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Zhou YM, Duan L, Luo L, Guan JQ, Yang ZK, Qu JJ, Zou X. The composition and function of bacterial communities in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) changed dramatically with infected fungi: A new potential to culture Cordyceps cicadae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38709468 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps cicadae (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is a renowned entomopathogenic fungus used as herbal medicine in China. However, wild C. cicadae resources have been threatened by heavy harvesting. We hypothesised that Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) could be a new alternative to cultivate C. cicadae due to the low cost of rearing. Bacterial communities are crucial for the formation of Cordyceps and for promoting the production of metabolites. To better understand the bacterial community structure associated with Cordyceps, three Claviciptaceae fungi were used to explore the pathogenicity of the silkworms. Here, fifth-instar silkworms were infected with C. cicadae, Cordyceps cateniannulata (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). Subsequently, we applied high-throughput sequencing to explore the composition of bacterial communities in silkworms. Our results showed that all three fungi were highly pathogenic to silkworms, which suggests that silkworms have the potential to cultivate Cordyceps. After fungal infection, the diversity of bacterial communities in silkworms decreased significantly, and the abundance of Staphylococcus increased in mummified larvae, which may play a role in the death process when the host suffers infection by entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, there were high similarities in the bacterial community composition and function in the C. cicadae and C. cateniannulata infected samples, and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that these similarities may be related to the fungal phylogenetic relationship. Our findings reveal that infection with different entomopathogenic fungi affects the composition and function of bacterial communities in silkworms and that the bacterial species associated with Cordyceps are primarily host dependent, while fungal infection affects bacterial abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ming Zhou
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Duan
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing-Qiang Guan
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheng-Kai Yang
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Qu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Quesada-Moraga E, Garrido-Jurado I, González-Mas N, Yousef-Yousef M. Ecosystem services of entomopathogenic ascomycetes. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108015. [PMID: 37924859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) are an important part of the microbiota in most terrestrial ecosystems, where they can be found regulating natural populations of arthropod pests in both epigeous and hypogeous habitats while also establishing unique relationships with plants. These fungi offer direct benefits to agriculture and human welfare. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review to comprehensively assess the range of ecosystem services provided by EA, including direct and indirect pest biocontrol, plant growth promotion, plant defense against other biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient cycling, and the production of new bioactive compounds with agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical importance. Moreover, EA are compatible with the ecosystem services provided by other microbial and macrobial biocontrol agents. This systematic review identified the need for future research to focus on evaluating the economic value of the ecological services provided by EA with a special emphasis on hypocrealean fungi. This evaluation is essential not only for the conservation but also for better regulation and exploitation of the benefits of EA in promoting agricultural sustainability, reducing the use of chemicals that enter the environment, and minimizing the negative impacts of crop protection on the carbon footprint and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Natalia González-Mas
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Meelad Yousef-Yousef
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Chen X, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Li J, Jiang J, Huang B, Qin Y. Puerarin inhibits EMT induced by oxaliplatin via targeting carbonic anhydrase XII. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:969422. [PMID: 36091779 PMCID: PMC9453025 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.969422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is a flavonoid molecule that widely exists in various plants. Puerarin has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor effects in various cancers. However, its exact underlying pharmacological mechanism is unclear. This study evaluated the anticancer effect of puerarin combined with oxaliplatin (OXA) in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that puerarin can reverse platinum-based anti-cancer drug resistance, and enhance the OXA’s anticancer effects on breast cancer. Furthermore, puerarin can inhibit migration and reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by low-dose OXA. Further studies showed that the carbonic anhydrase (CA) XII is a potential target of puerarin. In conclusion, puerarin is expected to become an adjuvant chemotherapy drug and potentially become one of the medicated foods for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiruo Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Qin,
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Lao TD, Van Trinh H, Vuong L, Tien Vu L, Huyen Le TA, Dinh HM, Truong NB. Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:711-718. [PMID: 34307886 PMCID: PMC8284333 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus T011, parasitizing on nymph of Cicada, collected in the coffee garden in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, was preliminarily morphologically identified as Isaria cicadae, belonged to order Hypocreales and family Clavicipitaceae. To ensure the authenticity of T011, phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated set of multiple genes including ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, and Tef1 was applied to support the identification. Genomic DNA was isolated from dried sample T011. The PCR assay sequencing was applied to amplify ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, and Tef1 gene. For phylogenetic analysis, the concatenated data of both target gens were constructed with MEGAX with a 1,000 replicate bootstrap based on the neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony method. As the result, the concatenated data containing 62 sequences belonged to order Hypocreales, families Clavicipitaceae, and 2 outgroup sequences belonged to order Hypocreales, genus Verticillium. The phylogenetic analysis results indicated that T011 was accepted at subclade Cordyceps and significantly formed the monophyletic group with referent Cordyceps cicadae (Telemorph of Isaria cicadae) with high bootstrap value. The phylogenetically analyzed result was strongly supported by our morphological analysis described as the Isaria cicadae. In summary, phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated dataset were successfully applied to strengthen the identification of T011 as Isaria cicadae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Duc Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Van Trinh
