Ethical and medical considerations in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy

Cesarean section scar pregnancy: Challenges in choosing treatment approach

Choosing a treatment approach of Cesarean section scar pregnancy is challenging and requires making women aware of material risks inherent in the different approaches that they perceive as having potential impact on their live or quality of life.

Treatment of an Ectopic Pregnancy: An Ethical Reanalysis

There is considerable lack of clarity on the medical facts surrounding management of ectopic pregnancy. In particular, it is not widely appreciated that by the time an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed, in most cases, there is no viable fetus (i.e., the fetus has already died). Moreover, there is very little ethical guidance from the medical profession regarding the emotionally difficult decision to terminate a wanted pregnancy when the life of the mother is at risk. The best articulated positions on this topic come from religious groups, based on the principle of double effect. Yet the application of this reasoning to termination of an ectopic pregnancy is inconsistent with the medical facts in many cases. To resolve these inconsistencies, while still providing a robust ethical context for resolving such difficult situations, we propose clear guidelines for determining when a viable fetus is present in ectopic pregnancy and clarify the moral object in ectopic pregnancy management. Summary: This paper explores the ethical framework for clinical decision making in the case of ectopic pregnancies. Focusing on the disordered union of mother and unborn child clarifies the object and purpose of the actions used to separate the mother and fetus in order to save the life of both, or at least one. Since over 90% of tubal ectopic pregnancies present as embryos who have already died, these cases present no ethical dilemma. This paper proposes a modification of currently used criteria for determining the viability of ectopic pregnancies and calls for further research.

Obstetrician-gynecologists, religious institutions, and conflicts regarding patient-care policies

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to assess how common it is for obstetrician-gynecologists who work in religiously affiliated hospitals or practices to experience conflict with those institutions over religiously based policies for patient care and to identify the proportion of obstetrician-gynecologists who report that their hospitals restrict their options for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN

We mailed a survey to a nationally representative sample of 1800 practicing obstetrician-gynecologists.

RESULTS

The response rate was 66%. Among obstetrician-gynecologists who practice in religiously affiliated institutions, 37% have had a conflict with their institution over religiously based policies. These conflicts are most common in Catholic institutions (52%; adjusted odds ratio, 8.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-46.2). Few reported that their options for treating ectopic pregnancy are limited by their hospitals (2.5% at non-Catholic institutions vs 5.5% at Catholic institutions; P = .07).

CONCLUSION

Many obstetrician-gynecologists who practice in religiously affiliated institutions have had conflicts over religiously based policies. The effects of these conflicts on patient care and outcomes are an important area for future research.

Socioeconomic disparities in ectopic pregnancy: predictors of adverse outcomes from Illinois hospital-based care, 2000-2006

This study aimed to identify the incidence of adverse outcomes from ectopic pregnancy hospital care in Illinois (2000-2006), and assess patient, neighborhood, hospital and time factors associated with these outcomes. Discharge data from Illinois hospitals were retrospectively analyzed and ectopic pregnancies were identified using DRG and ICD-9 diagnosis codes. The primary outcome was any complication identified by ICD-9 procedure codes. Secondary outcomes were length of stay and discharge status. Residential zip codes were linked to 2000 U.S. Census data to identify patients' neighborhood demographics. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes. Independent variables were insurance status, age, co-morbidities, neighborhood demographics, hospital type, hospital ectopic pregnancy service volume, and year of discharge. Of 13,007 ectopic pregnancy hospitalizations, 7.4% involved at least one complication identified by procedure codes. Hospitalizations covered by Medicare (for women with chronic disabilities) were more likely than those with other source or without insurance to result in surgical sterilization (OR 4.7, P = 0.012). Hospitalization longer than 2 days was more likely with Medicaid (OR 1.46, P < 0.0005) or no insurance (OR 1.35, P < 0.0005) versus other payers, and among church-operated versus secular hospitals (OR 1.21, P < 0.0005). Compared to public hospitals, private hospitals had lower rates of complications (OR 0.39, P < 0.0005) and of hospitalization longer than 2 days (OR 0.57, P < 0.0005). With time, hospitalizations became shorter (OR 0.53, P < 0.0005) and complication rates higher (OR 1.33, P = 0.024). Ectopic pregnancy patients with Medicaid, Medicare or no insurance, and those admitted to public or religious hospitals, were more likely to experience adverse outcomes.