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Venugopal G, Pechous RD. Yersinia pestis and pneumonic plague: Insight into how a lethal pathogen interfaces with innate immune populations in the lung to cause severe disease. Cell Immunol 2024; 403-404:104856. [PMID: 39002222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague. The historical importance and potential of plague to re-emerge as a threat worldwide are indisputable. The most severe manifestion of plague is pneumonic plague, which results in disease that is 100% lethal without treatment. Y. pestis suppresses host immune responses early in the lung to establish infection. The later stages of infection see the rapid onset of hyperinflammatory responses that prove lethal. The study of Y. pestis host/pathogen interactions have largely been investigated during bubonic plague and with attenuated strains in cell culture models. There remains a somewhat limited understanding of the interactions between virulent Y. pestis and immune populations in the lung that drive severe disease. In this review we give a broad overview of the progression of pneumonic plague and highlighting how Y. pestis interfaces with host innate immune populations in the lung to cause lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Roger D Pechous
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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2
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Brady A, Mora-Martinez LC, Hammond B, Haribabu B, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Distinct Mechanisms of Type 3 Secretion System Recognition Control LTB 4 Synthesis in Neutrophils versus Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601466. [PMID: 39005373 PMCID: PMC11244889 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is critical for initiating the inflammatory cascade in response to infection. However, Yersinia pestis colonizes the host by inhibiting the timely synthesis of LTB4 and inflammation. Here, we show that the bacterial type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is the primary pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) responsible for LTB4 production by leukocytes in response to Yersinia and Salmonella, but synthesis is inhibited by the Yop effectors during Yersinia interactions. Moreover, we unexpectedly discovered that T3SS-mediated LTB4 synthesis by neutrophils and macrophages require two distinct host signaling pathways. We show that the SKAP2/PLC signaling pathway is essential for LTB4 production by neutrophils but not macrophages. Instead, phagocytosis and the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome are needed for LTB4 synthesis by macrophages. Finally, while recognition of the T3SS is required for LTB4 production, we also discovered a second unrelated PAMP-mediated signal independently activates the MAP kinase pathway needed for LTB4 synthesis. Together, these data demonstrate significant differences in the signaling pathways required by macrophages and neutrophils to quickly respond to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Leonardo C. Mora-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Deptartment of Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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3
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Davies ML, Biryukov SS, Rill NO, Klimko CP, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Miller JA, Shoe JL, Mlynek KD, Talyansky Y, Toothman RG, Qiu J, Bozue JA, Cote CK. Sex differences in immune protection in mice conferred by heterologous vaccines for pneumonic plague. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397579. [PMID: 38835755 PMCID: PMC11148226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague, which can manifest as bubonic, septicemic, and/or pneumonic disease. Plague is a severe and rapidly progressing illness that can only be successfully treated with antibiotics initiated early after infection. There are no FDA-approved vaccines for plague, and some vaccine candidates may be less effective against pneumonic plague than bubonic plague. Y. pestis is not known to impact males and females differently in mechanisms of pathogenesis or severity of infection. However, one previous study reported sex-biased vaccine effectiveness after intranasal Y. pestis challenge. As part of developing a safe and effective vaccine, it is essential that potential sex differences are characterized. Methods In this study we evaluated novel vaccines in male and female BALB/c mice using a heterologous prime-boost approach and monitored survival, bacterial load in organs, and immunological correlates. Our vaccine strategy consisted of two subcutaneous immunizations, followed by challenge with aerosolized virulent nonencapsulated Y. pestis. Mice were immunized with a combination of live Y. pestis pgm- pPst-Δcaf1, live Y. pestis pgm- pPst-Δcaf1/ΔyopD, or recombinant F1-V (rF1-V) combined with adjuvants. Results The most effective vaccine regimen was initial priming with rF1-V, followed by boost with either of the live attenuated strains. However, this and other strategies were more protective in female mice. Males had higher bacterial burden and differing patterns of cytokine expression and serum antibody titers. Male mice did not demonstrate synergy between vaccination and antibiotic treatment as repeatedly observed in female mice. Conclusions This study provides new knowledge about heterologous vaccine strategies, sex differences in plague-vaccine efficacy, and the immunological factors that differ between male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Davies
