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Zhu C, Zhang Z, Lyu X, Wang Y, Liu D, Luo W. Mathematical problem solving is modulated by word priming. Psych J 2024; 13:465-476. [PMID: 38298154 PMCID: PMC11169762 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the influence of word priming on mathematical problem solving. In two experiments, participants were required to finish multiplication estimation tasks with a specified estimation strategy under different word priming conditions (Experiment 1: concrete words vs. Experiment 2: abstract words). The results showed that: (1) under the concrete word priming condition, in comparison to neutral, positive word priming improved accuracies (ACCs) when using a down-up strategy (e.g., doing 40 × 80 = 3200 for 43 × 78), while both positive and negative word priming reduced reaction time (RT); (2) under the abstract word priming condition, both positive and negative (vs. neutral) abstract word priming reduced RTs, while individuals' ACCs of completing the estimation task were not influenced by valence. The present study showed that whether concrete words or abstract words were adopted as experimental stimuli, participants' performance of completing mathematical problems was modulated by the valence of the priming word, which led us to develop a better understanding of how arithmetic performance is influenced by word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlin Zhu
- School of Educational ScienceYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute of PsychologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Xiaoli Lyu
- Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Foreign LanguagesSuzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhouChina
| | - Dianzhi Liu
- School of EducationSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive NeuroscienceLiaoning Normal UniversityDalianChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive NeuroscienceDalianChina
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2
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Wu C. What is an Emotion-label Word? Emotional Prototypicality (EmoPro) Rating for 1,083 Chinese Emotion Words and Its Relationships with Psycholinguistic Variables. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:2229-2237. [PMID: 37493916 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-023-09997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study offered the emotion prototypicality (EmoPro) ratings for 1,083 Chinese emotion words. EmoPro measures the extent to which an emotion word refers to an emotion. Emotion words with high EmoPro are representative emotion-label words, so EmoPro provides an objective evaluation of defining an emotion-label word. The EmoPro rating results had adequate reliability and validity. The correlation results showed that EmoPro was related to valence, arousal, age of acquisition (AoA), and word frequency, but was not associated with concreteness, familiarity, and imageability. The EmoPro was also predicted by valence, arousal, and AoA. However, EmoPro failed to predict lexical decision performance after considering the contribution of valence, arousal, AoA, and concreteness. The present normative study is of high value for selecting the most typical emotion-label words as stimuli in future affective science and psycholinguistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multilingual Education with AI, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Xu Q, Wang W, Yang Y, Li W. Effects of emotion words activation and satiation on facial expression perception: evidence from behavioral and ERP investigations. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1192450. [PMID: 37588024 PMCID: PMC10425554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1192450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study investigated the impact of emotion concepts obtained from external environmental experiences on the perception of facial expressions by manipulating the activation and satiation of emotion words, which was based on the argument between basic emotion theory and constructed emotion theory. Methods Experiment 1 explored the effects of emotion activation on happy, disgusted, emotion-label words and emotion-laden words in a facial expression judgment task through behavioral experimentation. Experiment 2 explored the effect of semantic satiation on emotion-label words and emotion-laden words using the event-related potential technique. Results Experiment 1 found that facial expression perception was influenced by both types of emotion words and showed a significant emotional consistency effect. Experiment 2 found that N170 exhibited a more negative amplitude in the consistent condition compared to the inconsistent condition in the right hemisphere. More importantly, in the later stage of facial expression processing, emotion-label words and emotion-laden words both obstructed the perception of disgusted facial expressions and elicited more negative N400 amplitude in the emotion consistency condition, showing a reversed N400 effect. Conclusion These results suggested that emotion concepts in the form of language influenced the perception of facial expressions, but there were differences between happy and disgusted faces. Disgusted faces were more dependent on emotion concept information and showed different performances in semantic activation and satiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weihan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Wu C, Shi Y, Zhang J. Beyond Valence and Arousal: The Role of Age of Acquisition in Emotion Word Recognition. