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Owotade FJ, Gulube Z, Patel M. Oral Candida albicans strain diversity and maintenance in HIV positive women in South Africa. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:106007. [PMID: 38795522 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated C. albicans strain diversity and maintenance in the oral cavity of HIV positive women over a 6 month period. STUDY DESIGN C. albicans strains were isolated from 17 HIV positive women at Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, Johannesburg at 3 intervals over a 6 month period. Strains were genotyped using ABC and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) techniques. In the MLST technique, for each strain, a Diploid Sequence Type (DST) number was obtained. Using cluster analysis, an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) dendrogram and a matrix of strain similarities were generated. Strains were also compared to the previous South African isolates documented in the MLST database. RESULTS Ninety four percent of women carried the same ABC genotype for 6 months. MLST technique, showed that ten women (58.8%) carried the same DST at 2 visits, while seven (41.2%) carried different DST at all visits. Further analysis showed that 64.7% of women were recolonised with different strains and 35.3% carried the same strains of C. albicans with heterozygosity. A total of 40 diploid sequence types were identified of which 27 DSTs were unique to this study group that were added to the MLST database. Most of the strains were closely related to previously isolated strains from South Africa. CONCLUSION Recolonization of the oral cavity with different strains and microevolution of the original strains of C. albicans can occur, which can be a potential problem for HIV patients, in whom highly virulent and drug resistant strains can emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Owotade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, South Africa; Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Z Gulube
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Patel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, South Africa.
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Brown GD, Ballou ER, Bates S, Bignell EM, Borman AM, Brand AC, Brown AJP, Coelho C, Cook PC, Farrer RA, Govender NP, Gow NAR, Hope W, Hoving JC, Dangarembizi R, Harrison TS, Johnson EM, Mukaremera L, Ramsdale M, Thornton CR, Usher J, Warris A, Wilson D. The pathobiology of human fungal infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01062-w. [PMID: 38918447 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Human fungal infections are a historically neglected area of disease research, yet they cause more than 1.5 million deaths every year. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of these infections has increased considerably over the past decade, through major insights into both the host and pathogen factors that contribute to the phenotype and severity of these diseases. Recent studies are revealing multiple mechanisms by which fungi modify and manipulate the host, escape immune surveillance and generate complex comorbidities. Although the emergence of fungal strains that are less susceptible to antifungal drugs or that rapidly evolve drug resistance is posing new threats, greater understanding of immune mechanisms and host susceptibility factors is beginning to offer novel immunotherapeutic options for the future. In this Review, we provide a broad and comprehensive overview of the pathobiology of human fungal infections, focusing specifically on pathogens that can cause invasive life-threatening infections, highlighting recent discoveries from the pathogen, host and clinical perspectives. We conclude by discussing key future challenges including antifungal drug resistance, the emergence of new pathogens and new developments in modern medicine that are promoting susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Steven Bates
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Borman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alexandra C Brand
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rhys A Farrer
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - William Hope
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J Claire Hoving
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachael Dangarembizi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas S Harrison
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Johnson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Liliane Mukaremera
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jane Usher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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McCrory C, Lenardon M, Traven A. Bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of fungal commensalism and pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00089-1. [PMID: 38729839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiome encompasses bacteria, fungi, and viruses forming complex bionetworks which, for organismal health, must be in a state of homeostasis. An important homeostatic mechanism derives from microbial competition, which maintains the relative abundance of microbial species in a healthy balance. Microbes compete for nutrients and secrete metabolites that inhibit other microbes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one such class of metabolites made by gut bacteria to very high levels. SCFAs are metabolised by microbes and host cells and have multiple roles in regulating cell physiology. Here, we review the mechanisms by which SCFAs regulate the fungal gut commensal Candida albicans. We discuss SCFA's ability to inhibit fungal growth, limit invasive behaviours and modulate cell surface antigens recognised by immune cells. We review the mechanisms underlying these roles: regulation of gene expression, metabolism, signalling and SCFA-driven post-translational protein modifications by acylation, which contribute to changes in acylome dynamics of C. albicans with potentially large consequences for cell physiology. Given that the gut mycobiome is a reservoir for systemic disease and has also been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, understanding the mechanisms by which bacterial metabolites, such as SCFAs, control the mycobiome might provide therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrory
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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Feng Z, Zhang Y, Lai Y, Jia C, Wu F, Chen D. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and kidney diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1277554. [PMID: 38283353 PMCID: PMC10811222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The interplay between gut microbiome genera and inflammatory kidney-related diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and chronic kidney disease, has been observed. However, the causal relationships between specific bacterial genera and these renal diseases have not been fully elucidated. Objective To investigate the potential causal links between different genera of the gut microbiome and the susceptibility to various renal conditions utilizing two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Materials and methods Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of gut microbiota and inflammatory kidney-related diseases were obtained from published GWASs. Two-sample MR analyses were conducted using methods including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, and others to identify potential causal links between gut microbial genera and renal conditions. Sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test and the MR-PRESSO global test, were performed to validate the robustness of the results and detect horizontal pleiotropy. In addition, a reverse MR analysis was conducted to assess reverse causation possibilities. Results By synthesizing insights from both primary and sensitivity analyses, this study unveiled critical associations of 12 bacterial genera with nephrotic syndrome, 7 bacterial genera with membranous nephropathy, 3 bacterial genera with glomerulonephritis, 4 bacterial genera with acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis, 6 bacterial genera with chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and 7 bacterial genera with chronic kidney disease. Various genera were pinpointed as having either positive or negative causal relationships with these renal conditions, as evidenced by specific ranges of IVW-OR values (all P< 0.05). The congruence of the sensitivity analyses bolstered the primary findings, displaying no marked heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Notably, the reverse MR analysis with nephritis as the exposure did not reveal any causal relationships, thereby strengthening the resilience and validity of the primary associations. Conclusion This study explored the causal associations between several gut microbial genera and the risk of several inflammatory kidney-related diseases, uncovering several associations between specific gut microbial genera and nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and chronic kidney disease. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and kidney diseases, and they will be beneficial for early diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoushan Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Neonatal Intestinal Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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