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sergei S Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Nathaniel O Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher P Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jeremy A Miller
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kevin D Mlynek
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yuli Talyansky
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald G Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ju Qiu
- Regulated Research Administration: Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joel A Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
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Brady A, Sheneman KR, Pulsifer AR, Price SL, Garrison TM, Maddipati KR, Bodduluri SR, Pan J, Boyd NL, Zheng JJ, Rai SN, Hellmann J, Haribabu B, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Type 3 secretion system induced leukotriene B4 synthesis by leukocytes is actively inhibited by Yersinia pestis to evade early immune recognition. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011280. [PMID: 38271464 PMCID: PMC10846697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Subverting the host immune response to inhibit inflammation is a key virulence strategy of Yersinia pestis. The inflammatory cascade is tightly controlled via the sequential action of lipid and protein mediators of inflammation. Because delayed inflammation is essential for Y. pestis to cause lethal infection, defining the Y. pestis mechanisms to manipulate the inflammatory cascade is necessary to understand this pathogen's virulence. While previous studies have established that Y. pestis actively inhibits the expression of host proteins that mediate inflammation, there is currently a gap in our understanding of the inflammatory lipid mediator response during plague. Here we used the murine model to define the kinetics of the synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a pro-inflammatory lipid chemoattractant and immune cell activator, within the lungs during pneumonic plague. Furthermore, we demonstrated that exogenous administration of LTB4 prior to infection limited bacterial proliferation, suggesting that the absence of LTB4 synthesis during plague contributes to Y. pestis immune evasion. Using primary leukocytes from mice and humans further revealed that Y. pestis actively inhibits the synthesis of LTB4. Finally, using Y. pestis mutants in the Ysc type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and Yersinia outer protein (Yop) effectors, we demonstrate that leukocytes recognize the T3SS to initiate the rapid synthesis of LTB4. However, several Yop effectors secreted through the T3SS effectively inhibit this host response. Together, these data demonstrate that Y. pestis actively inhibits the synthesis of the inflammatory lipid LTB4 contributing to the delay in the inflammatory cascade required for rapid recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Katelyn R. Sheneman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Pulsifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Taylor M. Garrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sobha R. Bodduluri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jianmin Pan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nolan L. Boyd
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Environment Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jing-Juan Zheng
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Environment Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shesh N. Rai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jason Hellmann
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Environment Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Deptartment of Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Farag SI, Francis MK, Gurung JM, Wai SN, Stenlund H, Francis MS, Nadeem A. Macrophage innate immune responses delineate between defective translocon assemblies produced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopD mutants. Virulence 2023; 14:2249790. [PMID: 37621095 PMCID: PMC10461508 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2249790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocon pores formed in the eukaryotic cell membrane by a type III secretion system facilitate the translocation of immune-modulatory effector proteins into the host cell interior. The YopB and YopD proteins produced and secreted by pathogenic Yersinia spp. harboring a virulence plasmid-encoded type III secretion system perform this pore-forming translocator function. We had previously characterized in vitro T3SS function and in vivo pathogenicity of a number of strains encoding sited-directed point mutations in yopD. This resulted in the classification of mutants into three different classes based upon the severity of the phenotypic defects. To investigate the molecular and functional basis for these defects, we explored the effectiveness of RAW 264.7 cell line to respond to infection by representative YopD mutants of all three classes. Signature cytokine profiles could separate the different YopD mutants into distinct categories. The activation and suppression of certain cytokines that function as central innate immune response modulators correlated well with the ability of mutant bacteria to alter anti-phagocytosis and programmed cell death pathways. These analyses demonstrated that sub-optimal translocon pores impact the extent and magnitude of host cell responsiveness, and this limits the capacity of pathogenic Yersinia spp. to fortify against attack by both early and late arms of the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah I. Farag