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:568. [PMID: 37504015 PMCID: PMC10376537 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the age of acquisition (AoA) effect has been established in numerous studies, how emotion word processing is modulated by AoA, along with affective factors, such as valence and arousal, is not well understood. Hence, the influence of age of acquisition (AoA), valence, and arousal on Chinese emotion word recognition was investigated through two experiments. Experiment 1 (N = 30) adopted a valence judgment task to explore the roles of valence and AoA in emotion word recognition, whereas Experiment 2 (N = 30) used a lexical decision task to examine AoA and arousal effects. A mixed linear effects model was used to examine the fixed effects of AoA, arousal, and valence and random effects of participants and items. The findings provided confirmation of the effects of AoA, valence, and arousal. Notably, AoA and valence had independent influences on emotion word recognition, as evidenced by longer reaction times for later-acquired words and negative words compared to early-acquired words and positive words (all ps < 0.05). On the other hand, AoA and arousal demonstrated interdependent effects on emotion word recognition. Specifically, a larger AoA effect was observed for low-arousing words (all ps < 0.05), whereas the influence of AoA on high-arousing words was insignificant. These results underscored the significance of AoA in processing emotion words and highlighted the interplay between AoA and arousal. Additionally, it is plausible to suggest that the AoA effect was primarily perceptual rather than semantic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multilingual Education with AI, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China
- Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Multilingual Education with AI, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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5
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Tang D, Fu Y, Wang H, Liu B, Zang A, Kärkkäinen T. The embodiment of emotion-label words and emotion-laden words: Evidence from late Chinese-English bilinguals. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1143064. [PMID: 37034955 PMCID: PMC10074490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1143064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although increasing studies have confirmed the distinction between emotion-label words (words directly label emotional states) and emotion-laden words (words evoke emotions through connotations), the existing evidence is inconclusive, and their embodiment is unknown. In the current study, the emotional categorization task was adopted to investigate whether these two types of emotion words are embodied by directly comparing how they are processed in individuals' native language (L1) and the second language (L2) among late Chinese-English bilinguals. The results revealed that apart from L2 negative emotion-laden words, both types of emotion words in L1 and L2 produced significant emotion effects, with faster response times and/or higher accuracy rates. In addition, processing facilitation for emotion-label words over emotion-laden words was observed irrespective of language operation; a significant three-way interaction between the language, valence and emotion word type was noted. Taken together, this study suggested that the embodiment of emotion words is modulated by the emotion word type, and L2 negative emotion-laden words tend to be affectively disembodied. The disassociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words is confirmed in both L1 and L2 and therefore, future emotion word research should take the emotion word type into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yang Fu
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Huili Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huili Wang,
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Foreign Languages, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Anqi Zang
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Tommi Kärkkäinen
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Fang CW, Chen WR, Chen MS, Yu YF. Role of stimulus types and valence on the affective memory performance of adults with anxiety. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12535. [PMID: 36619474 PMCID: PMC9812702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that the emotion of anxiety in adults is easily influence by negative stimuli However, few studies have explored the effect of stimulus types on working memory performance and cognitive processing of adults with anxiety. This study aimed to explore the effects of anxiety on affective working memory and the role of stimulus types and valences on affective working memory performance. Forty adults were recruited for the experiment and were divided into two groups according to their anxiety levels. The valence and type of stimulus were manipulated in a memory recognition experiment. The results indicated that individuals with anxiety performed poorer when subjected to positive stimuli than for neutral and negative stimuli, whereas healthy adults exhibited the opposite. Furthermore, participants outperformed on affective pictures than affective words, but the effect size of the words was larger than that of the pictures for the difference between the valence and anxiety groups. This study highlights the differences in affective working performance across stimulus types and valences between healthy adults and adults with anxiety. The findings clarified the effect of positive valence and affective words on the affective working memory processing mechanism in adults with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wen Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital (Yunlin Branch), Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Chen
- Department of Creative Product Design, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan,Corresponding author.
