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Dorfer S, Ressler JM, Riebenbauer K, Kancz S, Purkhauser K, Bachmayr V, Cataisson C, Kirnbauer R, Petzelbauer P, Wiesmueller M, Egg M, Hoeller C, Handisurya A. BRAF Inhibition and UVB Light Synergistically Promote Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3133. [PMID: 39335105 PMCID: PMC11440113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of keratinocytic skin tumors, presumably attributable to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway, represents a relevant side effect of targeted therapies with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis). The role of cutaneous papillomavirus infection in BRAFi-associated skin carcinogenesis, however, is still inconclusive. Employing the Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) skin infection model, the impact of BRAFis and UVB exposure on papillomavirus induced skin tumorigenesis was investigated in immunocompetent FVB/NCrl mice. Systemic BRAF inhibition in combination with UVB light induced skin tumors in 62% of the MmuPV1-infected animals. In contrast, significantly fewer tumors were observed in the absence of either BRAF inhibition, UVB irradiation or virus infection, as demonstrated by lesional outgrowth in 20%, 5% and 0% of the mice, respectively. Combinatory exposure to BRAFis and UVB favored productive viral infection, which was shown by high numbers of MmuPV1 genome copies and E1^E4 spliced transcripts and an abundance of E6/E7 oncogene mRNA and viral capsid proteins. BRAF inhibition, but not viral infection or UVB light, activated ERK1/2, whereas γH2AX expression, inducible by UVB light, remained unaltered by BRAFis. These results provide experimental evidence that BRAF inhibition and UVB irradiation synergistically promote MmuPV1-induced skin tumor development in vivo. This indicates an alternative pathway by which papillomavirus skin infection may contribute to BRAFi-associated skin tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Dorfer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Julia Maria Ressler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Katharina Riebenbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Stefanie Kancz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Kim Purkhauser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Victoria Bachmayr
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Markus Wiesmueller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Maximilian Egg
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Alessandra Handisurya
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.D.); (J.M.R.); (K.P.); (V.B.); (R.K.); (P.P.); (M.W.); (M.E.); (C.H.)
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Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. Transit Amplifying Cells (TACs): a still not fully understood cell population. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1189225. [PMID: 37229487 PMCID: PMC10203484 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1189225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration after an insult are essential functions of adult stem cells (SCs). In adult tissues, SCs proliferate at a very slow rate within "stem cell niches", but, during tissue development and regeneration, before giving rise to differentiated cells, they give rise to multipotent and highly proliferative cells, known as transit-amplifying cells (TACs). Although differences exist in diverse tissues, TACs are not only a transitory phase from SCs to post-mitotic cells, but they also actively control proliferation and number of their ancestor SCs and proliferation and differentiation of their progeny toward tissue specific functional cells. Autocrine signals and negative and positive feedback and feedforward paracrine signals play a major role in these controls. In the present review we will consider the generation and the role played by TACs during development and regeneration of lining epithelia characterized by a high turnover including epidermis and hair follicles, ocular epithelial surfaces, and intestinal mucosa. A comparison between these different tissues will be made. There are some genes and molecular pathways whose expression and activation are common to most TACs regardless their tissue of origin. These include, among others, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and BMP pathways. However, the response to these molecular signals can vary in TACs of different tissues. Secondly, we will consider cultured cells derived from tissues of mesodermal origin and widely adopted for cell therapy treatments. These include mesenchymal stem cells and dedifferentiated chondrocytes. The possible correlation between cell dedifferentiation and reversion to a transit amplifying cell stage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Emeritus Professor, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Palazzo E, Marconi A, Pincelli C, Morasso MI. Do DLX3 and CD271 Protect Human Keratinocytes from Squamous Tumor Development? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143541. [PMID: 31331058 PMCID: PMC6678400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-regulated epidermal homeostasis depends on the function of different classes of factors, such as transcription regulators and receptors. Alterations in this homeostatic balance may lead to the development of cutaneous squamous tumorigenesis. The homeobox transcription factor DLX3 is determinant for a p53-dependent regulation of epidermal differentiation and modulates skin carcinogenesis. The maintenance of skin homeostasis also involves the action of neurotrophins (NTs) and their receptors, Trk and CD271. While Trk receptor overexpression is a hallmark of cancer, there are conflicting data on CD271 expression and function in cutaneous SCC (cSCC). Previous studies have reported NT receptors expression in head and neck SSC (HNSCC). We show that CD271 is expressed at low levels in primary cSCC cells and the number of CD271+ cells correlates with cell cohesion in SCC spheroids. In normal epidermis, CD271 is expressed in proliferative progenitor cells and DLX3 in terminally differentiated keratinocytes. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) increase DLX3 expression. In the absence of a functional BDNF receptor TrkB in keratinocytes, we hypothesize that the BDNF-dependent DLX3 response could be mediated via CD271. Altogether, our results support a putative CD271-DLX3 connection in keratinocytes, which might be crucial to preventing squamous skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Palazzo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase H1 PTPH1 Supports Proliferation of Keratinocytes and is a Target of the Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E6 Oncogene. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030244. [PMID: 30875834 PMCID: PMC6468676 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) replicate their DNA in the suprabasal layer of the infected mucosa or skin. In order to create a suitable environment for vegetative viral DNA replication HPV delay differentiation and sustain keratinocyte proliferation that can lead to hyperplasia. The mechanism underlying cell growth stimulation is not well characterized. Here, we show that the E6 oncoprotein of the βHPV type 8 (HPV8), which infects the cutaneous skin and is associated with skin cancer in Epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients and immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients, binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1), which resulted in increased protein expression and phosphatase activity of PTPH1. Suppression of PTPH1 in immortalized keratinocytes reduced cell proliferation as well as the level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Furthermore, we report that HPV8E6 expressing keratinocytes have increased level of active, GTP-bound Ras. This effect was independent of PTPH1. Therefore, HPV8E6-mediated targeting of PTPH1 might result in higher level of EGFR and enhanced keratinocyte proliferation. The HPV8E6-mediated stimulation of Ras may be an additional step to induce cell growth. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism how βHPVE6 proteins support proliferation of infected keratinocytes, thus creating an environment with increased risk of development of skin cancer particularly upon UV-induced DNA mutations.
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