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Lim GS, Er JC, Bhaskaran K, Sin P, Shen P, Lee KM, Teo GS, Chua JMC, Chew PCF, Ang WM, Lee J, Wee S, Wu Y, Li A, Chan JSH, Aung KT. Singapore's Total Diet Study (2021-2023): Study Design, Methodology, and Relevance to Ensuring Food Safety. Foods 2024; 13:511. [PMID: 38397488 PMCID: PMC10887509 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A total diet study is often used to evaluate a population's baseline dietary exposure to chemical hazards from across the diet. In 2021-2023, Singapore carried out a TDS, and this article presents an overview of the study design and methodological selections in Singapore's TDS, as well as its relevance to ensuring food safety. A food consumption survey was conducted on Singapore citizens and permanent residents, where food consumption patterns of the Singapore population were identified. The selection of chemical hazards and foods for inclusion in Singapore's TDS, as well as principal considerations on sampling, food preparation, and analytical testing are discussed. Commonly consumed foods by the Singapore population in food categories such as grain and grain-based products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy products were included in this study, and mean concentrations of chemicals tested in each food category were reported, with food categories possessing higher levels identified. Future work will include dietary exposure assessments for the population and analysis of the contributions by food and cooking method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Songlen Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Jun Cheng Er
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Kalpana Bhaskaran
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Ave 1, Singapore 529757, Singapore (P.S.)
| | - Paul Sin
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Ave 1, Singapore 529757, Singapore (P.S.)
| | - Ping Shen
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Kah Meng Lee
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Guat Shing Teo
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Joachim Mun Choy Chua
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Peggy Chui Fong Chew
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Wei Min Ang
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Joanna Lee
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Sheena Wee
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Angela Li
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
| | - Joanne Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore (G.S.T.); (P.C.F.C.); (J.L.); (K.T.A.)
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Vasco E, Dias MG, Oliveira L. The first harmonised total diet study in Portugal: Planning, sample collection and sample preparation. Food Chem 2021; 363:130258. [PMID: 34214890 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first Total Diet Study (TDS) was carried out in Portugal using harmonised procedures developed under the TDS-Exposure project. This publication describes in detail the TDS planning, sample collection and preparation, filling a gap found in literature. TDS food list (1070 items) by food group for 18-74 years olds was derived using 24 h recall food consumption survey data. Of the 164 TDS samples defined based on FoodEx2, the most represented belonged to 'Composite dishes' (21%) and 'Fish and Fish products' (15%). A total of 227 TDS samples (12 subsamples each), were collected (2014-2016) in Greater Lisbon region as 126 'national', 17 'regional non-seasonal' and 21 'regional seasonal'. Seasonal samples were mostly fruits, vegetables and some fish. Subsamples were prepared as consumed, pooled, homogenised and stored at -18 °C. The harmonised procedures used allow comparison of exposure assessment with other countries and evaluation of exposure trends if TDS are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Vasco
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Graça Dias
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Oliveira
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Turrini A, Lombardi-Boccia G, Aureli F, Cubadda F, D’Addezio L, D’Amato M, D’Evoli L, Darnerud P, Devlin N, Dias MG, Jurković M, Kelleher C, Le Donne C, López Esteban M, Lucarini M, Martinez Burgos MA, Martínez-Victoria E, McNulty B, Mistura L, Nugent A, Oktay Basegmez HI, Oliveira L, Ozer H, Perelló G, Pite M, Presser K, Sokolić D, Vasco E, Volatier JL. A conceptual framework for the collection of food products in a Total Diet Study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:171-190. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1384577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Turrini
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Aureli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D’Addezio
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena D’Amato
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D’Evoli
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - PerOla Darnerud
- Science Department, National Food Agency – Livsmedelsverket (NFA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niamh Devlin
- Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Graça Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Cecily Kelleher
- Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Maite López Esteban
- Centro Nacional de Alimentación, Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Alba Martinez Burgos
- Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy) Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ‘José Matáix’ (INYTA) Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
| | - Emilio Martínez-Victoria
- Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy) Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ‘José Matáix’ (INYTA) Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
| | - Breige McNulty
- Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenza Mistura
- Centro di ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Nugent
- Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Luisa Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Gemma Perelló
- Laboratory of toxicology and environmental health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marina Pite
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karl Presser
- Department of Computer Science (ETH), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elsa Vasco
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jean-Luc Volatier
- Agence Nationale de Securité Sanitaire de l’Alim. de l’Environnement (ANSES), Paris, France
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Dofkova M, Nurmi T, Berg K, Reykdal Ó, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Vasco E, Dias MG, Blahova J, Rehurkova I, Putkonen T, Ritvanen T, Lindtner O, Desnica N, Jörundsdóttir HÓ, Oliveira L, Ruprich J. Development of harmonised food and sample lists for total diet studies in five European countries. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:933-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1189770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Dofkova
- Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tanja Nurmi
- Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katharina Berg
- Exposure Department, BfR, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ólafur Reykdal
- Matís Ltd, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Elsa Vasco
- Food and Nutrition Department, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Dias
- Food and Nutrition Department, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jitka Blahova
- Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Rehurkova
- Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tiina Putkonen
- Chemicals Department, Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Ritvanen
- Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- Exposure Department, BfR, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natasa Desnica
- Matís Ltd, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Luísa Oliveira
- Food and Nutrition Department, INSA, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sprong R, de Wit-Bos L, Zeilmaker M, Alewijn M, Castenmiller J, Mengelers M. A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part I – Design. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) allowing assessment of occurrence and dietary exposure to these substances was developed and carried out in the Netherlands in 2013. First, literature was searched to establish the occurrence profile of mycotoxins. Next, foods as consumed according to the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children and persons aged 7-69 years, categorised in several food categories, were ranked according to their summed consumption. Subsequently, foods with the highest consumptions were included to cover >85% of the consumption of a particular food category. In some cases, foods other than those contributing to the upper 85% consumption within a food category were included based on their expected high mycotoxin contamination. In some other cases, foods not contributing to mycotoxin exposure were excluded. This resulted in 130 foods to be included in this mTDS. Since a sample size of 12 was established per food, 1,560 food items were purchased for the population aged 7-69 years. Fifty seven additional food items were purchased to take into account the different consumption profile of young children. The 1,617 food items were prepared as consumed based on information available in the food consumption surveys. The prepared food items were combined according to the different consumption forms of the 130 selected foods (e.g. fresh, canned or frozen). This resulted in 213 subsamples, which were proportionally to their consumption further pooled into 88 composite samples. These composite samples covered 87 and 88% of the amount foods consumed by young children and the population aged 7-69 years, respectively. This design allows analysis of mycotoxin occurrence and the subsequent exposure assessment using aggregated food categories reflected by the 88 composite samples, as well as a more refined approach by analysing 213 subsamples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Sprong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - L. de Wit-Bos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M.J. Zeilmaker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M. Alewijn
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M.J.B. Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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