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Hamamoto H. Silkworm model of bacterial infection facilitates the identification of lysocin E, a potent, ultra-rapid bactericidal antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:477-485. [PMID: 38773231 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel antimicrobial agents is required to solve the problem of antimicrobial resistance. We established a quantitative method for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial agents in a silkworm bacterial infection model. Pharmacokinetic factors are present in the silkworm as well as in mice, and evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial agents is possible in a silkworm infection model, comparable to that in a mammalian model. This silkworm model was used to screen for novel antimicrobial agents with therapeutic efficacy as an indicator. As a result, a new antibiotic, lysocin E, was discovered. Lysocin E has a completely different mechanism of action from existing antimicrobial agents, and its potent bactericidal activity leads to remarkable therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model. In this review, I describe the features of the silkworm model that have contributed to the discovery of lysocin E and its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
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Guo Y, Awais MM, Fei S, Xia J, Sun J, Feng M. Applications and Potentials of a Silk Fibroin Nanoparticle Delivery System in Animal Husbandry. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:655. [PMID: 38396623 PMCID: PMC10885876 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF), a unique natural polymeric fibrous protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, accounts for approximately 75% of the total mass of silk. It has great application prospects due to its outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and mechanical stability. Additionally, it is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Nanoparticle delivery systems constructed with SF can improve the bioavailability of the carriers, increase the loading rates, control the release behavior of the deliverables, and enhance their action efficiencies. Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and plays a vital role in the development of the rural economy. However, the pillar industry experiences a lot of difficulties, like drug abuse while treating major animal diseases, and serious environmental pollution, restricting sustainable development. Interestingly, the limited use cases of silk fibroin nanoparticle (SF NP) delivery systems in animal husbandry, such as veterinary vaccines and feed additives, have shown great promise. This paper first reviews the SF NP delivery system with regard to its advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Moreover, we describe the application status and developmental prospects of SF NP delivery systems to provide theoretical references for further development in livestock production and promote the high-quality and healthy development of animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.G.); (M.M.A.); (S.F.); (J.X.); (J.S.)
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3
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Liang X, Dai N, Yang F, Zhu H, Zhang G, Wang Y. Molecular identification and safety assessment of the potential probiotic strain Bacillus paralicheniformis HMPM220325 isolated from artisanal fruit dairy products. Food Funct 2024; 15:747-765. [PMID: 38117188 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04625g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus probiotics exhibit considerable economic potential owing to their heightened resilience to external stressors and relatively lower costs related to production and preservation. Although Bacillus paralicheniformis has been acknowledged as a plant-promoting bacterium for a long time, understanding its potential as a probiotic is still in its nascent stages. In this study, the safety and probiotic characteristics of a strain of HMPM220325, isolated from artisanal fruit dairy products, were examined through whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis. The whole genome of HMPM220325 was analyzed for antimicrobial resistance genes, pathogenicity factors, and genes associated with probiotic traits including stress resistance, spore formation, gut adhesion, competitive exclusion of pathogens, bacteriocin expression, and carbohydrate metabolism related to prebiotic utilization. Also, wet lab experiments were conducted for the characterization of probiotics. The identification of the organism as B. paralicheniformis was verified. Its safety was assessed through in silico analysis, the haemolytic activity test, and the acute oral toxicity test. B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 demonstrated its ability to survive in the pH range of 4-10 and bile salt concentrations of 0-0.9% (w/v), tolerate temperatures between 20 and 60 °C, and exhibit a robust antioxidant capacity. Moreover, B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 demonstrated a moderate level of hydrophobicity, had the ability to form biofilms, achieved a self-aggregation rate of 51.77 ± 1.01% within 6 hours, and successfully colonized the mouse intestine for a duration of up to 17 days. Additionally, the genome of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 contains three gene clusters associated with the biosynthesis of bacteriocins and exhibits co-aggregation with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The findings of the genomic analysis align with those obtained from the experimental investigation, thereby substantiating the potential of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 as a probiotic suitable for incorporation in dairy functional foods and feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Nini Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
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Hu C, Yang W. Alternatives to animal models to study bacterial infections. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:703-739. [PMID: 37632640 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing has made a significant and unequalled contribution to important discoveries and advancements in the fields of research, medicine, vaccine development, and drug discovery. Each year, millions of animals are sacrificed for various experiments, and this is an ongoing process. However, the debate on the ethical and sensible usage of animals in in vivo experimentation is equally important. The need to explore and adopt newer alternatives to animals so as to comply with the goal of reduce, refine, and replace needs attention. Besides the ever-increasing debate on ethical issues, animal research has additional drawbacks (need of trained labour, requirement of breeding area, lengthy protocols, high expenses, transport barriers, difficulty to extrapolate data from animals to humans, etc.). With this scenario, the present review has been framed to give a comprehensive insight into the possible alternative options worth exploring in this direction especially targeting replacements for animal models of bacterial infections. There have been some excellent reviews discussing on the alternate methods for replacing and reducing animals in drug research. However, reviews that discuss the replacements in the field of medical bacteriology with emphasis on animal bacterial infection models are purely limited. The present review discusses on the use of (a) non-mammalian models and (b) alternative systems such as microfluidic chip-based models and microdosing aiming to give a detailed insight into the prospects of these alternative platforms to reduce the number of animals being used in infection studies. This would enlighten the scientific community working in this direction to be well acquainted with the available new approaches and alternatives so that the 3R strategy can be successfully implemented in the field of antibacterial drug research and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Hu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Hossain MI, Saleh NUA, Numan A, Hossain MM, Uddin MA, Hossain MS. Bombyx mori as a model for Niallia circulans pathogenicity. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:18-25. [PMID: 36843035 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing incidences of resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide concern and isolation of antibiotic-resistant strains of Niallia circulans (formerly known as Bacillus circulans), an opportunistic human pathogen, has been reported. Due to their lack of ethical constraints as well as their cost-effective rearing, invertebrates have been commonly used to study infection by bacteria pathogenic to humans. In this study, we demonstrate that a foodborne strain of N. circulans kills larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori within 48 h after hemolymph injection. The infected larvae turned black with an increase in the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph. Midgut injection of N. circulans resulted in the killing of larvae within 96 h. A significant increase in bacterial load was observed in the hemolymph 12 h after infection. The viable hemocyte number decreased to 48% within 12 h of injection. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that upon hemolymph infection with N. circulans the expression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, Bmdefensin-B and Bmgloverin-3, were upregulated 2.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively, whereas 1.6-fold upregulation was observed for BmToll-2 in the larval fat body. Therapeutic effects of antibiotics like tetracycline, imipenem, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and clindamycin were observed against N. circulans in the Bombyx larvae with varying efficacies. Results from this study suggest that larvae of B. mori can be used as infection models for screening therapeutics that are effective against N. circulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ismail Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat U A Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al Numan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahtab Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Aftab Uddin
- Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Muktadir S Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Wang Q, Sun Z, Ma S, Liu X, Xia H, Chen K. Molecular mechanism and potential application of bacterial infection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104381. [PMID: 35245606 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a representative species of Lepidoptera, Bombyx mori has been widely studied and applied. However, bacterial infection has always been an important pathogen threatening the growth of silkworms. Bombyx mori can resist various pathogenic bacteria through their own physical barrier and innate immune system. However, compared with other insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster, research on the antibacterial mechanism of silkworms is still in its infancy. This review systematically summarized the routes of bacterial infection in silkworms, the antibacterial mechanism of silkworms after ingestion or wounding infection, and the intestinal bacteria and infection of silkworms. Finally, we will discuss silkworms as a model animal for studying bacterial infectious diseases and screening antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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