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Bardhi A, Romano JE, Pagliuca G, Caneschi A, Barbarossa A. Florfenicol and Florfenicol Amine Quantification in Bull Serum and Seminal Plasma by a Single Validated UHPLC-MS/MS Method. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:6692920. [PMID: 37273507 PMCID: PMC10239301 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6692920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the amphenicols class that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacteria's ribosomal subunits. This drug is commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infectious diseases in cattle, swine, poultry, and fish. The proposed method uses a quick protein precipitation with acetonitrile for the extraction of florfenicol and florfenicol amine in serum and seminal plasma, followed by analysis in UHPLC-MS/MS for their simultaneous quantification. A BEH C18 reversed-phase column was chosen for analyte separation, allowing to obtaining sharp and symmetrical peak shapes in a chromatographic run of just 3.5 min under programmed conditions. Two specific transitions were observed for each analyte, and florfenicol-d3 was used as the internal standard. The approach was fully validated in each matrix over ranges suitable for field concentrations of florfenicol and florfenicol amine, showing good linearity during each day of testing (R2 always >0.99). Excellent accuracy and precision were demonstrated, for both analytes, by calculated bias always within ±15% and CV% always below 15% at all QC levels tested. The satisfactory outcomes obtained during recovery, matrix effect, and process efficiency investigations in serum and seminal plasma confirmed the strength of the method for the quantification of target compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first LC-MS/MS-validated approach for the quantification of florfenicol and florfenicol amine in serum and seminal plasma and was successfully applied for the determination of their concentration-time profiles in bulls. This paves the way to understanding the pharmacokinetics of this antibiotic and its active metabolite in bull's seminal plasma, which will enable the design of more appropriate treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Juan E. Romano
- 3R Ranch, Somerville, TX, USA
- Cooperative Agriculture Research Center, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences of Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alice Caneschi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Song Z, Xiao Z, Fan X, Zhuang H, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhao D, Paerhati M, Suo D. Multiresidue Determination of 26 Quinolones in Poultry Feathers Using UPLC-MS/MS and Their Application in Residue Monitoring. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093738. [PMID: 37175148 PMCID: PMC10180027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-traditional sample matrix, feather samples can be used to effectively monitor antibiotic addition and organismal residue levels in poultry feeding. Therefore, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine the residue levels of 26 quinolones in poultry feathers. The feather samples were extracted by sonication with a 1% formic acid and acetonitrile mixture in a water bath at 50 °C for 30 min, purified by the adsorption of multiple matrix impurities, dried with nitrogen, redissolved, and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and precision were calculated. The 26 antibiotics demonstrated good linearity in the linear range. The recoveries and coefficients of variation were 78.9-110% and <13.7% at standard spiked levels of 10, 100 and 200 μg/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 0.12-1.31 and 0.96-2.60 μg/kg, respectively. The method also successfully identified quinolone residues in 50 poultry feather samples. The results showed that quinolones can accumulate and stabilize for a certain period of time after transferring from the body to the feathers of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanteng Song
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongting Zhuang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Maerhaba Paerhati
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Dréano E, Miquel D, Taillandier JF, Laurentie M, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Mompelat S. Antimicrobial residues along the broiler feathers: Analysis of sulfadiazine, trimethoprim and oxytetracycline in feather segments over time. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Groot MJ, Berendsen BJA, Cleton NB. The Next Step to Further Decrease Veterinary Antibiotic Applications: Phytogenic Alternatives and Effective Monitoring; the Dutch Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:709750. [PMID: 34540934 PMCID: PMC8446536 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to control infectious diseases in both animals and humans. They can be life-saving compounds but excessive use in animal husbandry leads to the development of antibiotic resistance which can impact the public health. Since similar antibiotics are used in both animal and human healthcare, it is important to reduce the use of antibiotics in production animals. In the Netherlands policies have been developed aiming for a decrease of antibiotic usage in animals, and alternatives to antibiotics are investigated. Currently, a one-on-one relationship between farmer and veterinarian is successfully implemented and (national) registration of antibiotic usage is mandatory. Unfortunately, after a 70% decrease in antibiotic usage since 2009, this decrease is now stagnating in most sectors. Innovative strategies are required to facilitate a further