
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Charlotte Valentin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Jean-François Taillandier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | | | - Christophe Soumet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Arnaud Bridier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Fougères, Javené35133, France
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5
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Development and validation of a highly effective analytical method for the evaluation of the exposure of migratory birds to antibiotics and their metabolites by faeces analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3373-3386. [PMID: 35165780 PMCID: PMC9018661 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the environment may exert a negative impact on wild organisms. In addition, they can become environmental reservoirs, through the ingestion of food or contaminated water, and vectors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This fact is even more important in migratory birds that can promote their dissemination across continents. In this work, a multiresidue analytical method suitable for the determination of five families of antibiotics and their main metabolites in waterbird faeces has been developed and validated. The target compounds include environmentally significant sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and antifolates. Sample treatment involves ultrasound-assisted extraction with methanol and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up with C18. Analytical determination was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The most significant parameters affecting sample extraction and extract clean-up were optimised by means of experimental designs. Good linearity (R2 > 0.994), accuracy (from 41 to 127%), precision (relative standard deviation lower than 24%) and limits of quantification (lower than 2 ng g-1 (dry weight, dw)) were obtained for most of the compounds. The method was applied to the determination of the selected compounds in 27 faeces samples from three common migratory waterbird species. Nine antibiotics and three of their metabolites were detected in the analysed samples. Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the antibiotics most frequently detected. The highest concentrations corresponded to norfloxacin (up to 199 ng g-1 dw).
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6
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Jansen LJM, Nijssen R, Bolck YJC, Wegh RS, van de Schans MGM, Berendsen BJA. Systematic assessment of acquisition and data-processing parameters in the suspect screening of veterinary drugs in archive matrices using LC-HRMS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:272-284. [PMID: 34854800 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1999507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring strategies for veterinary drugs in products of animal origin are shifting towards a more risk-based approach. Such strategies not only target a limited number of predefined .substances but also facilitate detection of unexpected substances. By combining the use of archive matrices such as feather meal with suspect-screening methods, early detection of new hazards in the food and feed industry can be achieved. Effective application of such strategies is hampered by complex data interpretation and therefore, targeted data analysis is commonly applied. In this study, the performance of a suspect-screening data processing workflow using a suspect list or the online spectral database mzCloudTM was explored to facilitate detection of veterinary drugs in archive matrices. Data evaluation parameters specifically investigated for application of a suspect list were mass tolerance and the addition or omission of retention times. Application of a mass tolerance of 1.5 ppm leads to an increase in the number of false positives, as does omission of retention times in the suspect list. Different acquisition modes yielding different qualities of MS2 data were studied and proved to be a critical factor, where data-dependent acquisition is preferred when matching to the mzCloudTM database. Using this approach, it is possible to search for compounds on a dedicated suspect list based on the exact mass and retention times and, at the same time, detect unexpected compounds without a priori information. A pilot study was conducted and fourteen different antibiotics were detected (and confirmed by MS/MS). Three of these antibiotics were not included in the suspect list. The optimised suspect-screening method proved to be fit for the purpose of finding veterinary drugs in feather meal, which are not in the scope of the current monitoring methods and therefore, it gives added value in the perspective of a risk-based monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- Authenticity & Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nijssen
- Contaminants & Toxicology, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette J C Bolck
- Authenticity & Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin S Wegh
- Authenticity & Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milou G M van de Schans
- Authenticity & Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Authenticity & Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Groot MJ, Berendsen BJA, Cleton NB. The Next Step to Further Decrease Veterinary Antibiotic Applications: Phytogenic Alternatives and Effective Monitoring; the Dutch Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:709750. [PMID: 34540934 PMCID: PMC8446536 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to control infectious diseases in both animals and humans. They can be life-saving compounds but excessive use in animal husbandry leads to the development of antibiotic resistance which can impact the public health. Since similar antibiotics are used in both animal and human healthcare, it is important to reduce the use of antibiotics in production animals. In the Netherlands policies have been developed aiming for a decrease of antibiotic usage in animals, and alternatives to antibiotics are investigated. Currently, a one-on-one relationship between farmer and veterinarian is successfully implemented and (national) registration of antibiotic usage is mandatory. Unfortunately, after a 70% decrease in antibiotic usage since 2009, this decrease is now stagnating in most sectors. Innovative strategies are required to facilitate a further reduction. One promising option is a focus on farm management and natural alternatives to antibiotics. The Dutch government has invested in the spread of knowledge of natural remedies and good animal management to support animal health via so called Barnbooks for farmers and veterinarians. Another option is the analysis of on-farm antibiotic use to prevent unregistered applications. New (bio)analytical strategies to monitor the correct and complete registration of antibiotic usage have been developed and trial-tested in the Netherlands. Such strategies support a risk-based monitoring and allow effective selection of high-risk (high antibiotic use or illegal antibiotic) users. Both effective monitoring and the availability and knowledge of alternatives is a prerequisite to achieve a further significant decrease in antibiotic veterinary usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Groot