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Monika K. Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jyoti M. Gurung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Stenlund
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre (SMC), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthew S. Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aftab Nadeem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Fang X, Kang L, Qiu YF, Li ZS, Bai Y. Yersinia enterocolitica in Crohn’s disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1129996. [PMID: 36968108 PMCID: PMC10031030 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the unique roles gut microbes play in both physiological and pathological processes. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. Currently, gastrointestinal infection has been proposed as one initiating factor of CD. Yersinia enterocolitica, a zoonotic pathogen that exists widely in nature, is one of the most common bacteria causing acute infectious gastroenteritis, which displays clinical manifestations similar to CD. However, the specific role of Y. enterocolitica in CD is controversial. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on how Y. enterocolitica and derived microbial compounds may link to the pathogenesis of CD. We highlight examples of Y. enterocolitica-targeted interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, and provide perspectives for future basic and translational investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Bai
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shen Li, ; Yu Bai,
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Wilde J, Allen-Vercoe E. Characterizing prophages in the genus Fusobacterium. Anaerobe 2023; 80:102718. [PMID: 36801248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We set out to identify and characterize prophages within genomes of published Fusobacterium strains, and to develop qPCR-based methods to characterize intra- and extra-cellular induction of prophage replication in a variety of environmental contexts. METHODS Various in silico tools were used to predict prophage presence across 105 Fusobacterium spp. Genomes. Using the example of the model pathogen, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis strain 7-1, qPCR was used with DNase I treatment to determine induction of its 3 predicted prophages ɸFunu1, ɸFunu2, and ɸFunu3, across several conditions. RESULTS 116 predicted prophage sequences were found and analyzed. An emerging association between the phylogenetic history of a Fusobacterium prophage and that of its host was detected, as was the presence of genes encoding putative host fitness factors (e.g. ADP-ribosyltransferases) in distinct subclusters of prophage genomes. For strain 7-1, a pattern of expression for ɸFunu1, ɸFunu2, and ɸFunu3 was established indicating that ɸFunu1 and ɸFunu2 are capable of spontaneous induction. I Salt and mitomycin C exposure were able to promote induction of ɸFunu2. A range of other biologically relevant stressors, including exposure to pH, mucin and human cytokines showed no or minimal induction of these same prophages. ɸFunu3 induction was not detected under tested conditions. CONCLUSION The heterogeneity of Fusobacterium strains is matched by their prophages. While the role of Fusobacterium prophages in host pathogenicity remains unclear, this work provides the first overview of clustered prophage distribution among this enigmatic genus and describes an effective assay for quantifying mixed samples of prophages that cannot be detected by plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Wilde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Lei C, Kumar S. Yersinia pestis antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:24-36. [PMID: 35255676 PMCID: PMC8907612 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague and a potential biological weapon, has always been a threatening pathogen. Some strains of Y. pestis have varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to alert clinicians to this pathogen’s potential antimicrobial resistance. A review of the literature was conducted for experimental reports and systematic reviews on the topics of plague, Y. pestis, and antibiotic resistance. From 1995 to 2021, 7 Y. pestis isolates with 4 antibiotic resistance mechanisms were reported. In Y. pestis 17/95, 16/95, and 2180H, resistance was mediated by transferable plasmids. Each plasmid contained resistance genes encoded within specific transposons. Strain 17/95 presented multiple drug resistance, since plasmid 1202 contained 10 resistance determinants. Strains 16/95 and 2180H showed single antibiotic resistance because both additional plasmids in these strains carried only 1 antimicrobial determinant. Strains 12/87, S19960127, 56/13, and 59/13 exhibited streptomycin resistance due to an rpsl gene mutation, a novel mechanism that was discovered recently. Y. pestis can acquire antibiotic resistance in nature not only via conjugative transfer of antimicrobial-resistant plasmids from other bacteria, but also by gene point mutations. Global surveillance should be strengthened to identify antibiotic-resistant Y. pestis strains by whole-genome sequencing and drug susceptibility testing.