reduction. One promising option is a focus on farm management and natural alternatives to antibiotics. The Dutch government has invested in the spread of knowledge of natural remedies and good animal management to support animal health via so called Barnbooks for farmers and veterinarians. Another option is the analysis of on-farm antibiotic use to prevent unregistered applications. New (bio)analytical strategies to monitor the correct and complete registration of antibiotic usage have been developed and trial-tested in the Netherlands. Such strategies support a risk-based monitoring and allow effective selection of high-risk (high antibiotic use or illegal antibiotic) users. Both effective monitoring and the availability and knowledge of alternatives is a prerequisite to achieve a further significant decrease in antibiotic veterinary usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Groot
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Natalie B Cleton
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Zheng Y, Fan L, zhao L, Dong Y, Jiao Y, Xue X, Yang F, Yuan X, Wang L, Zhao S. Development and validation of a method for quantification of residual florfenicol in various tissues of broiler chicken by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Dréano E, Laurentie M, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Mompelat S. Multi-class analysis of 30 antimicrobial residues in poultry feathers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1701-1716. [PMID: 34254877 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1942561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poultry feathers are nowadays partially re-introduced into the animal food chain and the environment. They are valorised by their transformation into feather meal in order to be used as fertilisers in agriculture but also in animal feed (in particular, pet food and fish feed). However, unlike food producing animals for humans, feathers from poultry animals are not subject to a ban or regulatory limits on the presence of antibiotic residue after veterinary treatment. Feathers could therefore be a potential reservoir of antibiotic residues, unintentionally exposing the environment and animals through food, which might contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. To this end, a multi-class liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the detection and determination of residues of 30 antibiotics from eight groups of antibacterial (quinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, phenicols, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and diaminopyrimidines) in feathers. The extraction of the analytes from the feathers was carried out by the salting out technique. The separation of the analytes employed a Kinetex C18 column. Quantification was made using internal standards. All analytes have been validated according to the performance criteria of Decision 2002/657/EC. Trueness of the method ranged from to 93% to 111% for all analytes and intermediate precision were to 1.2-18.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were from 13 to 150 µg kg-1 depending on the analytes. The method is suitable for the monitoring and quantification of antibiotic residues in feathers over the range 13-600 µg kg-1 depending on the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Dréano
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Bioagropolis, France
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7
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Jansen LJM, Berentsen RJ, Arends M, Berendsen BJA. The vertical transmission of antibiotic residues from parent hens to broilers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:783-792. [PMID: 32073357 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1725147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Imprudent and superfluous use of antibiotics contributes to the selection of resistant bacteria, which is a large threat to human health. Therefore analytical procedures have been implemented in the poultry production sector to check if antibiotic treatments are registered, aiming to achieve more prudent use of antibiotics. These methods rely on the analysis of feathers, a matrix in which antibiotic residues persist. However, other routes besides direct administration, through which poultry feathers could contain antibiotic residues, should also be taken into account. In this research the vertical transmission from parent hen to broiler was investigated through a controlled animal study for the antibiotics enrofloxacin, doxycycline and sulfachlorpyridazine. Vertical transmission was observed for all antibiotics to both egg and egg shell. Also it is demonstrated that the transferred antibiotics from parent hen to chick are subsequently excreted via the chick's droppings. Through this route, the broilers' environment is contaminated. If eggs are hatched that were taken during treatment of the parent hen, this indirect route and/or the direct vertical transmission can eventually result in the detection of low concentrations of antibiotic residues in the broilers' feathers at greater age: <50 µg kg-1 for freely extractable residues and <10 µg kg-1 for non-freely extractable residues. No antibiotics were detected in the broilers' muscle or kidney from 4 weeks of age. This research provides relevant information regarding the possible amount of residues originating from vertical transmission when monitoring matrices such as feathers and broiler droppings in order to stimulate correct use and registration of antibiotics in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron J Berentsen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maura Arends
