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Vera-Chang MN, St-Jacques AD, Lu C, Moon TW, Trudeau VL. Fluoxetine Exposure During Sexual Development Disrupts the Stress Axis and Results in Sex- and Time- Dependent Effects on the Exploratory Behavior in Adult Zebrafish Danio rerio. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1015. [PMID: 31607853 PMCID: PMC6761223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX), generally the first line of pharmacological treatment in adolescents and pregnant women with affective disorders, is an emerging endocrine disruptor that is also released to the environment through sewage. Recently, we demonstrated that FLX exposure during the first 6 days of life in zebrafish (ZF; Danio rerio) induced a male-specific reduction in the exploratory behavior in the adult ZF that was linked to a reduction in cortisol production that persisted across three generations. Here we investigated sex differences in the behavioral and stress responses following FLX (0.54 and 54 μg⋅L–1) exposure during two periods of sexual development in ZF; early (0–15 days post-fertilization, dpf) and late (15–42 dpf). Our findings revealed that the stress response in females was reduced compared to that of males independent of the treatment. We also found that FLX reduced total body cortisol levels in the adult ZF regardless of sex and window of exposure. The hypocortisol phenotype of our FLX-treated fish was associated with behavioral alterations in the adult fish, which depended on the window of exposure; males were more sensitive to FLX during early development whereas females were affected during late development. A sexually dimorphic behavioral response induced by the low cortisol phenotype was observed in the FLX-treated ZF; females had higher exploratory activity whereas the males had reduced behavior. In conclusion, FLX results in sex- and window of exposure-specific effects on the behavioral activities in adult ZF. These findings highlight the importance of sex differences and timing on the long-term effects of antidepressant treatments. Knowledge of the sex-specific effects of antidepressants and the importance of early life exposure to chemical stressors may help us understand the impact of highly prescribed drugs such as FLX on the fetus from FLX-treated pregnant women as well as aquatic species in environments receiving sewage effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antony D St-Jacques
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chunyu Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas W Moon
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Capra P, Leporati M, Nebbia C, Gatto S, Attucci A, Barbarino G, Vincenti M. Effects of truck transportation and slaughtering on the occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in cow urine, liver, and adrenal glands. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:336. [PMID: 31533706 PMCID: PMC6751679 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recognition of illegal administration of synthetic corticosteroids in animal husbandry has been recently challenged by the case of prednisolone, whose occasional presence in the urine of bovines under strong stressful conditions was attributed to endogenous biosynthesis, not to exogenous administration. The study of the natural stress sources possibly inducing endogenous prednisolone production represents a stimulating investigation subject. The biochemical effects of transportation and slaughtering were verified in untreated cows by studying the possible occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in urine, liver and adrenal glands, and the cortisol/cortisone quantification. Results Cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and its metabolites were measured in urine, collected at farm under natural micturition and then at the slaughterhouse. The study was performed on 15 untreated cows reared in different farms at the end of their productive cycle. 2–3 days after the first urine collection, the animals were transported by trucks to the abattoir, slaughtered, and subjected to a second urine sampling from the bladder. Specimens of liver and adrenal gland were also collected and analysed by means of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) validated method. The stressful conditions of transportation and slaughtering proved to increase considerably the urinary levels of cortisol and cortisone as compared to those collected at farm. Prednisolone was detected in the urine collected at the slaughterhouse of two cows only, at a concentration level (≈0.6 μg L− 1) largely below the official cut off (5.0 μg L− 1) established to avoid false non-compliances. These two animals exhibited the highest urinary cortisol levels of the series. Prednisolone and prednisone were also detected in the adrenal glands of a different cow. Prednisolone metabolites were not detected in any urine, liver, and adrenal gland sample. Conclusion Within the constraints of the condition adopted, this study confirms the sporadic presence of prednisolone traces (2 samples out of 15) and the consistently increased concentration of cortisone and cortisol in the urines collected from cows subjected to truck transportation and subsequent slaughtering. No prednisolone metabolites were detected in any liver and adrenal gland samples, nor in urine specimens, unlike what was previously reported for cows artificially stressed by pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Stefano Gatto
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Collegno e Pinerolo - ASL TO3, Collegno (Torino), Italy
| | - Alberto Attucci