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Natalie B Cleton
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Zheng Y, Fan L, zhao L, Dong Y, Jiao Y, Xue X, Yang F, Yuan X, Wang L, Zhao S. Development and validation of a method for quantification of residual florfenicol in various tissues of broiler chicken by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Dréano E, Laurentie M, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Mompelat S. Multi-class analysis of 30 antimicrobial residues in poultry feathers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1701-1716. [PMID: 34254877 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1942561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poultry feathers are nowadays partially re-introduced into the animal food chain and the environment. They are valorised by their transformation into feather meal in order to be used as fertilisers in agriculture but also in animal feed (in particular, pet food and fish feed). However, unlike food producing animals for humans, feathers from poultry animals are not subject to a ban or regulatory limits on the presence of antibiotic residue after veterinary treatment. Feathers could therefore be a potential reservoir of antibiotic residues, unintentionally exposing the environment and animals through food, which might contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. To this end, a multi-class liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the detection and determination of residues of 30 antibiotics from eight groups of antibacterial (quinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, phenicols, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and diaminopyrimidines) in feathers. The extraction of the analytes from the feathers was carried out by the salting out technique. The separation of the analytes employed a Kinetex C18 column. Quantification was made using internal standards. All analytes have been validated according to the performance criteria of Decision 2002/657/EC. Trueness of the method ranged from to 93% to 111% for all analytes and intermediate precision were to 1.2-18.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were from 13 to 150 µg kg-1 depending on the analytes. The method is suitable for the monitoring and quantification of antibiotic residues in feathers over the range 13-600 µg kg-1 depending on the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Dréano
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
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10
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Jansen LJM, Berentsen RJ, Arends M, Berendsen BJA. The vertical transmission of antibiotic residues from parent hens to broilers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:783-792. [PMID: 32073357 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1725147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Imprudent and superfluous use of antibiotics contributes to the selection of resistant bacteria, which is a large threat to human health. Therefore analytical procedures have been implemented in the poultry production sector to check if antibiotic treatments are registered, aiming to achieve more prudent use of antibiotics. These methods rely on the analysis of feathers, a matrix in which antibiotic residues persist. However, other routes besides direct administration, through which poultry feathers could contain antibiotic residues, should also be taken into account. In this research the vertical transmission from parent hen to broiler was investigated through a controlled animal study for the antibiotics enrofloxacin, doxycycline and sulfachlorpyridazine. Vertical transmission was observed for all antibiotics to both egg and egg shell. Also it is demonstrated that the transferred antibiotics from parent hen to chick are subsequently excreted via the chick's droppings. Through this route, the broilers' environment is contaminated. If eggs are hatched that were taken during treatment of the parent hen, this indirect route and/or the direct vertical transmission can eventually result in the detection of low concentrations of antibiotic residues in the broilers' feathers at greater age: <50 µg kg-1 for freely extractable residues and <10 µg kg-1 for non-freely extractable residues. No antibiotics were detected in the broilers' muscle or kidney from 4 weeks of age. This research provides relevant information regarding the possible amount of residues originating from vertical transmission when monitoring matrices such as feathers and broiler droppings in order to stimulate correct use and registration of antibiotics in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron J Berentsen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maura Arends