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Department Veterinary Drugs, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Suo D, Wang P, Xiao Z, Zhang S, Zhuang H, Li Y, Su X. Multiresidue Determination of 27 Sulfonamides in Poultry Feathers and Its Application to a Sulfamethazine Pharmacokinetics Study on Laying Hen Feathers and Sulfonamide Residue Monitoring on Poultry Feathers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11236-11243. [PMID: 31539244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of 27 sulfonamides in poultry feathers using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established in this study. The samples were extracted using 0.1 mol/L HCl solutions in a 60 °C water bath for 2 h, purified using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid-phase extraction, nitrogen-dried, and then reconstituted for UPLC-MS/MS analysis, which was performed with a CSH-C18 column. Linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and precision were calculated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For linearity, all standard curves showed a standard coefficient greater than 0.99, and the recoveries and coefficient of variation were 89-115% and <20%, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.2-5 and 0.5-20 ng/g, respectively. The method was successfully applied to sulfamethazine (SMZ) residue accumulation monitoring in laying hen feathers and sulfonamide residue monitoring on poultry feathers. SMZ residue accumulation in the laying hen feathers was studied after administration with 100 mg/kg of SMZ for 21 consecutive days. SMZ residues were still detected in feathers 14 days after drug administration and persisted for up to 85 days. Results from 42 poultry feather samples showed that the feather is a suitable medium to monitor the illegal use of sulfonamides in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongting Zhuang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center , Shenyang , Liaoning 110000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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9
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Pokrant E, Maddaleno A, Lobos R, Trincado L, Lapierre L, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Assessing the depletion of lincomycin in feathers from treated broiler chickens: a comparison with the concentration of its residues in edible tissues. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1647-1653. [PMID: 31535930 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1662952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin is the first antimicrobial agent described for the lincosamide class and it is commonly used for the treatment of infectious enteric and respiratory diseases in poultry. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) in edible tissues have been established for this antimicrobial, however, no regulation has been proposed yet for by-products that are not intended for direct human consumption. Feathers are a by-product from poultry farming that might be used as an ingredient for diets fed to other farm animal species. The presence of antimicrobial residues in them is not monitored in spite of the fact that several studies have proved that they can persist in feathers. Currently though, no evidence has been presented regarding the behaviour of lincomycin in this matrix. Hence, this work intended to assess the depletion of lincomycin residues in feathers of birds treated with therapeutic doses and compare them with those detected in muscle and liver samples. Samples were collected for several days after ceasing treatment from a group of broiler chickens treated with a 25% lincomycin formulation. Methanol and Florisil® columns were used to extract and retain the analyte, and samples were analysed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (API 5500, AB SCIEX™). On day 1 after ceasing treatment, average concentrations of lincomycin detected in feather samples reached up to 8582 μg kg-1 and by day 16, these had only declined by 63%, to an average of 3138 μg kg-1. Lincomycin residues were detected in feathers at every sampling point, even after they were not detectable in edible tissues. Depletion time was 98 days for feathers, considering the LOQ established for the methodology as cut-off value for the calculations. Data showed that lincomycin is highly persistent in feathers, which may result in this matrix becoming a re-entry route for its residues into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Lobos
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Trincado
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Církva A, Málková I, Rejtharová M, Vernerová E, Hera A, Bureš J. Residue study of nitroimidazoles depletion in chicken feathers in comparison with some other selected matrixes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1206-1217. [PMID: 31192769 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results from a residue study conducted on a statistically representative number of chicken broilers that were individually orally treated with the selected nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, ornidazole and ipronidazole) in an appropriate amount close to the theoretical therapeutic dose. A mutual persistence comparison of the monitored analytes in feathers, serum, muscle and shanks was performed and attention was also paid to selected metabolites (hydroxymetronidazole and hydroxyipronidazole). An analytical LC/MS/MS method using SupelMIP SPE nitroimidazoles cartridges was developed for the determination of nitroimidazoles residues in poultry feathers, serum, muscle and shanks and the method was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. High concentrations of