- University of Science, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Loi Vuong
- University of Science, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Vietnam
| | - Luyen Tien Vu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Ai Huyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Minh Dinh
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Nxumalo W, Elateeq AA, Sun Y. Can Cordyceps cicadae be used as an alternative to Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis? - A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112879. [PMID: 32305637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps cicadae (Mig.) Massee is one of the oldest and well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its uses recorded as far back as the 5th century A.D. For centuries, C. cicadae has been used as food, tonic and folk medicine to treat malaria, palpitations, cancer, fever, diabetes, eye diseases, dizziness, and chronic kidney diseases. Although C. cicadae has been used as TCM for over 1600 years, it is not the most popular amongst the Cordyceps family. Cordyceps Sinensis (C. sinensis) and Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) are the most studied and widely used, with a number of commercially available products derived from these two Cordyceps species. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review seeks to look at the research that has been conducted on C. cicadae over the past 30 years, reporting on the biological activities, development and utilization. This information was compared to that focused on C. sinensis and C. militaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted on different scientific search engines including, but not limited to "Web of Science", "ScienceDirect" and "Google Scholar" to identify published data on C. cicadae, I. cicadae, P. cicadae, C. sinensis and C. militaris. RESULTS Research conducted on C. cicadae over the past two decades have shown that it poses similar biological properties and chemical composition as C. sinensis and C. militaris. C. cicadae has been reported to grow in many geographic locations, as compared to C. sinensis, and can be artificially cultivated via different methods. CONCLUSION There exists sufficient evidence that C. cicadae has medicinal benefits and contain bioactive compounds similar to those found on C. sinensis and C. militaris. However, more research and standardization methods are still needed to directly compare C. cicadae with C. sinensis and C. militaris, in order to ascertain the suitability of C. cicadae as an alternative source of Cordyceps products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Nxumalo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa.
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah Elateeq
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Yanfang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Chhetri DR, Chhetri A, Shahi N, Tiwari S, Karna SKL, Lama D, Pokharel YR. Isaria tenuipes Peck, an entomopathogenic fungus from Darjeeling Himalaya: Evaluation of in-vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of its mycelium extract. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:185. [PMID: 32527241 PMCID: PMC7291650 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isaria tenuipes is one of the potent species in the members of the genus Isaria, which is well reported to possess multiple bioactive substances of therapeutic importance. Therefore, an in vitro experimental study was carried to evaluate the bioactivities of the crude methanolic extract from the mycelium of this fungus. METHODS The fungus was authenticated through morphological characters and the species discrepancy was resolved using the nuclear rDNA ITS sequence. The methanolic extract was fingerprinted by FTIR. The antioxidant components in terms of total phenols and flavonoids were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents respectively. Antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract was assessed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+), Fe2+chelating activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2, and PC3. Apoptosis was further studied by propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin-V/PI staining flow cytometric analysis. Anti-proliferation capacity was studied by colony-forming assay. RESULTS In the present study total phenol content of the dried methanol extract was 148.09 ± 3.51μg gallic acid equivalent/mg and flavonoid was 9.02±0.95 μg quercetin/mg. The antioxidant activities of methanol-water extract (8:2 v/v) from cultured mycelia of I. tenuipes investigated and evaluated with 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 value of 5.04mg/ml with an inhibition rate of 74.77% at 10mg/ml and with an iron-chelating assay the chelating ability was recorded to be 86.76% where the IC50 value was 4.43 mg/ml. In comparison among the antioxidant assays, 2,2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+) and hydroxyl assay exhibited radical scavenging rate of 44.42% and 49.82% respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The IC50 value of the extract in MTT assay was 43.45μg/ml with HeLa cells, 119.33μg/ml with PC3 cells, and 125.55μg/ml with HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION In this study, it can be concluded that the crude methanolic extract exhibited potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities suggesting natural antioxidative and antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhani Raj Chhetri
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Abhijit Chhetri
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Nerina Shahi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Snigdha Tiwari
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS' Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, India
| | - Shibendra Kumar Lal Karna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Dorjay Lama
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph's College, North Point, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734104, India
| | - Yuba Raj Pokharel
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India.