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Gurung JM, Amer AAA, Chen S, Diepold A, Francis MS. Type III secretion by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is reliant upon an authentic N-terminal YscX secretor domain. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:886-906. [PMID: 35043994 PMCID: PMC9303273 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
YscX was discovered as an essential part of the Yersinia type III secretion system about 20 years ago. It is required for substrate secretion and is exported itself. Despite this central role, its precise function and mode of action remains unknown. In order to address this knowledge gap, this present study refocused attention on YscX to build on the recent advances in the understanding of YscX function. Our experiments identified a N-terminal secretion domain in YscX promoting its secretion, with the first five codons constituting a minimal signal capable of promoting secretion of the signalless β-lactamase reporter. Replacing the extreme YscX N-terminus with known secretion signals of other Ysc-Yop substrates revealed that the YscX N-terminal segment contains non-redundant information needed for YscX function. Further, both in cis deletion of the YscX N-terminus in the virulence plasmid and ectopic expression of epitope tagged YscX variants again lead to stable YscX production but not type III secretion of Yop effector proteins. Mislocalisation of the needle components, SctI and SctF, accompanied this general defect in Yops secretion. Hence, a coupling exists between YscX secretion permissiveness and the assembly of an operational secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti M Gurung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ayad A A Amer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas Diepold
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Ecophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthew S Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Jofre BL, Eliçabe RJ, Silva JE, Pérez Sáez JM, Paez MD, Callegari E, Mariño KV, Di Genaro MS, Rabinovich GA, Davicino RC. Galectin-1 Cooperates with Yersinia Outer Protein (Yop) P to Thwart Protective Immunity by Repressing Nitric Oxide Production. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1636. [PMID: 34827634 PMCID: PMC8615707 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) inserts outer proteins (Yops) into cytoplasm to infect host cells. However, in spite of considerable progress, the mechanisms implicated in this process, including the association of Yops with host proteins, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the functional role of Galectin-1 (Gal1), an endogenous β-galactoside-binding protein, in modulating Yop interactions with host cells. Our results showed that Gal1 binds to Yops in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Interestingly, Gal1 binding to Yops protects these virulence factors from trypsin digestion. Given that early control of Ye infection involves activation of macrophages, we evaluated the role of Gal1 and YopP in the modulation of macrophage function. Although Gal1 and YopP did not influence production of superoxide anion and/or TNF by Ye-infected macrophages, they coordinately inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. Notably, recombinant Gal1 (rGal1) did not rescue NO increase observed in Lgals1-/- macrophages infected with the YopP mutant Ye ∆yopP. Whereas NO induced apoptosis in macrophages, no significant differences in cell death were detected between Gal1-deficient macrophages infected with Ye ∆yopP, and WT macrophages infected with Ye wt. Strikingly, increased NO production was found in WT macrophages treated with MAPK inhibitors and infected with Ye wt. Finally, rGal1 administration did not reverse the protective effect in Peyer Patches (PPs) of Lgals1-/- mice infected with Ye ∆yopP. Our study reveals a cooperative role of YopP and endogenous Gal1 during Ye infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Lucila Jofre
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Javier Eliçabe
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Eduardo Silva
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (J.M.P.S.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Maria Daniela Paez
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 66544, USA; (M.D.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eduardo Callegari
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 66544, USA; (M.D.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Karina Valeria Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina;
| | - María Silvia Di Genaro
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (J.M.P.S.); (G.A.R.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Roberto Carlos Davicino
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
- Roberto Davicino, División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de los Andes 950, San Luis CP5700, Argentina
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12
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LcrQ Coordinates with the YopD-LcrH Complex To Repress lcrF Expression and Control Type III Secretion by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. mBio 2021; 12:e0145721. [PMID: 34154409 PMCID: PMC8262909 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01457-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic Yersinia species employ a plasmid-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) to negate immune cell function during infection. A critical element in this process is the coordinated regulation of T3SS gene expression, which involves both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. LcrQ is one of the earliest identified negative regulators of Yersinia T3SS, but its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In a previous study, we showed that LcrQ antagonizes the activation role played by the master transcriptional regulator LcrF. In this study, we confirm that LcrQ directly interacts with LcrH, the chaperone of YopD, to facilitate the negative regulatory role of the YopD-LcrH complex in repressing lcrF expression at the posttranscriptional level. Negative regulation is strictly dependent on the YopD-LcrH complex, more so than on LcrQ. The YopD-LcrH complex helps to retain cytoplasmic levels of LcrQ to facilitate the negative regulatory effect. Interestingly, RNase E and its associated protein RhlB participate in this negative regulatory loop through a direct interaction with LcrH and LcrQ. Hence, we present a negative regulatory loop that physically connects LcrQ to the posttranscriptional regulation of LcrF, and this mechanism incorporates RNase E involved in mRNA decay.