nitroimidazoles residues in feathers were observed 19 days after the broilers' treatment unlike the muscle and serum samples, where nitroimidazoles depletion was significantly faster (residue concentrations were below detection limits in 5 days in muscle and in 12 days in serum). Shanks (chicken claws) also proved to be a very useful matrix for the detection of nitroimidazoles drugs misuse due to the longer persistence of these drugs residues and their metabolites in this matrix (determinable concentrations were observed 19 days after the broilers' last treatment). Feathers and shanks appear to be suitable matrixes for the screening of various nitroimidazoles in poultry because long-term persistence of residues enables reliable detection of the illegal use of nitroimidazoles compounds in official checks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Církva
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Irena Málková
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rejtharová
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vernerová
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alfred Hera
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Bureš
- a Department of Medicines, Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines , Brno , Czech Republic
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Development of an Accelerated Solvent Extraction-Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Method for Quantitative Analysis of Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol and Florfenicol Amine in Poultry Eggs. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091830. [PMID: 31086021 PMCID: PMC6539316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and novel method for the detection of residues of thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite, florfenicol amine (FFA), in poultry eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-ammonia (98:2, v/v) using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and purified by manual degreasing with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. The target compounds were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) chromatographic column using a mobile phase composed of 0.005 mol/L NaH2PO4, 0.003 mol/L sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.05% trimethylamine, adjusted to pH 5.3 ± 0.1 by phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (64:36, v/v). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were 1.8–4.9 µg/kg and 4.3–11.7 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were above 80.1% when the spiked concentrations of three phenicols were the LOQ, 0.5 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 2.0 MRL. The intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.5%, and the interday RSDs were less than 6.6%. Finally, this new detection method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of TAP, FF and FFA in 150 commercial poultry eggs.
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Maddaleno A, Pokrant E, Yanten F, San Martin B, Cornejo J. Implementation and Validation of an Analytical Method for Lincomycin Determination in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:4569707. [PMID: 30931158 PMCID: PMC6410436 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4569707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have detected different antimicrobial residues in broiler chicken feathers, where they persisted for longer periods of time and at greater concentrations than in edible tissues. However, until today, lincomycin behaviour in this nonedible tissue has not been assessed yet. Considering this, an analytical methodology to detect and quantify this antibiotic concentration in feathers, muscle, and liver tissues from broiler chickens was implemented and in-house validated. The methodology will allow the determination of the bioaccumulation of this highly persistent antibiotic in feathers of treated birds. For this purpose, 98% lincomycin and 95% lincomycin D3 standards were used. Methanol was selected as the extraction solvent, and Chromabond® Florisil® cartridges were used for the clean-up stage. The separation of analytes was performed through the analytical column SunFire C18 with a running time of 4 minutes, and the instrumental analysis was performed through an LC-MS/MS, with a liquid chromatograph Agilent® 1290 Infinity, coupled to an AB SCIEX® API 5500 mass spectrometer. An internal protocol for an in-house validation was designed based on recommendations from Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the Guidance document on the estimation of limit of detection and limit of quantification for measurements in the field of contaminants in feed and food. The average retention time for lincomycin was 2.255 min (for quantifier ion, 126.0). The calibration curves showed a coefficient of determination (r 2) greater than 0.99 for all matrices, while recovery levels ranged between 98% and 101%. The limit of detection (LOD) calculated was of 19, 22, and 10 μg·kg-1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was of 62, 73, and 34 μg·kg-1 in feathers, muscle, and liver, respectively. This method detects lincomycin in the studied matrices, confidently and accurately, as it is required for designing analytical studies of drug residues in edible and nonedible tissues, such as feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Yanten
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
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13