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Cuneo, Mondovì - ASL CN1, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy. .,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Leporati M, Nobile M, Capra P, Alladio E, Vincenti M. Determination of endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids in bovine urine and effect of fighting stress during the “Batailles des Reines” on their biosynthesis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:423-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tölgyesi Á, Barta E, Simon A, McDonald TJ, Sharma VK. Screening and confirmation of steroids and nitroimidazoles in urine, blood, and food matrices: Sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric separations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:805-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Van Meulebroek L, De Clercq N, Vanden Bussche J, Devreese M, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Croubels S, Vanhaecke L. Pharmacokinetic and urinary profiling reveals the prednisolone/cortisol ratio as a valid biomarker for prednisolone administration. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:236. [PMID: 28806969 PMCID: PMC5557569 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, synthetic corticosteroids are not allowed in animal breeding for growth-promoting purposes. Nevertheless, a high prevalence of non-compliant urine samples was recently reported for prednisolone, however, without any indication of unauthorized use. Within this context, 20β-dihydroprednisolone and the prednisolone/cortisol ratio have been suggested as potential tools to discriminate between exogenous and endogenous urinary prednisolone. In this study, the validity of these strategies was verified by investigating the plasma pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion profiles of relevant glucocorticoids in bovines, subjected to exogenous prednisolone treatment or tetracosactide hexaacetate administration to induce endogenous prednisolone formation. Bovine urine and plasma samples were analysed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Based on the plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary profiles, 20β-dihydroprednisolone was confirmed as the main prednisolone-derived metabolite, being detected in the biological fluids of all 12 bovines (plasma AUC0-inf of 121 h μg L-1 and urinary concentration > 0.695 μg L-1). However, this metabolite enclosed no potential as discriminative marker as no significant concentration differences were observed upon exogenous prednisolone treatment or tetracosactide hexaacetate administration under all experimental conditions. As a second marker tool, the prednisolone/cortisol ratios were assessed along the various treatments, taking into account that endogenous prednisolone formation involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is associated with an increased cortisol secretion. Significantly lower ratios were observed in case of endogenous prednisolone formation (i.e. ratios ranging from 0.00379 to 0.129) compared to the exogenous prednisolone treatment (i.e. ratios ranging from 0.0603 to 36.9). On the basis of these findings, a discriminative threshold of 0.260 was proposed, which allowed classification of urine samples according to prednisolone origin with a sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 99.0%. CONCLUSION The prednisolone/cortisol ratio was affirmed as an expedient strategy to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous prednisolone in urine. Although the suggested threshold value was associated with high specificity and sensitivity, a large-scale study with varying experimental conditions is designated to optimize this value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Clercq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Fichant
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900 Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900 Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Chiesa L, Pavone S, Pasquale E, Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Valiani A, Arioli F, Manuali E. Study on cortisol, cortisone and prednisolone presence in urine of Chianina cattle breed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:893-903. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - S. Pavone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
| | - E. Pasquale
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - R. Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - S. Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - A. Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
| | - F. Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - E. Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
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Chiesa L, Nobile M, Panseri S, Vigo D, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Suitability of bovine bile compared to urine for detection of free, sulfate and glucuronate boldenone, androstadienedione, cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone, prednisone and dexamethasone by LC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2015; 188:473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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De Clercq N, Van Meulebroek L, Vanden Bussche J, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. The impact of stress on the prevalence of prednisolone in bovine urine: A metabolic fingerprinting approach. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:206-16. [PMID: 26321385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies support the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid prednisolone can be formed from cortisol under influence of stress. To evaluate this hypothesis, urine samples of supposedly non-stressed bovines (at the farm) and bovines subjected to two different forms of stress, i.e. upon slaughter (natural stress) or following administration of a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (pharmacologically-induced stress) were analysed, and their urinary cortisol and prednisolone levels evaluated. At the farm, none of the examined samples exhibited urinary prednisolone levels higher than the CCα (0.09 μg L(-1)). Upon slaughter or following synthetically induced stress, significantly positive correlations between cortisol and prednisolone could be demonstrated, 0.52 and 0.69, respectively. Of all prednisolone-positive urine samples (n=84), only one showed a prednisolone levels (i.e. 6.45 μg L(-1)) above the threshold level of 5 μg L(-1) suggested by the European Reference Laboratories. Subsequently, an untargeted analysis was performed (metabolic fingerprinting) to characterize the urinary metabolite patterns related to the three different cattle groups. In this context, multivariate statistics assigned a total of 169 differentiating metabolites as playing a key role in the urinary pattern in response to stress. Three of these ions were defined as steroids using an in-house created database. As a result, the metabolic fingerprinting approach proved to be a powerful tool to classify unknown bovine urine samples that tested positive for prednisolone, while providing information about the stress status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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9
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Proteomic identification of plasma proteins as markers of growth promoter abuse in cattle. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Arioli F, Pasquale E, Panseri S, Bonizzi L, Labella GF, Casati A, Foschini S, Chiesa L. Pseudoendogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs from the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:833-40. [PMID: 25768050 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1028482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The debate about the origin of prednisolone in animal organisms has lasted for 5 years. Bovine species have been the most studied, but studies on humans and horses are also present in the literature. Even if prednisolone in pigs does not yet represent a problem for control agencies, interest has recently increased with regard to this species. To date, there has been just a single study in the literature about this topic, performed on 10 sows treated with prednisolone or a synthetic analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone. We therefore initiated a study on 80 pigs, a number considered representative in relation to the expected frequency (prevalence) of prednisolone detection in urine collected at slaughter. Prednisolone was detected in urine both at the farm and at the slaughterhouse, with a concentration and frequency higher at slaughter. The presence of prednisolone was also studied in the adrenal glands, where the corticosteroids are produced in response to stress, and it was detected in 89% of the samples. These results, together with the similar behaviours of prednisolone and cortisol, i.e. a mutual rise in the two corticosteroids in urine collected at the slaughterhouse and the correlation between the concentrations of the two corticosteroids in the adrenal glands, seem to indicate an endogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arioli
- a Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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Chiesa L, Nobile M, Panseri S, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Detection of boldenone, its conjugates and androstadienedione, as well as five corticosteroids in bovine bile through a unique immunoaffinity column clean-up and two validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:137-45. [PMID: 25441890 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of β-boldenone II phase metabolites and prednisolone in urine samples, owing to endogenous or natural origin or illicit treatment, is under debate within the European Union. The detection of β-boldenone conjugates, α-boldenone conjugates at concentrations higher than 2 ng mL(-1) and prednisolone above the cut-off level of 5 ng mL(-1) in urine have been, until now, critical in deciding if illegal drug use has occurred. The use of urine sometimes is not entirely satisfactory, especially when the drug is administrated at low doses or when its metabolic conversion is very fast. This subsequently would hamper its detection in urine. The introduction of a new, advantageous matrix where the illicit treatment can be investigated would be highly appreciated. In this study, we have developed and validated a simple and unique immunoaffinity clean-up procedure, which was applied to bovine bile samples, followed by two different analytical liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry methods. The first method tests androstadienedione, α- and β-boldenone sulphate, glucuronate and related free forms, while the other method assays prednisolone, prednisone, dexamethasone, cortisone, and cortisol. The methods were validated according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The evaluated parameters were linearity, specificity, precision (repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility), recovery, decision limit and detection capability. The decision limits (CCα) were between 0.38 and 0.45 ng mL(-1) for anabolic steroids, and 0.13 and 0.15 ng mL(-1) as far as corticosteroids were concerned. Intra- and inter-day repeatability was below 15.8 and 19.9% for all analytes, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of some bile samples collected from untreated young bulls in order to investigate the presence of the studied steroids in this matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C A Sgoifo Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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