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Berntssen MHG, Hoogenveen R, Rosenlund G, Garlito B, Zeilmaker MJ. Do background levels of the pesticide pirimiphosmethyl in plant-based aquafeeds affect food safety of farmed Atlantic salmon? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2109-2122. [PMID: 33079632 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1829717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of fish oil and fishmeal with plant-based ingredients in commercial aquafeeds for Atlantic salmon, may introduce novel contaminants that have not previously been associated with farmed fish. The organophosphate pesticide pirimiphos-methyl (PM) is one of the novel contaminants that is most prevalent in commercial salmon feed. In this study, the feed-to-fillet transfer of dietary PM and its main metabolites was investigated in Atlantic salmon fillet. Based on the experimental determined PM and metabolite uptake, metabolisation, and elimination kinetics, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) compartmental model was developed. Fish fed PM had a relatively low (~4%) PM retention and two main metabolites (2-DAMP and Desethyl-PM) were identified in liver, muscle, kidney and bile. The absence of more metabolised forms of 2-DAMP and Desethyl-PM in Atlantic salmon indicates different metabolism in cold-water fish compared to previous studies on ruminants. The model was used to simulate the long term (>1.5 years) feed-to-fillet transfer of PM + metabolite in Atlantic salmon under realistic farming conditions including seasonal fluctuations in feed intake, growth, and fat deposition in muscle tissue. The model predictions show that with the constant presence of the highest observed PM concentration in commercial salmon feed, fillet PM+ metabolite levels were approximately 5 nmol kg-1, with highest levels for the metabolite 2-DAMP. No EU maximum residue levels (MRL) for PM and its main metabolites exist in seafood to date, but the predicted levels were lower than the MRL for PM in swine of 32.7 nmol kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H G Berntssen
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Marine Research (IMR) , Bergen, Norway
| | - Rudolf Hoogenveen
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Borja Garlito
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University JaumeI , Castellón, Spain
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Bijlsma L, Berntssen MHG, Merel S. A Refined Nontarget Workflow for the Investigation of Metabolites through the Prioritization by in Silico Prediction Tools. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6321-6328. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordness, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sylvain Merel
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordness, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
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Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH, Alhamad MN, Rababah T, Ammari ZA, Tranchant CC, Talafha W, AlRosan M. Analysis of Triphenylmethane Dye Residues and their Leuco-Forms in Frozen Fish by LC-MS/MS, Fish Microbial Quality, and Effect of Immersion in Whole Milk on Dye Removal. J Food Sci 2019; 84:370-380. [PMID: 30640981 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify crystal violet (CV), leucocrystal violet (LCV), malachite green (MG), leucomalachite green (LMG), and brilliant green (BG) residues in frozen fish (121 samples) from various countries, in order to detect the use of prohibited antibiotic dyes in fish for human consumption. The microbial quality of the fish was also assessed along with the effectiveness of a simple treatment with whole fat milk to reduce the levels of CV and LCV contamination. CV and LCV were the only two residues detected. They were found in farmed Pangasius (0.362 to 41.34 μg/kg and 0.178 to 10.58 μg/kg, respectively) and Tilapia (1.24 to 9.48 μg/kg and 1.29 to 2.81 μg/kg). Based on aerobic plate count (APC), 74%, 59%, and 55% of the samples of Tilapia fillets (from China) and Pangasius fillets (United Arab Emirates and Vietnam), and 100% and 50% of the skin samples of Hake (Argentina and U.S.A.) were of unacceptable microbial quality (APC > 107 cfu/g). Human pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp., were detected in most fish. A significant reduction in CV and LCV concentrations by more than a third was achieved after immersing Pangasius and Tilapia fillets in whole fat milk for 120 minutes. These findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with routine assessments of fish microbial quality, in order to protect public health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The described LC-MS/MS method can be used to rapidly and simultaneously quantify antibiotic dye residues in frozen fish. CV and LCV were detected in farmed Pangasius and Tilapia fillets and their concentrations was reduced by more than one third after immersing the fillets in whole milk for 120 min, a treatment which is not intended to replace safe fish farming practices upstream to artificially lower the level of banned dyes in fish. The findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with assessments of fish microbial quality, to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Gammoh
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad N Alhamad
- Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Taha Rababah
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Zaid A Ammari
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, U.S.A
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Univ. de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Wesam Talafha
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlRosan
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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