| | - Min-Sheng Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Yu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Liu J, Fan L, Jiang J, Li C, Tian L, Zhang X, Feng W. Evidence for dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:966774. [PMID: 36051211 PMCID: PMC9426460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no consensus on the neural dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words, which remains one of the major concerns in affective neurolinguistics. The current study adopted dot-probe tasks to investigate the valence effect on attentional bias toward Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words. Behavioral data showed that emotional word type and valence interacted in attentional bias scores with an attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words rather than positive emotion-label words and that this bias was derived from the disengagement difficulty in positive emotion-laden words. In addition, an attentional bias toward negative emotion-label words relative to positive emotion-label words was observed. The event-related potential (ERP) data demonstrated an interaction between emotional word type, valence, and hemisphere. A significant hemisphere effect was observed during the processing of positive emotion-laden word pairs rather than positive emotion-label, negative emotion-label, and negative emotion-laden word pairs, with positive emotion-laden word pairs eliciting an enhanced P1 in the right hemisphere as compared to the left hemisphere. Our results found a dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words; individuals allocated more attention to positive emotion-laden words in the early processing stage and had difficulty disengaging attention from them in the late processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Fan
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Fan, ;
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Li
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Tian
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangshu Feng
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Jin J, Liu W, Liu Z, Yin T. Emotional processing of sadness and disgust evoked by disaster scenes. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2421. [PMID: 34807520 PMCID: PMC8671793 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disaster scenes produce long-term negative feelings in those who experience them. Previous studies have focused on mitigating disaster impacts through directed forgetting or conscious suppression. However, the initial emotional processing of disaster scenes is not fully understood, hindering the comprehension of long-term disaster impacts. This study aims to investigate how pictures of disaster scenes evoking disgust and sadness are processed via cortical electrical activity. METHODS Pictures of grief and mutilation from disasters were used to evoke sadness and disgust, respectively. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to quantify the intensity and time-course of emotional processing. RESULTS The information processing of emotional pictures was stronger than neutral pictures, represented by greater declines of alpha ERD. In the posterior ERP components of N1 and EPN, amplitudes for emotional pictures were larger than those for neutral pictures, which reflected the effects of arousal on visual perception. In the anterior ERP components of P2, P3, and LPP, disgust pictures showed higher attention attraction and enhanced encoding memory processing. CONCLUSIONS Disgust disaster scenarios induced long-term prominent LPP, which may correspond with the long-term negative impacts of the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingna Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Sinovation (Beijing) Medical Technology Co., Ltd
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wu C, Zhang J, Yuan Z. Can Masked Emotion-Laden Words Prime Emotion-Label Words? An ERP Test on the Mediated Account. Front Psychol 2021; 12:721783. [PMID: 34764910 PMCID: PMC8576488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present event-related potential (ERP) study explored whether masked emotion-laden words could facilitate the processing of both emotion-label words and emotion-laden words in a valence judgment task. The results revealed that emotion-laden words as primes failed to influence target emotion-label word processing, whereas emotion-laden words facilitated target emotion-laden words in the congruent condition. Specifically, decreased late positivity complex (LPC) was elicited by emotion-laden words primed by emotion-laden words of the same valence than those primed by emotion-laden words of different valence. Nevertheless, no difference was observed for emotion-label words as targets. These findings supported the mediated account that claimed emotion-laden words engendered emotion via the mediation of emotion-label words and hypothesized that emotion-laden words could not prime emotion-label words in the masked priming paradigm. Moreover, this study provided additional evidence showing the distinction between emotion-laden words and emotion-label words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wu
- Multilingual Edu-AI Laboratory, School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Liao X, Ni C. The effects of emotionality and lexical category on L2 word processing in different tasks: Evidence from late Chinese-English bilinguals. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:907-923. [PMID: 34455850 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211041833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been well established that emotional content influences language comprehension, the effects of emotionality on L2 (second language: English) word processing require further clarification. Notably, most previous studies unsystematically mixed words of different lexical categories, although they often showed processing differences. Here, using the same set of tightly matched negative, positive, and neutral words across three lexical categories (i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives), we examined the effects of emotionality and lexical category on L2 word processing by conducting three experiments. In these experiments, three groups of late Chinese-English bilinguals performed three tasks: the emotional Stroop task (Experiment 1), the lexical decision task (Experiment 2), and the emotional categorisation task (Experiment 3), respectively. Overall, our data suggested that emotionality and lexical category exerted no influence on L2 word processing in the emotional Stroop task, but acted interactively to influence it in the other two tasks. The results evidenced that the processing of L2 emotional words was sensitive to task type. Therefore, we conclude that future research on L2 word processing should fully consider the emotionality, lexical category, and task type.
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Wu C, Zhang J, Yuan Z. Exploring Affective Priming Effect of Emotion-Label Words and Emotion-Laden Words: An Event-Related Potential Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050553. [PMID: 33925670 PMCID: PMC8145978 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the affective priming effect of emotion-label words and emotion-laden words, the current study used unmasked (Experiment 1) and masked (Experiment 2) priming paradigm by including emotion-label words (e.g., sadness, anger) and emotion-laden words (e.g., death, gift) as primes and examined how the two kinds of words acted upon the processing of the target words (all emotion-laden words). Participants were instructed to decide the valence of target words, and their electroencephalogram was recorded at the same time. The behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) results showed that positive words produced a priming effect whereas negative words inhibited target word processing (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the inhibition effect of negative emotion-label words on emotion word recognition was found in both behavioral and ERP results, suggesting that modulation of emotion word type on emotion word processing could be observed even in the masked priming paradigm. The two experiments further supported the necessity of defining emotion words under an emotion word type perspective. The implications of the findings are proffered. Specifically, a clear understanding of emotion-label words and emotion-laden words can improve the effectiveness of emotional communications in clinical settings. Theoretically, the emotion word type perspective awaits further explorations and is still at its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wu
- School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China;
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, E33, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, E33, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, E33, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, E33, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, E33, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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