- Centre for Health and Disease Studies Nepal, P.O. Box No. 9503, Sankhmul, Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Liu S, Yan W, Ma C, Liu Y, Gong L, Levesque C, Dong B. Effects of supplemented culture media from solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae on performance, serum biochemical parameters, serum immune indexes, antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:568-578. [PMID: 31480169 PMCID: PMC7054610 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate effects of supplementation of culture media from solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae (I. cicadae) on performance, serum biochemical parameters, serum immune indexes, antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens. Methods A total of 648 Arbor Acres male broiler chickens(1 d; average body weight, 42.93± 0.47 g) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments, each with six replicates and 18 broiler chickens per replicate. Broiler chickens were fed phase I (d 1 to 21) and phase II (d 22 to 42) diets. The phase I diets were corn and soybean-meal based diets supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media from solid-state fermented I. cicadae respectively. The phase II diets were corn and soybean-meal based diets supplemented with 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% culture media from solid-state fermented I. cicadae respectively. Results In phase I, the broiler chickens with the supplementation of culture media had increased body weight gain and feed intake (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) with increasing inclusion of culture media. The levels of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased linearly (p<0.05). In phase II, levels of serum T-AOC and interleukin-1β increased linearly (p<0.05), and GSH increased (p<0.05). In the kidney, GSH and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentrations increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) and SOD concentration increased linearly (p<0.05). Compared to the control, shear force and drip loss of breast muscle decreased (linear and quadratic, p< 0.05). Drip loss of leg muscle decreased linearly and quadratically (p<0.05). Conclusion Dietary supplementation of culture media from solid-state fermented I.cicadae which was enriched in both wheat and residual bioactive components of I. cicadae enhanced the growth performance of broiler chickens. It also improved body anti-oxidative status and contributed to improve broiler meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Zhejiang BioAsia Biomedical Co., Ltd., Pinghu, Zhejiang, 314200, China
| | - Chang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Limin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Crystal Levesque
- Monogastric Nutrition Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Anticancer Action and Mechanism of Ergosterol Peroxide from Paecilomyces cicadae Fermentation Broth. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123935. [PMID: 30544579 PMCID: PMC6321734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isaria cicadae, a medicinal food fungus, is a fruit from Paecilomyces cicadae. In this study, we purified ergosterol peroxide (EP) from the fermentation broth of P. cicadae and investigated its effects on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells, in vitro. EP was purified from P. cicadae fermentation broth. The human RCC cell line 786-0 was used to analyze the anticancer mechanism of EP and inhibit its effect on cancer cell proliferation, in vitro. EP with a validated structure showed a yield rate of 20.1 mg/L and a purity of 96%. EP significantly inhibited RCC cell growth and clone formation in vitro. In addition, EP suppressed the migration and invasion, triggered the apoptosis, and modulated the cell cycle of RCC cells, in a dose-dependent manner. It also downregulated β-catenin expression. EP could be routinely produced through P. cicadae. It fights RCC cells in vitro through multiple mechanisms, including suppressing cell growth, colonization, migration, and invasion, arresting the cell cycle, attenuating β-catenin pathways, and triggering apoptosis.
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