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Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Uzunov R, Jovanov S, Musliu D, Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Angeleska A, Stojkovski V, Sasanya JJ. Multi-class/residue method for determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and pesticide in urine using LC-MS/MS technique. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:156. [PMID: 37710254 PMCID: PMC10500785 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary drugs are widely used in animals to prevent diseases and are a complex set of drugs with very different chemical properties. Multiclass and multi-residue methods for simultaneous detection of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in urine are very rare or non-existent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of a wide range of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine urine. This involved 42 veterinary drug residues (4 thyreostats, 6 anabolic hormones, 2 lactones, 10 beta agonists, 15 antibiotics, 5 sulphonamides), 28 pesticides and 2 mycotoxins. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes. Analysis was performed in both positive and negative ionization modes with multiple reaction monitoring transitions over a period of 12 min. RESULTS The parameters validated included linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCβ), decision limit (CCα), stability, accuracy and precision. The process followed guidelines of the regulation 2021/808/EC. The calibration curves were linear with coefficient of correlation (R2) from 0.991 to 0.999. The LODs were from 0.01 to 2.71 µg/L, while the LOQs were from 0.05 to 7.52 µg/L. The CCα and CCβ were in range 0.05-12.11 µg/L and 0.08-15.16 µg/L. In addition, the average recoveries of the spiked urine samples were from 71.0 to 117.0% and coefficient of variation (CV) < 21.38% (intraday and interday). CONCLUSION A new isotopic LC-MS/MS method has been developed, validated and applied for identification and quantification of 72 residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and other contaminants such as mycotoxins in bovine urine. The most appropriated sample preparation procedures involved sodium acetate buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and cleanup solid phase extraction with OASIS SPE cartridges. The parameters were satisfactorily validated fulfilling requirements under Regulation 2021/808/EC. Consequently, the method could be used in routine analysis of bovine urine samples for simultaneous detection of veterinary drug and pesticide residues as well as contaminants such as mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Risto Uzunov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Stefan Jovanov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Dea Musliu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Ss. Cyril and Methodius" University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandra Angeleska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Velimir Stojkovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - James Jacob Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P. O. Box 100, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
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Kim BJ, Yang SH, Choi H. Simultaneous Determination of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Foods of Animal Origins Using the Modified QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223634. [PMID: 36429228 PMCID: PMC9689788 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are used in agriculture to treat parasites in livestock. This study developed a simultaneous residue analysis method to measure seventeen pyrethroid insecticides in foods of animal origin, including beef, pork, chicken, milk, and eggs. The method, which comprises instrumental analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for pretreatment, was optimized to verify the applicability of the method. A mixture of acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and original salt (MgSO4 4 g, NaCl 1 g) was used as the extraction solvent and salt. MgSO4 (150 mg) primary secondary amine (25 mg) and graphitized carbon black (25 mg) were selected for dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE). The method limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/L, and the linearity of the matrix-matched calibration curves was reasonable (R2 > 0.99). Recovery tests were performed at three concentrations (LOQ, 10 LOQ, and 50 LOQ). Good recoveries (75.2109.8%) and reproducibility (coefficient of variation <10%) were obtained. The matrix effects were in the range of −35.8 to 56.0%. The established method was fully validated and can be used as an official analytical method for quantifying pyrethroid insecticides in animal commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joon Kim
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Yang
- Healthcare Advanced Chemical Research Institute, Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry Center, Hwasun-gun 58141, Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6678
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Simultaneous Determination of Levamisole, Mebendazole, and the Two Metabolite Residues of Mebendazole in Poultry Eggs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative determination of levamisole (LMS), mebendazole (MBZ), and the two metabolites of MBZ, 5-hydroxymebendazole (HMBZ) and 2-amino-5-benzoylbenzimidazole (AMBZ), in poultry eggs (hen, duck, and goose) was achieved with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Samples were pretreated by liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (LLE–SPE) to extract the target compounds, and an Oasis MCX SPE column was used for purification. Determination was performed on an Xbridge C18 column with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as mobile phases. LMS, MBZ, HMBZ, and AMBZ were detected in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with ESI in positive mode and quantified with an external standard. In blank eggs, the target analyte concentrations were within the limits of quantification (LOQs)—25 μg/kg (LMS) and 150 μg/kg (MBZ, HMBZ, and AMBZ)—and the matrix-matched calibration curves had good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9990). In the same concentration range, the average recoveries of the target analytes were 85.98–97.38% (n = 6); the relative standard deviation (RSD), intraday RSD, and interday RSD ranged from 2.06 to 4.22%, 1.40 to 5.85%, and 2.34 to 6.32%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.33 µg/kg, and the LOQs ranged from 0.08 to 1.00 µg/kg. Experimental verification showed that the HPLC–MS/MS method exhibited high specificity and sensitivity for quantitative analyses of egg samples. This study provides a rapid, efficient, and sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of LMS, MBZ, HMBZ, and AMBZ residues in foods of animal origin.
