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Causes of Death and Pathological Findings in Stranded Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Swedish Waters. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030369. [PMID: 35158692 PMCID: PMC8833703 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disease factors and mortality etiologies of free ranging wild cetaceans such as the harbour porpoise (Phoceona phocoena) are difficult to study. However, stranded animals and carcasses can provide invaluable information on the health and biology of this species. Post-mortem examinations performed on 128 stranded harbour porpoises collected over 15 years from Swedish waters examined general health, disease findings and cause of death. The main cause of death was bycatch in fishing gear (31%, confirmed or suspected). Disease, most often pneumonia, was also a frequent cause of death (21%). Porpoise population health may mirror the overall health and stability of marine ecosystems and the effects of human activities on coastal environments. Monitoring health, diseases and causes of death of porpoises allows for identification of threats to these animals, to other animals, to humans and to the environment. Abstract Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are useful indicators of the health of their wild populations and marine ecosystems, yet their elusive nature makes studying them in their natural environment challenging. Stranded porpoises provide an excellent source of data to study the health and biology of these animals and identify causes of death, diseases and other threats. The aim of this study was to document pathology, and where possible, cause of death in porpoises from Swedish waters. Post-mortem examinations were performed on 128 stranded porpoises collected from 2006 to 2020. Overall, bycatch including definitive and probable cases was the most common cause of death (31.4%), followed by disease (21.3%), predominantly pneumonia. In adults, infectious disease was the most common cause of death. Bacteria with zoonotic potential such as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Brucella sp. were documented for the first time in porpoises from Swedish waters, as was the porpoise-adapted group B Salmonella enterica ST416/ST417. Three of four deaths from non-infectious diseases involved parturition complications. Four cases of suspected predation were documented, but further analyses are required to confirm these findings. Our results are consistent with those from other regions in Europe and serve as a reference for future monitoring for changing patterns of health and disease of porpoises and their environments.
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Jørgensen HJ, Valheim M, Sekse C, Bergsjø BA, Wisløff H, Nørstebø SF, Skancke E, Lagesen K, Haaland AH, Rodriguez-Campos S, Sjurseth SK, Hofshagen M, Jarp J, Tronerud OH, Johannessen GS, Heggelund M, Rygg S, Christensen E, Boye M, Gjerset B, Sandvik M, Soltvedt EM, Wolff C. An Official Outbreak Investigation of Acute Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea in Dogs in Norway Points to Providencia alcalifaciens as a Likely Cause. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3201. [PMID: 34827932 PMCID: PMC8614335 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak investigation was initiated in September 2019, following a notification to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) of an unusually high number of dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (AHD) in Oslo. Diagnostic testing by reporting veterinarians had not detected a cause. The official investigation sought to identify a possible common cause, the extent of the outbreak and prevent spread. Epidemiological data were collected through a survey to veterinarians and interviews with dog owners. Diagnostic investigations included necropsies and microbiological, parasitological and toxicological analysis of faecal samples and food. In total, 511 dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea were registered between 1 August and 1 October. Results indicated a common point source for affected dogs, but were inconclusive with regard to common exposures. A notable finding was that 134 of 325 faecal samples (41%) cultured positive for Providencia alcalifaciens. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 75 P. alcalifaciens isolates from 73 dogs revealed that strains from 51 dogs belonged to the same WGS clone. Findings point to P. alcalifaciens as implicated in the outbreak, but investigations are needed to reveal the pathogenic potential of P. alcalifaciens in dogs and its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Joan Jørgensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Mette Valheim
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Camilla Sekse
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Bjarne Asbjørn Bergsjø
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Simen Foyn Nørstebø
- Bacteriology and Mycology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (S.R.-C.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Ellen Skancke
- University Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.S.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Karin Lagesen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Anita Haug Haaland
- University Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.S.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Bacteriology and Mycology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (S.R.-C.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Siri Kulberg Sjurseth
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Merete Hofshagen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Jorun Jarp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Gro Skøien Johannessen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Sasja Rygg
- Anicura Norway, Hoffsveien 70c, 0377 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ellen Christensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Mette Boye
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Eiril Moen Soltvedt
- Bacteriology and Mycology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (S.F.N.); (S.R.-C.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Cecilia Wolff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.V.); (C.S.); (B.A.B.); (H.W.); (K.L.); (S.K.S.); (M.H.); (J.J.); (G.S.J.); (E.C.); (M.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (C.W.)
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Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Varghese K, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Delannoy S, Sami AM, Al Batel M, El Shorbagy M, Almutawaa KAW, Alanezi SJ, Alazemi YSN, Guernier-Cambert V, Wernery U. A genetic variant of Burkholderia mallei detected in Kuwait: Consequences for the PCR diagnosis of glanders. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:960-963. [PMID: 33245616 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. Following the detection of glanders positive horses using the OIE complement fixation test, the tissues of two horses were analysed by PCR. While PCR systems targeting the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex gave positive signals, the species-specific PCR systems targeting B. mallei (fliP-IS407A) and B. pseudomallei (orf11)-the OIE recommended targets-resulted in negative signals. However, the presence of B. mallei in these tissues was confirmed with a recently described B. mallei-specific real-time PCR system and genotyping with MLST- and SNP-based methods, performed on the most positive tissue, identified a genotype closely related to B. mallei strains recently isolated in the Middle East. This study leads to recommendations regarding the use of PCR systems for the molecular diagnosis of glanders, especially in regions where the circulating B. mallei strains have not yet been fully genetically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Koshy Varghese
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Thomas Deshayes
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Bertin
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Research Laboratory, IdentyPath Platform, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Attia M Sami
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Maha Al Batel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Mamdouh El Shorbagy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Khaled A W Almutawaa
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Saad J Alanezi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Yousef S N Alazemi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Vanina Guernier-Cambert
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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