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Yévenes K, Pokrant E, Pérez F, Riquelme R, Avello C, Maddaleno A, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Assessment of Three Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Broiler Chicken Droppings as a Potential Risk Factor for Public Health and Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:E24. [PMID: 30583470 PMCID: PMC6339060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines, sulfonamides and amphenicols are broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs that are widely used in poultry farming. However, a high proportion of these drugs can be excreted at high concentrations in droppings, even after the end of a therapy course. This work intended to assess and compare concentrations of florfenicol (FF), florfenicol amine (FFa), chlortetracycline (CTC), 4-epi-chlortetracycline (4-epi-CTC), and sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) in broiler chicken droppings. To this end, 70 chickens were housed under controlled environmental conditions, and assigned to experimental groups that were treated with therapeutic doses of either 10% FF, 20% CTC, or 10% SCP. Consequently, we implemented and designed an in-house validation for three analytical methodologies, which allowed us to quantify the concentrations of these three antimicrobial drugs using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our results showed that FF and FFa concentrations were detected in chicken droppings up to day 10 after ceasing treatment, while CTC and 4-epi-CTC were detected up to day 25. As for SCP residues, these were detected up to day 21. Noticeably, CTC showed the longest excretion period, as well as the highest concentrations detected after the end of its administration using therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Yévenes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Fernando Pérez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Riquelme
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Constanza Avello
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile.
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Chiesa LM, Nobile M, Panseri S, Arioli F. Suitability of feathers as control matrix for antimicrobial treatments detection compared to muscle and liver of broilers. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pokrant E, Riquelme R, Maddaleno A, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Residue Depletion of Florfenicol and Florfenicol Amine in Broiler Chicken Claws and a Comparison of Their Concentrations in Edible Tissues Using LC⁻MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092211. [PMID: 30200340 PMCID: PMC6225377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial residues might persist in products and by-products destined for human or animal consumption. Studies exploring the depletion behavior of florfenicol residues in broiler chicken claws are scarce, even though claws can enter the food chain directly or indirectly. Hence, this study intended to assess the concentrations of florfenicol (FF) and florfenicol amine (FFA)—its active metabolite—in chicken claws from birds that were treated with a therapeutic dose of florfenicol. Furthermore, concentrations of these analytes in this matrix were compared with their concentrations in edible tissues at each sampling point. A group of 70 broiler chickens were raised under controlled conditions and used to assess residue depletion. Sampling points were on days 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 after ceasing treatment, thus extending beyond the withdrawal period established for muscle tissue (30 days). Analytes were extracted using HPLC-grade water and acetone, and dichloromethane was used for the clean-up stage. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy detection (LC–MS/MS) was used to detect and quantify the analytes. The analytical methodology developed in this study was validated in-house and based on the recommendations described in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC from the European Union. Analyte concentrations were calculated by linear regression analysis of calibration curves that were fortified using an internal standard of chloramphenicol-d5 (CAF-d5). The depletion time of FF and FFA was set at 74 days in claws, based on a 95% confidence level and using the limit of detection (LOD) as the cut-off point. Our findings show that FF and FFA can be found in chicken claws at higher concentrations than in muscle and liver samples at each sampling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pokrant
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Riquelme
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
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Pokrant E, Medina F, Maddaleno A, San Martín B, Cornejo J. Determination of sulfachloropyridazine residue levels in feathers from broiler chickens after oral administration using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200206. [PMID: 29975750 PMCID: PMC6033452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several antimicrobials are routinely used by the poultry farming industry on their daily operations, however, researchers have found for some antimicrobials that their residues persist for longer periods in feathers than they do in edible tissues, and at higher concentrations, as well. But this information is not known for other classes of antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides. Therefore, this work presents an accurate and reliable analytical method for the detection of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) in feathers and edible tissues from broiler chickens. This method was also validated in-house and then used to study the depletion of sulfachloropyridazine in those matrices. The experimental group comprised 54 broiler chickens, who were raised under controlled conditions and then treated with a commercial formulation of 10% sulfachloropyridazine for 5 days. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS, using 13C6-sulfamethazine (SMZ-13C6) as an internal standard. Aromatic sulfonic acid solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used to clean up the samples. The Limit of Detection (LOD) for this method was set at 10 μg kg-1 on feathers and liver; and at 5 μg kg-1 on muscle. Within the range of 10–100 μg kg-1, the calibration curves for all matrices presented a determination coefficient greater than 0.96. Our results show, with a 95% confidence level, that sulfachloropyridazine persisted in feathers for up to 55 days after ceasing treatment, and its concentrations were higher than in edible tissues. In consequence, to avoid re-entry of antimicrobial residues into the food-chain, we recommend monitoring and inspecting animal diets that contain feather derivatives, such as feathers meals, because they could be sourced from birds that might have been medicated with sulfachloropyridazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Medina
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Islas G, Rodriguez JA, Perez-Silva I, Miranda JM, Ibarra IS. Solid-Phase Extraction and Large-Volume Sample Stacking-Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Milk. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:5394527. [PMID: 29675286 PMCID: PMC5838455 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5394527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction in combination with large-volume sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis (SPE-LVSS-CE) was applied to measure chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in milk samples. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method had a linear range of 29 to 200 µg·L-1, with limits of detection ranging from 18.6 to 23.8 µg·L-1 with inter- and intraday repeatabilities < 10% (as a relative standard deviation) in all cases. The enrichment factors obtained were from 50.33 to 70.85 for all the TCs compared with a conventional capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). This method is adequate to analyze tetracyclines below the most restrictive established maximum residue limits. The proposed method was employed in the analysis of 15 milk samples from different brands. Two of the tested samples were positive for the presence of oxytetracycline with concentrations of 95 and 126 µg·L-1. SPE-LVSS-CE is a robust, easy, and efficient strategy for online preconcentration of tetracycline residues in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Islas
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Irma Perez-Silva
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jose M. Miranda
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Pabellón 4 planta bajo, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Israel S. Ibarra
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Carvallo C, Maddaleno A, San Martín B. Depletion of tylosin residues in feathers, muscle and liver from broiler chickens after completion of antimicrobial therapy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:448-457. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1401740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Cornejo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Carvallo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martín
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, La Pintana Santiago, Chile
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Jansen LJM, Bolck YJC, Rademaker J, Zuidema T, Berendsen BJA. The analysis of tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and sulfonamides in chicken feathers using UHPLC-MS/MS in order to monitor antibiotic use in the poultry sector. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4927-4941. [PMID: 28674821 PMCID: PMC5534202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In The Netherlands, all antibiotic treatments should be registered at the farm and in a central database. To enforce correct antibiotic use and registration, and to enforce prudent use of antibiotics, there is a need for methods that are able to detect antibiotic treatments. Ideally, such a method is able to detect antibiotic applications during the entire lifespan of an animal, including treatments administered during the first days of the animals' lives. Monitoring tissue, as is common practice, only provides a limited window of opportunity, as residue levels in tissue soon drop below measurable quantities. The analysis of feathers proves to be a promising tool in this respect. Furthermore, a qualitative confirmatory method was developed for the analyses of six major groups of antibiotics in ground chicken feathers, aiming for a detection limit as low as reasonably possible. The method was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All compounds comply with the criteria and, as a matter of fact, 58% of the compounds could also be quantified according to regulations. Additionally, we demonstrated that a less laborious method, in which whole feathers were analyzed, proved successful in the detection of applied antibiotics. Most compounds could be detected at levels of 2 μg kg-1 or below with the exception of sulfachloropyridazine, tylosin, and tylvalosin. This demonstrates the effectiveness of feather analysis to detect antibiotic use to allow effective enforcement of antibiotic use and prevent the illegal, off-label, and nonregistered use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvette J C Bolck
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Rademaker
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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