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Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Uzunov R, Jovanov S, Jankuloski D, Stojkovski V, Pendovski L, Sasanya JJ. A new LC-MS/MS method for multiple residues/contaminants in bovine meat. BMC Chem 2021; 15:62. [PMID: 34879877 PMCID: PMC8656019 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-class and multi-residue/contaminant method for the determination of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine meat has been developed and validated. The veterinary drug residues/contaminants included antimicrobials, anabolic hormones, lactones, β-agonists, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Isotopic labeled internal standards were included to compensate residual matrix effects. The calibrators used in the method demonstrated linearity with the R2 > 0.98. The decision limit (CCα) values were in the range from 0.067 to 2103.84 μg/kg, while the range for detection capability (CCβ) was from 0.083 to 2482.13 μg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range from 0.059 to 291.36 μg/kg, and 0.081 to 328.13 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery of analytes ranged from 61.28% to 116.20%. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) was from 0.97 to 25.93% and the inter-day CV was 2.30-34.04%. The method has been used for the determination of 49 residues/contaminants in bovine meat. Application of the method in routine analysis in bovine samples, revealed in limited samples the presences of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and sulfadiazine at the concentration of 35.22 µg/kg, 27.35 µg/kg, and 36.20 µg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Risto Uzunov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Stefan Jovanov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Dean Jankuloski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Velimir Stojkovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Lazo Pendovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - James Jacob Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P. O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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Determination of Levamisole and Mebendazole and Its Two Metabolite Residues in Three Poultry Species by HPLC-MS/MS. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112841. [PMID: 34829122 PMCID: PMC8624778 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously analyze levamisole (LMS) and mebendazole (MBZ) and its two metabolites, 5-hydroxymebendazole (HMBZ) and 2-amino-5-benzoylbenzimidazole (AMBZ), in poultry muscle (chicken, duck and goose). In the sample preparation process, basic ethyl acetate was used as the extraction agent, and the extracted samples were back-extracted with hydrochloric acid, purified by Oasis MCX solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, and reconstituted in the initial mobile phase after being blown dry with nitrogen. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Xbridge C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phases, and gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and a column temperature of 35 °C. In blank poultry muscle samples, the spiked concentrations of LMS, MBZ, HMBZ, and AMBZ were within the range of the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 25 μg/kg. The peak areas of the four target drugs had a good linear relationship with the concentration, and the determination coefficient (R2) values were higher than 0.9990. The average recoveries of LMS, MBZ, HMBZ, and AMBZ were 86.77–96.94%; the intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.75–4.99% at LOQ, 0.5 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL, and 2.0 MRL; the interday RSDs were 2.54–5.52%; and the LODs and LOQs were 0.04–0.30 μg/kg and 0.12–0.80 μg/kg, respectively.
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Ndoboli D, Nganga F, Lukuyu B, Wieland B, Grace D, von Braun A, Roesel K. The misuse of antiretrovirals to boost pig and poultry productivity in Uganda and potential implications for public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.88-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Since 2015, local newspapers reported that pig and poultry farmers in Uganda use antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to promote growth in animals and control diseases. This study was conducted to assess farmers' knowledge, attitude and perceptions about the use of antiretroviral drugs as boosters in pigs and poultry and the possibility of detecting the antiretroviral drugs in meat using available laboratory methods.
Materials and Methods: In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in ten districts in Uganda. In 20 focus group discussions with 100 pig and poultry farmers and 70 animal health service providers, we assessed the use of ARV in livestock enterprises. Subsequently, samples of chicken, pigs, and animal feeds were collected from volunteer participants, and screened for residues of saquinavir, lopinavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometer.
Results: Participants in all ten districts were predominantly smallholder farmers supplying the local markets. All groups reported the use of ARVs in pigs and broiler birds but not in layer hens. In the absence of good quality feeds, the motivation for feeding ARVs was rapid animal weight gain, as well as the control of animal diseases, for which farmers have no alternative solutions. ARVs were obtained within the community for free, against cash, or in-kind payment. Residues of lopinavir were detected in four, and saquinavir in seven districts, and all three sample matrices.
Conclusion: Our study findings confirm anecdotal news reports on ARV use in livestock. While our findings are not generalizable to the whole country, they call for a representative follow-up. As the drugs were detected in tissues destined for human consumption, the potential risk to human health warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Hub, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Nganga
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Hub, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ben Lukuyu
- Feed and Forage Development Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Amrei von Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Parasitology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Pinho A, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Santos A, Seiça R, Estevens C, Veiga F, Ribeiro A. Comparison of ELISA and HPLC-MS methods for the determination of exenatide in biological and biotechnology-based formulation matrices. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:143-155. [PMID: 31297291 PMCID: PMC6598173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biotechnology-based active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as GLP-1 analogs, brought changes in type 2 diabetes treatment options. For better therapeutic efficiency, these active pharmaceutical ingredients require appropriate administration, without the development of adverse effects or toxicity. Therefore, it is required to develop several quantification methods for GLP-1 analogs products, in order to achieve the therapeutic goals, among which ELISA and HPLC arise. These methods are developed, optimized and validated in order to determine GLP-1 analogs, not only in final formulation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, but also during preclinical and clinical trials assessment. This review highlights the role of ELISA and HPLC methods that have been used during the assessment for GLP-1 analogs, especially for exenatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Pinho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A.C. Santos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciênicas da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sante Comba, 300-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. Estevens
- Pharmaceutical Development, TECNIMEDE, S. A. Quinta da Cerca, Caixaria, 2565-187 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - F. Veiga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A.J. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Group Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Gao L, Qin D, Huang X, Wu S, Chen Z, Tang S, Wang P. Determination of pesticides and Pharmaceuticals from Fish Cultivation Water by parallel solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1509076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dongli Qin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Song Wu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shizhan Tang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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Crevelin EJ, Possato B, Lopes JLC, Lopes NP, Crotti AEM. Precursor Ion Scan Mode-Based Strategy for Fast Screening of Polyether Ionophores by Copper-Induced Gas-Phase Radical Fragmentation Reactions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3929-3936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. Crevelin
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Possato
- Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João L. C. Lopes
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio E. M. Crotti
- Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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