Development of a chemometric-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction procedure for extraction of caffeine in foods and beverages

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction and Preconcentration of Organic and Inorganic Species in Water and Food Samples: A Review

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been developed as green solvents and these are capable as alternatives to conventional solvents used for the extraction of organic and inorganic species from food and water samples. The continuous generation of contaminated waste and increasing concern for the human health and environment have compelled the scientific community to investigate more ecological schemes. In this concern, the use of DESs have developed in one of the chief approach in the field of chemistry. These solvents have appeared as a capable substitute to conventional hazardous solvents and ionic liquids. The DESs has distinctive properties, easy preparation and components availability. It is not only used in scienctific fields but also used in quotidian life. There are many advantages of DESs in analytical chemistry, they are largely used for extraction and determination of inorganic and organic compounds from different samples. In previous a few years, several advanced researches have been focused on the separation and preconcentration of low level of pollutants using DESs as the extractants. This review summarizes the use of DESs in the separation and preconcentration of organic and inorganic species from water and food samples using various microextraction processes.

Synthesis, characterization of MOF NiCoZn-LDH@GO on carbon cloth as sensitive and novel nanocomposite applied to electrospun nanofibers network as thin-film microextraction sorbent for detection trace amount of opioid and analgesic drugs from biological fluids

Today, the widespread use of opioid and analgesic drugs (OAs) has caused global concern due to their addictive properties and side effects. Therefore, in this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly acrylic acid (PAA)/MOF NiCoZn-LDH@graphene oxide (GO) electrospun nanofiber was synthesized and employed as an effective and novel sorbent at thin-film microextraction (TF-μSPE) method for the fast and simultaneous extraction of seven opioid and analgesic drugs in human biological fluids (plasma, urine) before performing quantitative analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) device. This new nano-absorbent was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and nitrogen absorption-desorption analysis (BET). The combination of MOF NiCoZn-LDH@GO with a highly porous structure and rich functional groups in the PVA/PAA substrate casing significantly improves the absorption properties of the nanofibers. In other words, the existence, of MOF NiCoZn-LDH@GO composite in the polymer network PVA/PAA causes an increase in the extraction efficiency of the electrospinning adsorbent due to the creation of hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions with the intended analytes. Various effective factors in the extraction efficiency of the desired analytes were optimized using a one-variable-at-a-time method. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity dynamic range was achieved in the range of 0.3-1000.0 for caffeine, naloxone, noscapine, and celecoxib, and 0.5-1000.0 μg L-1 for tramadol, codeine, and hydrocodone with correlation coefficients ≥0.999. The lowest detection limit (LODs) and the lowest quantitative limit (LOQs) of the TF-μSPE method were obtained in the range of (0.1-0.15) and (0.3-0.5), respectively.

Efficacy of Using Bacillus subtilis Enzyme as a Caffeine Level Reducer in Cascara Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.)

<b>Background and Objective:</b> An increase in the consumption of robusta coffee resulted in an increase in waste from coffee, one of the coffee wastes, namely coffee bean skins or cascara. Robusta coffee cascara contains 1-1.3 g of caffeine which causes side effects, such as insomnia and seizures etc. So this research aims to reduce the caffeine content in cascara by using <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. Using optimum conditions and capabilities. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The experiment was conducted from May to August, 2022 in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pakuan, Indonesia. Before optimizing, cascara was extracted using the ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method, validated by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to determine caffeine content and a paired sample t-test was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). <b>Results:</b> It showed that in validating the HPLC method, the wavelength of caffeine in cascara was 272 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-water (adjust orthophosphate). The pH (2.4) (45:55), obtained the optimum decaffeination conditions at the concentration of bacteria <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 6% and a long incubation time of 24 hrs resulted in a decrease in caffeine content of 51.3843±0.2503%. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results of the paired sample t-test indicate that the concentration of bacteria <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and incubation time significantly influence caffeine levels.

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

Current trends in Analytical Chemistry are focused on the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly procedures. However, and despite technological advances at the instrumental level having played a very important role in the greenness of the new methods, there is still work to be done regarding the sample preparation stage. In this sense, the implementation of new materials and solvents has been a great step towards the development of "greener" analytical methodologies. In particular, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has aroused great interest in recent years in this regard, as a consequence of their excellent physicochemical properties, general low toxicity, and high biodegradability if they are compared with classical organic solvents. Furthermore, the inclusion of DESs based on natural products (natural DESs, NADESs) has led to a notable increase in the popularity of this new generation of solvents in extraction techniques. This review article focuses on providing an overview of the applications and limitations of DESs in solvent-based extraction techniques for food analysis, paying especial attention to their hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature, which is one of the main factors affecting the extraction procedure, becoming even more important when such complex matrices are studied.

Mycotoxin extraction from edible insects with natural deep eutectic solvents: a green alternative to conventional methods

Edible insects are widely consumed in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America, but less commonly so in Western countries. Since the turn of the millennium, however, entomophagy has aroused growing interest worldwide in response to the increasing scarcity of food resources. In fact, edible insects can be a source of high-quality protein, and also of fat, energy, minerals and vitamins. However, the lack of regulatory guidelines for microbiologically or chemically hazardous agents potentially present in these new foods (e.g., mycotoxins) may make their consumption unsafe. In this work, we developed an environmentally friendly analytical method using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES or natural DES) in combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of six mycotoxins of great concern owing to their toxic effects on humans and animals (namely, fumonisin B₁, fumonisin B₂, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and mycophenolic acid) in insect-based food products. The target mycotoxins were co-extracted from cricket flour by using the optimum DES composition (namely, a mixture of choline chloride and urea, in a 1:2 mole ratio, containing 15% water which resulted in the highest extraction recoveries for all toxins). An experimental design method (Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was used to examine the influence of the operational variables DES volume and water content, amount of sample, extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction efficiency for each mycotoxin. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were close to 100% except for fumonisin B₂ (70%) and T-2 toxin (50%), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13% in all cases. The proposed NADES-UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated in accordance with the European Commission 2002/657/EC and 2006/401/EC decisions, and used to determine the target compounds in cricket flour, silkworm pupae powder and black cricket powder.

Pre-workout supplements marketed in Brazil: Caffeine quantification and caffeine daily intake assessment

The stimulating and performance-enhancing properties of caffeine are often explored in one the most consumed types of supplements: the pre-workout supplements (PWS). However, despite the popularity of PWS, previous studies have reported incompatibilities between what is described in their labels and their actual caffeine content. This study aimed to develop, to optimize, and to validate a gas-chromatography coupled to nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) method to quantify caffeine in PWS and to analyze commercial PWS marketed in Brazil to estimate the caffeine daily intake. For this purpose, three different extraction procedures were evaluated: agitation in vortex, shaker, and sonication. Sonication yielded the best extraction results. Next, the parameters' temperature and time were optimized by using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology, which revealed the optimal values of 70°C and 10 min. The method was validated and applied to quantify caffeine in 52 PWS. From the 36 PWS labels that specified the caffeine amount, seven (19%) presented more than 120% of the declared quantity, whereas 15 (42%) contained less than 80% of the labeled caffeine. Additionally, six products presented undeclared caffeine. Considering the label stated doses, five supplements exceeded the safe caffeine daily intake (400 mg). On the basis of these findings, supplement quality control remains an issue that deserves more attention from consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Finally, we suggest that PWS consumers be careful of the habit of ingesting caffeine through other sources and avoid ingesting two or more different PWS products in the same day.