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Gajda A, Nowacka-Kozak E, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Posyniak A. Feather analysis as a non-invasive alternative to tissue sampling for surveillance of doxycycline use on poultry farms. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5971-5980. [PMID: 31309225 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive chicken production leads to overuse of antibiotics on poultry farms. For food safety control, there is great need for means to use non-conventional matrices allowing analysis of antibiotics during poultry breeding. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate feathers as suitable material for non-invasive detection of doxycycline treatment in poultry. Transfer to and depletion of doxycycline in chicken feathers were investigated after therapeutic, spray, and subtherapeutic treatment. For the quantitative determination of doxycycline in feathers, a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method was used. High concentrations of doxycycline in feathers were detectable for 22 D post treatment in each experimental group, and they were much higher than those in muscle and liver. A washing experiment with the same solvent as for extraction showed different ratios between extractable and non-extractable residues in feathers of chickens treated therapeutically, by spraying and subtherapeutically, which demonstrates the ability of feather analysis to distinguish different forms of treatment. After a segmentation procedure, high amounts of doxycycline were found to be deposited in the upper part of feathers in each treatment group. The obtained results showed that chicken feathers are a suitable material for the detection and non-invasive surveillance of doxycycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - E Nowacka-Kozak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - M Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - A Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
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12
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Pokrant E, Maddaleno A, Lobos R, Trincado L, Lapierre L, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Assessing the depletion of lincomycin in feathers from treated broiler chickens: a comparison with the concentration of its residues in edible tissues. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1647-1653. [PMID: 31535930 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1662952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin is the first antimicrobial agent described for the lincosamide class and it is commonly used for the treatment of infectious enteric and respiratory diseases in poultry. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) in edible tissues have been established for this antimicrobial, however, no regulation has been proposed yet for by-products that are not intended for direct human consumption. Feathers are a by-product from poultry farming that might be used as an ingredient for diets fed to other farm animal species. The presence of antimicrobial residues in them is not monitored in spite of the fact that several studies have proved that they can persist in feathers. Currently though, no evidence has been presented regarding the behaviour of lincomycin in this matrix. Hence, this work intended to assess the depletion of lincomycin residues in feathers of birds treated with therapeutic doses and compare them with those detected in muscle and liver samples. Samples were collected for several days after ceasing treatment from a group of broiler chickens treated with a 25% lincomycin formulation. Methanol and Florisil® columns were used to extract and retain the analyte, and samples were analysed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (API 5500, AB SCIEX™). On day 1 after ceasing treatment, average concentrations of lincomycin detected in feather samples reached up to 8582 μg kg-1 and by day 16, these had only declined by 63%, to an average of 3138 μg kg-1. Lincomycin residues were detected in feathers at every sampling point, even after they were not detectable in edible tissues. Depletion time was 98 days for feathers, considering the LOQ established for the methodology as cut-off value for the calculations. Data showed that lincomycin is highly persistent in feathers, which may result in this matrix becoming a re-entry route for its residues into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Lobos
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Trincado
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Církva A, Málková I, Rejtharová M, Vernerová E, Hera A, Bureš J. Residue study of nitroimidazoles depletion in chicken feathers in comparison with some other selected matrixes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1206-1217. [PMID: 31192769 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results from a residue study conducted on a statistically representative number of chicken broilers that were individually orally treated with the selected nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, ornidazole and ipronidazole) in an appropriate amount close to the theoretical therapeutic dose. A mutual persistence comparison of the monitored analytes in feathers, serum, muscle and shanks was performed and attention was also paid to selected metabolites (hydroxymetronidazole and hydroxyipronidazole). An analytical LC/MS/MS method using SupelMIP SPE nitroimidazoles cartridges was developed for the determination of nitroimidazoles residues in poultry feathers, serum, muscle and shanks and the method was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. High concentrations of nitroimidazoles residues in feathers were observed 19 days after the broilers' treatment unlike the muscle and serum samples, where nitroimidazoles depletion was significantly faster (residue concentrations were below detection limits in 5 days in muscle and in 12 days in serum). Shanks (chicken claws) also proved to be a very useful matrix for the detection of nitroimidazoles drugs misuse due to the longer persistence of these drugs residues and their metabolites in this matrix (determinable concentrations were observed 19 days after the broilers' last treatment). Feathers and shanks appear to be suitable matrixes for the screening of various nitroimidazoles in poultry because long-term persistence of residues enables reliable detection of the illegal use of nitroimidazoles compounds in official checks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Církva
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Irena Málková
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rejtharová
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vernerová
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alfred Hera
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Bureš
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