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13
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Rosenzweig JA, Hendrix EK, Chopra AK. Plague vaccines: new developments in an ongoing search. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4931-4941. [PMID: 34142207 PMCID: PMC8211537 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the reality of pandemic threats challenges humanity, exemplified during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infections, the development of vaccines targeting these etiological agents of disease has become increasingly critical. Of paramount concern are novel and reemerging pathogens that could trigger such events, including the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is responsible for more human deaths than any other known pathogen and exists globally in endemic regions of the world, including the four corners region and Northern California in the USA. Recent cases have been scattered throughout the world, including China and the USA, with serious outbreaks in Madagascar during 2008, 2013-2014, and, most recently, 2017-2018. This review will focus on recent advances in plague vaccine development, a seemingly necessary endeavor, as there is no Food and Drug Administration-licensed vaccine available for human distribution in western nations, and that antibiotic-resistant strains are recovered clinically or intentionally developed. Progress and recent development involving subunit, live-attenuated, and nucleic acid-based plague vaccine candidates will be discussed in this review. KEY POINTS: • Plague vaccine development remains elusive yet critical. • DNA, animal, and live-attenuated vaccine candidates gain traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Rosenzweig
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
| | - Emily K Hendrix
- Departmnet of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Departmnet of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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14
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Sitter TL, Vaughan AL, Schoof M, Jackson SA, Glare TR, Cox MP, Fineran PC, Gardner PP, Hurst MRH. Evolution of virulence in a novel family of transmissible mega-plasmids. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5289-5304. [PMID: 33989447 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Some Serratia entomophila isolates have been successfully exploited in biopesticides due to their ability to cause amber disease in larvae of the Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic pasture pest, Costelytra giveni. Anti-feeding prophage and ABC toxin complex virulence determinants are encoded by a 153-kb single-copy conjugative plasmid (pADAP; amber disease-associated plasmid). Despite growing understanding of the S. entomophila pADAP model plasmid, little is known about the wider plasmid family. Here, we sequence and analyse mega-plasmids from 50 Serratia isolates that induce variable disease phenotypes in the C. giveni insect host. Mega-plasmids are highly conserved within S. entomophila, but show considerable divergence in Serratia proteamaculans with other variants in S. liquefaciens and S. marcescens, likely reflecting niche adaption. In this study to reconstruct ancestral relationships for a complex mega-plasmid system, strong co-evolution between Serratia species and their plasmids were found. We identify 12 distinct mega-plasmid genotypes, all sharing a conserved gene backbone, but encoding highly variable accessory regions including virulence factors, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, Nitrogen fixation genes and toxin-antitoxin systems. We show that the variable pathogenicity of Serratia isolates is largely caused by presence/absence of virulence clusters on the mega-plasmids, but notably, is augmented by external chromosomally encoded factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Sitter
- Forage Science, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Amy L Vaughan
- Forage Science, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Marion Schoof
- Forage Science, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Simon A Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Murray P Cox
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Fineran
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Gardner
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Forage Science, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
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15
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Le LHM, Ying L, Ferrero RL. Nuclear trafficking of bacterial effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13320. [PMID: 33600054 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can subvert host responses by producing effector proteins that directly target the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in animals and plants. Nuclear-targeting proteins are categorised as either: "nucleomodulins," which have epigenetic-modulating activities; or "cyclomodulins," which specifically interfere with the host cell cycle. Bacteria can deliver these effector proteins to eukaryotic cells via a range of strategies. Despite an increasing number of reports describing the effects of bacterial effector proteins on nuclear processes in host cells, the intracellular pathways used by these proteins to traffic to the nucleus have yet to be fully elucidated. This review will describe current knowledge about how nucleomodulins and cyclomodulins enter eukaryotic cells, exploit endocytic pathways and translocate to the nucleus. We will also discuss the secretion of nuclear-targeting proteins or their release in bacterial membrane vesicles and the trafficking pathways employed by each of these forms. Besides their importance for bacterial pathogenesis, some nuclear-targeting proteins have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases and even cancer. A greater understanding of nuclear-targeting proteins and their actions will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as contribute to advances in the development of novel therapies against bacterial infections and possibly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hoang My Le
