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van Raamsdonk LWD, Genouel C, Weiner A, Prins TW, Jardy N, Vonsovic S, Barbu IM, Bescond M, Paprocka I, Kwiatek K. Development and application of criteria for classification of hydrolysed proteins in the framework of feed safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1674-1690. [PMID: 35997510 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the view of a circular economy, there is an increasing need for (re-)using animal by-products that have a wide range of applications and sufficient safety. Hydrolysates of animal proteins (HPs) are frequently used as feed ingredients. Nevertheless, clear criteria for legal use and methods for monitoring feed applications are not available. Here, a range of methods have been used and evaluated for characterizing a set of 26 samples of hydrolysed proteins, 'hydrolysed' feather meals and processed animal proteins (PAPs), with verification based on an additional set of eight samples. Methods included determination of ash content, sediment (mineral fraction) content, protein content, species identity, solubility, protein solubility, size exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After a comparison of results obtained with water and SDS, water was chosen as the solvent for environmental and occupational reasons. Typical HP samples have a protein content higher than 60%, a solubility exceeding 50% and a virtual absence of a mineral fraction. The first discrimination between HPs and PAPs could be based on the absence or presence, respectively, of a mineral fraction. An approach for HP characterization is designed using a Hydrolysation Index (HI) based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa, the solubility of the sample and the fraction of soluble proteins. A simplified version (HIs), exclusively based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa and the solubility of the sample, shows a trend among the samples highly comparable to HI. Values for HI and HIs exceeding 60% would characterise HPs. Feather meals, which are heat treated instead of treatment by a chemical process of hydrolysation, range among the PAPs and should not be indicated as "hydrolysed." The HIs can be used as an easy parameter for classifying HPs and for legal enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Weiner
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Theo W Prins
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nelly Jardy
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ioana M Barbu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Marchis D, Altomare A, Gili M, Ostorero F, Khadjavi A, Corona C, Ru G, Cappelletti B, Gianelli S, Amadeo F, Rumio C, Carini M, Aldini G, Casalone C. LC-MS/MS Identification of Species-Specific Muscle Peptides in Processed Animal Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10638-10650. [PMID: 29125749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An innovative analytical strategy has been applied to identify signature peptides able to distinguish among processed animal proteins (PAPs) derived from bovine, pig, fish, and milk products. Proteomics was first used to elucidate the proteome of each source. Starting from the identified proteins and using a funnel based approach, a set of abundant and well characterized peptides with suitable physical-chemical properties (signature peptides) and specific for each source was selected. An on-target LC-ESI-MS/MS method (MRM mode) was set up using standard peptides and was then applied to selectively identify the PAP source and also to distinguish proteins from bovine carcass and milk proteins. We believe that the method described meets the request of the European Commission which has developed a strategy for gradually lifting the "total ban" toward "species to species ban", therefore requiring official methods for species-specific discrimination in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marchis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Ostorero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Amina Khadjavi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gianelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Amadeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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