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Gajda A, Nowacka-Kozak E, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Posyniak A. Multi-residues UHPLC–MS/MS analysis of 53 antibacterial compounds in poultry feathers as an analytical tool in food safety assurance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Chiesa LM, Nobile M, Panseri S, Arioli F. Suitability of feathers as control matrix for antimicrobial treatments detection compared to muscle and liver of broilers. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Pokrant E, Medina F, Maddaleno A, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Determination of sulfachloropyridazine residue levels in feathers from broiler chickens after oral administration using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200206. [PMID: 29975750 PMCID: PMC6033452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several antimicrobials are routinely used by the poultry farming industry on their daily operations, however, researchers have found for some antimicrobials that their residues persist for longer periods in feathers than they do in edible tissues, and at higher concentrations, as well. But this information is not known for other classes of antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides. Therefore, this work presents an accurate and reliable analytical method for the detection of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) in feathers and edible tissues from broiler chickens. This method was also validated in-house and then used to study the depletion of sulfachloropyridazine in those matrices. The experimental group comprised 54 broiler chickens, who were raised under controlled conditions and then treated with a commercial formulation of 10% sulfachloropyridazine for 5 days. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS, using 13C6-sulfamethazine (SMZ-13C6) as an internal standard. Aromatic sulfonic acid solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used to clean up the samples. The Limit of Detection (LOD) for this method was set at 10 μg kg-1 on feathers and liver; and at 5 μg kg-1 on muscle. Within the range of 10–100 μg kg-1, the calibration curves for all matrices presented a determination coefficient greater than 0.96. Our results show, with a 95% confidence level, that sulfachloropyridazine persisted in feathers for up to 55 days after ceasing treatment, and its concentrations were higher than in edible tissues. In consequence, to avoid re-entry of antimicrobial residues into the food-chain, we recommend monitoring and inspecting animal diets that contain feather derivatives, such as feathers meals, because they could be sourced from birds that might have been medicated with sulfachloropyridazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Medina
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Determination of Chlortetracycline Residues, Antimicrobial Activity and Presence of Resistance Genes in Droppings of Experimentally Treated Broiler Chickens. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061264. [PMID: 29799472 PMCID: PMC6099694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines are important antimicrobial drugs for poultry farming that are actively excreted via feces and urine. Droppings are one of the main components in broiler bedding, which is commonly used as an organic fertilizer. Therefore, bedding becomes an unintended carrier of antimicrobial residues into the environment and may pose a highly significant threat to public health. For this depletion study, 60 broiler chickens were treated with 20% chlortetracycline (CTC) under therapeutic conditions. Concentrations of CTC and 4-epi-CTC were then determined in their droppings. Additionally, this work also aimed to detect the antimicrobial activity of these droppings and the phenotypic susceptibility to tetracycline in E. coli isolates, as well as the presence of tet(A), tet(B), and tet(G) resistance genes. CTC and 4-epi-CTC concentrations that were found ranged from 179.5 to 665.8 µg/kg. Based on these data, the depletion time for chicken droppings was calculated and set at 69 days. All samples presented antimicrobial activity, and a resistance to tetracyclines was found in bacterial strains that were isolated from these samples. Resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) were also found in these samples.
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18
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Carvallo C, Maddaleno A, San Martín B. Depletion of tylosin residues in feathers, muscle and liver from broiler chickens after completion of antimicrobial therapy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:448-457. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1401740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Carvallo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
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19
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Jansen LJM, Bolck YJC, Rademaker J, Zuidema T, Berendsen BJA. The analysis of tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and sulfonamides in chicken feathers using UHPLC-MS/MS in order to monitor antibiotic use in the poultry sector. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4927-4941. [PMID: 28674821 PMCID: PMC5534202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In The Netherlands, all antibiotic treatments should be registered at the farm and in a central database. To enforce correct antibiotic use and registration, and to enforce prudent use of antibiotics, there is a need for methods that are able to detect antibiotic treatments. Ideally, such a method is able to detect antibiotic applications during the entire lifespan of an animal, including treatments administered during the first days of the animals' lives. Monitoring tissue, as is common practice, only provides a limited window of opportunity, as residue levels in tissue soon drop below measurable quantities. The analysis of feathers proves to be a promising tool in this respect. Furthermore, a qualitative confirmatory method was developed for the analyses of six major groups of antibiotics in ground chicken feathers, aiming for a detection limit as low as reasonably possible. The method was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All compounds comply with the criteria and, as a matter of fact, 58% of the compounds could also be quantified according to regulations. Additionally, we demonstrated that a less laborious method, in which whole feathers were analyzed, proved successful in the detection of applied antibiotics. Most compounds could be detected at levels of 2 μg kg-1 or below with the exception of sulfachloropyridazine, tylosin, and tylvalosin. This demonstrates the effectiveness of feather analysis to detect antibiotic use to allow effective enforcement of antibiotic use and prevent the illegal, off-label, and nonregistered use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvette J C Bolck