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Modification of the Pulmonary MyD88 Inflammatory Response Underlies the Role of the Yersinia pestis Pigmentation Locus in Primary Pneumonic Plague. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00595-20. [PMID: 33257532 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00595-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a rapidly progressing bronchopneumonia involving focal bacterial growth, neutrophilic congestion, and alveolar necrosis. Within a short time after inhalation of Y. pestis, inflammatory cytokines are expressed via the Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), which facilitates the primary lung infection. We previously showed that Y. pestis lacking the 102-kb chromosomal pigmentation locus (pgm) is unable to cause inflammatory damage in the lungs, whereas the wild-type (WT) strain induces the toxic MyD88 pulmonary inflammatory response. In this work, we investigated the involvement of the pgm in skewing the inflammatory response during pneumonic plague. We show that the early MyD88-dependent and -independent cytokine responses to pgm- Y. pestis infection of the lungs are similar yet distinct from those that occur during pgm+ infection. Furthermore, we found that MyD88 was necessary to prevent growth of the iron-starved pgm- Y. pestis despite the presence of iron chelators lactoferrin and transferrin. However, while this induced neutrophil recruitment, there was no hyperinflammatory response, and pulmonary disease was mild without MyD88. In contrast, growth in blood and tissues progressed rapidly in the absence of MyD88, due to an almost total loss of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ). We further show that the expression of MyD88 by myeloid cells is important to control bacteremia but not the primary lung infection. The combined data indicate distinct roles for myeloid and nonmyeloid MyD88 and suggest that expression of the pgm is necessary to skew the inflammatory response in the lungs to cause pneumonic plague.
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17
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Pan-genomics, drug candidate mining and ADMET profiling of natural product inhibitors screened against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Genomics 2020; 113:238-244. [PMID: 33321204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as pseudoappendicitis in children. Genome sequences of the 23 whole genomes from NCBI were utilized for conducting the pan-genomic analysis. Essential proteins from the core region were obtained and drug targets were identified using a hierarchal in silico approach. Among these, multidrug resistance protein sub-unit mdtC was chosen for further analysis. This protein unit confers resistance to antibiotics upon forming a tripartite complex with units A and B in Escherichia coli. Details of the function have not yet been elucidated experimentally in Yersinia spp. Computational structure modeling and validation were followed by screening against phytochemical libraries of traditional Indian (Ayurveda), North African, and traditional Chinese flora using Molecular Operating Environment software version 2019.0102. ADMET profiling and descriptor study of best docked compounds was studied. Since phytotherapy is the best resort to antibiotic resistance so these compounds should be tested experimentally to further validate the results. The obtained information could aid wet-lab scientists to work on the scaffold of screened drug-like compounds from natural resources. This could be useful in our quest for antibiotic-resistant therapy against Y. pseudotuberculosis.
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18
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Ayona D, Fournier PE, Henrissat B, Desnues B. Utilization of Galectins by Pathogens for Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1877. [PMID: 32973776 PMCID: PMC7466766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins which are expressed by many different cell types and secreted extracellularly. These molecules are well-known regulators of immune responses and involved in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions. During infections, host galectins can either avoid or facilitate infections by interacting with host cells- and/or pathogen-derived glycoconjugates and less commonly, with proteins. Some pathogens also express self-produced galectins to interfere with host immune responses. This review summarizes pathogens which take advantage of host- or pathogen-produced galectins to establish the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyoly Ayona
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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19
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Whelan R, McVicker G, Leo JC. Staying out or Going in? The Interplay between Type 3 and Type 5 Secretion Systems in Adhesion and Invasion of Enterobacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4102. [PMID: 32521829 PMCID: PMC7312957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens rely on a variety of toxins, adhesins and other virulence factors to cause infections. Some of the best studied pathogens belong to the Enterobacterales order; these include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and the enteropathogenic Yersiniae. The pathogenesis of these organisms involves two different secretion systems, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and type 5 secretion systems (T5SSs). The T3SS forms a syringe-like structure spanning both bacterial membranes and the host cell plasma membrane that translocates toxic effector proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. T5SSs are also known as autotransporters, and they export part of their own polypeptide to the bacterial cell surface where it exerts its function, such as adhesion to host cell receptors. During infection with these enteropathogens, the T3SS and T5SS act in concert to bring about rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton, either to invade the cell, confer intracellular motility, evade phagocytosis or produce novel structures to shelter the bacteria. Thus, in these bacteria, not only the T3SS effectors but also T5SS proteins could be considered "cytoskeletoxins" that bring about profound alterations in host cell cytoskeletal dynamics and lead to pathogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack C. Leo
- Antimicrobial Resistance, Omics and Microbiota Group, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (R.W.); (G.M.)
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20
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Uğurlu Ö, Barlas FB, Evran S, Timur S. The cell-penetrating YopM protein-functionalized quantum dot-plasmid DNA conjugate as a novel gene delivery vector. Plasmid 2020; 110:102513. [PMID: 32502501 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2020.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery systems have great potential for safe and efficient gene therapy, while inefficient cellular and nuclear uptake remain as the major hurdles. Novel approaches are needed to enhance the transfection efficiency of non-viral vectors. In accordance with this need, the objective of this study was to construct a non-viral vector that could achieve gene delivery without using additional lipid-based transfection agent. We aimed to impart self-delivery property to a non-viral vector by using the cell and nucleus penetrating properties of YopM proteins from the three Yersinia spp. (Y. pestis, Y. enterocolotica and Y. pseudotuberculosis). Plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was labeled with quantum dots (QDs) via peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) recognition site. Recombinant YopM protein was then attached to the conjugate via a second PNA recognition site. The YopM ̶ QDs ̶ pDNA conjugate was transfected into HeLa cells without using additional transfection reagent. All three conjugates produced GFP fluorescence, indicating that the plasmid was successfully delivered to the nucleus. As control, naked pDNA was transfected into the cells by using a commercial transfection reagent. The Y. pseudotuberculosis YopM-functionalized conjugate achieved the highest GFP expression, compared to other two YopM proteins and the transfection reagent. To the best of our knowledge, YopM protein was used for the first time in a non-viral gene delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uğurlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornov, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fırat Barış Barlas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornov, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornov, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornov, Izmir, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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21
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Bozcal E. A general view on virulence determinants and infection strategies of Yersinia enterocolitica. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Francis MS, Auerbuch V. Editorial: The Pathogenic Yersiniae-Advances in the Understanding of Physiology and Virulence, Second Edition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:119. [PMID: 31058103 PMCID: PMC6482262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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23
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Yersinia pestis Exploits Early Activation of MyD88 for Growth in the Lungs during Pneumonic Plague. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00757-18. [PMID: 30642901 PMCID: PMC6434131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00757-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis causes bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague. Although no longer responsible for pandemic outbreaks, pneumonic plague continues to be a challenge for medical treatment and has been classified as a reemerging disease in some parts of the world. In the early stage of infection, inflammatory responses are believed to be suppressed by Y. pestis virulence factors in order to prevent clearance, while later, the hyperactivation of inflammation contributes to the progression of disease. In this work, we sought to identify the host factors that mediate this process and studied the role of the Toll/interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor adapter and major inflammatory mediator myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) in pneumonic plague. We show that pulmonary challenge of Myd88-/- mice with wild-type (WT) Y. pestis results in significant loss of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and KC, in the lungs compared to that in WT mice. Bacterial growth in the lungs occurred more rapidly in the WT mice, however, indicating a role for the MyD88 response in facilitating the primary lung infection. Nevertheless, Myd88-/- mice were more sensitive to lethality from secondary septicemic plague. Together these findings indicate a central role for MyD88 during the biphasic inflammatory response to pulmonary Y. pestis infection. In the early phase, low-level MyD88-dependent chemokine expression limits initial growth but facilitates Y. pestis access to a protected replicative niche. The later hyperinflammatory phase is partially MyD88 dependent and ineffective in the lungs but controls systemic infection and reduces the progression of secondary septicemic plague.