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Rademaker
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Krogh M, Briceño C, Hidalgo H, Maddaleno A, Araya-Jordán C, Martín BS. Determination of Oxytetracycline and 4-Epi-Oxytetracycline Residues in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Prot 2017; 80:619-625. [PMID: 28291385 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, drug residues can remain in products derived from animals after the cessation of the drug therapies. Feathers, in particular, have shown an affinity for antibiotics such as tetracycline, suggesting the persistence of these drugs in nonedible tissue. After the birds are slaughtered, feathers are ground into feather meals, which are used as organic fertilizer or an ingredient in animal diets, thereby entering into the food chain and becoming a potential risk for public health. To evaluate the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-epi-OTC) in the muscles, liver, and feathers, 64 broiler chickens, bred under controlled conditions, were treated orally with a commercial formulation of 10% OTC for 7 days. The analytes were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OTC and 4-epi-OTC were found in the feathers for 46 days, whereas they were found in the muscle and liver for only 12 and 6 days, respectively. These results prove that the analytes remain in feathers in higher concentrations than they do in edible tissues after treatment with tetracyclines. Thus, feather meals represent a potential source of antimicrobial residue contamination in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Cornejo
- 1 Preventive Medicine Department (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-9562 [J.C.])
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- 1 Preventive Medicine Department (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-9562 [J.C.])
| | - Magdalena Krogh
- 1 Preventive Medicine Department (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-9562 [J.C.])
| | - Cristóbal Briceño
- 1 Preventive Medicine Department (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-9562 [J.C.])
| | | | - Aldo Maddaleno
- 3 Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 882-0808, Chile
| | - Carolina Araya-Jordán
- 3 Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 882-0808, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- 3 Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 882-0808, Chile
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21
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Riquelme R, Briceño C, Maddaleno A, Araya-Jordán C, San Martin B. Single-laboratory validation of an LC-MS/MS method for determining florfenicol (FF) and florfenicol amine (FFA) residues in chicken feathers and application to a residue-depletion study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:469-476. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1267876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E. Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R. Riquelme
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Briceño
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Araya-Jordán
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B. San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Araya D, Briceño C, Hidalgo H, Maddaleno A, Araya-Jordán C, San Martin B. Residue depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-epi-OTC) in broiler chicken's claws by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:494-500. [PMID: 27879173 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1263876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, residues may remain in products and by-products destined for human consumption or animal feeding. The claws of chickens, which are a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain as meals destined to feed other productive animals. Thus, it becomes necessary to determine and quantify antimicrobial residues present in this matrix. The objective of the study was to assess the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-OTC in broiler chicken's claws. Claws of 32 broilers treated with a therapeutic dosage of 10% OTC during 7 days were analysed. Samples were taken at days 3, 9, 15 and 19 post-treatment. As for the control group, eight broiler chickens were raised under the same conditions. Extraction was carried out through EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, and clean-up employed a SPE C-18 Sep-Pak®. Instrumental analysis was performed through LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of both analytes were determined in claw samples until day 19 post-treatment. Average concentrations were within the LOD (20 μg kg-1) and LOQ (22 µg kg-1) for OTC and 84 μg kg-1 for 4-epi-OTC. Withdrawal times (WDTs) of 39 days for OTC and 54 days for 4-epi-OTC were established in claws based on 95% confidence. These findings demonstrate that claws can be a source of antimicrobial residue entry into the food chain, since the results showed that OTC and its metabolite can be found in chicken's claws for long periods, even exceeding the average lifespan of a broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cornejo
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - E Pokrant
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - D Araya
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Briceño
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - H Hidalgo
- b Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Araya-Jordán
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - B San Martin
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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23
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Jansen LJM, Bolck YJC, Berendsen BJA. Feather segmentation to discriminate between different enrofloxacin treatments in order to monitor off-label use in the poultry sector. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:495-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Sterk SS. Residue Control in the European Union, the Present and Future Challenges: Experiences From the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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