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24
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Rüter C, Lubos ML, Norkowski S, Schmidt MA. All in—Multiple parallel strategies for intracellular delivery by bacterial pathogens. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:872-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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25
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Norkowski S, Schmidt MA, Rüter C. The species-spanning family of LPX-motif harbouring effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12945. [PMID: 30137651 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of effector proteins into infected eukaryotic cells represents a key virulence feature of many microbial pathogens in order to derail essential cellular processes and effectively counter the host defence system. Although bacterial effectors are truly numerous and exhibit a wide range of biochemical activities, commonalities in terms of protein structure and function shared by many bacterial pathogens exist. Recent progress has shed light on a species-spanning family of bacterial effectors containing an LPX repeat motif as a subtype of the leucine-rich repeat superfamily, partially combined with a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase domain. This review highlights the immunomodulatory effects of LPX effector proteins, with particular emphasis on the exploitation of the host ubiquitin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Norkowski
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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26
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Abduljalil JM. Bacterial riboswitches and RNA thermometers: Nature and contributions to pathogenesis. Noncoding RNA Res 2018; 3:54-63. [PMID: 30159440 PMCID: PMC6096418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are always challenged by fluctuations of chemical and physical parameters that pose serious threats to cellular integrity and metabolic status. Sudden deprivation of nutrients or key metabolites, changes in surrounding pH, and temperature shifts are the most important examples of such parameters. To elicit a proper response to such fluctuations, bacterial cells coordinate the expression of parameter-relevant genes. Although protein-mediated control of gene expression is well appreciated since many decades, RNA-based regulation has been discovered in early 2000s as a parallel level of regulation. Small regulatory RNAs have emerged as one of the most widespread and important gene regulatory systems in bacteria with rare representatives found in Archaea and Eukarya. Riboswitches and thermosensors are cis-encoded RNA regulatory elements that employ different mechanisms to regulate the expression of related genes controlling key metabolic pathways and genes of temperature relevant proteins including virulence factors. The extent of RNA contributions to gene regulation is not completely known even in well-studied models such E. coli and B. subtilis. In depth understanding of riboswitches is promising for opportunity to discover a narrow spectrum antibacterial drugs that target riboswitches of essential metabolic pathways.
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Key Words
- 5ʹ-UTRs, 5ʹ-untranslated region
- AdoCbl, adenosylcobalamine
- Aptamer
- Bacterial pathogenicity
- CSPs, Cold Shock Proteins
- FMN, Flavin mononucleotide
- Gene expression
- ORFs, open reading frames
- RBS, Ribosomal Binding Site
- RNA thermometer
- RNAP, RNA polymerase
- RNAT, RNA thermometer
- Riboswitches
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SD, Shine-Dalgarno
- TPP, Thiamine pyrophosphate
- Transcription termination
- Virulence
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27
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Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia species employ several strategies to evade the host immune system, including interfering with cytoskeletal remodeling as a way to block macrophage phagocytosis. The kinase YopO binds directly to monomeric actin and phosphorylates the actin-remodeling protein gelsolin, but the functional importance of this gelsolin modification has not been clear. A combined biochemical, computational, and biophysical study now reveals that YopO-mediated phosphorylation activates host gelsolin, leading to severed actin filaments and disturbed actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- From the Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Scheibner F, Marillonnet S, Büttner D. The TAL Effector AvrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Contains Multiple Export Signals and Can Enter Plant Cells in the Absence of the Type III Secretion Translocon. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2180. [PMID: 29170655 PMCID: PMC5684485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity of the Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a type III secretion (T3S) system which translocates effector proteins into plant cells. Effector protein delivery is controlled by the T3S chaperone HpaB, which presumably escorts effector proteins to the secretion apparatus. One intensively studied effector is the transcription activator-like (TAL) effector AvrBs3, which binds to promoter sequences of plant target genes and activates plant gene expression. It was previously reported that type III-dependent delivery of AvrBs3 depends on the N-terminal protein region. The signals that control T3S and translocation of AvrBs3, however, have not yet been characterized. In the present study, we show that T3S and translocation of AvrBs3 depend on the N-terminal 10 and 50 amino acids, respectively. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidence that additional signals in the N-terminal 30 amino acids and the region between amino acids 64 and 152 promote translocation of AvrBs3 in the absence of HpaB. Unexpectedly, in vivo translocation assays revealed that AvrBs3 is delivered into plant cells even in the absence of HrpF, which is the predicted channel-forming component of the T3S translocon in the plant plasma membrane. The presence of HpaB- and HrpF-independent transport routes suggests that the delivery of AvrBs3 is initiated during early stages of the infection process, presumably before the activation of HpaB or the insertion of the translocon into the plant plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scheibner
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Büttner
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Olson RM, Anderson DM. Usurping bacterial virulence factors as self-delivery vehicles for therapeutic use. Virulence 2017. [PMID: 28636422 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1336595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Olson
- a Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and the Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO11 , USA
| | - Deborah M Anderson
- a Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and the Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO11 , USA
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