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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Kothapalli NSL, Brenna JT. FADS2 function at the major cancer hotspot 11q13 locus alters fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101242. [PMID: 37597812 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and de novo lipogenesis is a key driver of several cancer types through highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) signaling precursors such as arachidonic acid. The human chromosome 11q13 locus has long been established as the most frequently amplified in a variety of human cancers. The fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3) responsible for HUFA biosynthesis localize to the 11q12-13.1 region. FADS2 activity is promiscuous, catalyzing biosynthesis of several unsaturated fatty acids by Δ6, Δ8, and Δ4 desaturation. Our main aim here is to review known and putative consequences of FADS2 dysregulation due to effects on the 11q13 locus potentially driving various cancer types. FADS2 silencing causes synthesis of sciadonic acid (5Z,11Z,14Z-20:3) in MCF7 cells and breast cancer in vivo. 5Z,11Z,14Z-20:3 is structurally identical to arachidonic acid (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-20:4) except it lacks the internal Δ8 double bond required for prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis, among other eicosanoids. Palmitic acid has substrate specificity for both SCD and FADS2. Melanoma, prostate, liver and lung cancer cells insensitive to SCD inhibition show increased FADS2 activity and sapienic acid biosynthesis. Elevated serum mead acid levels found in hepatocellular carcinoma patients suggest an unsatisfied demand for arachidonic acid. FADS2 circular RNAs are at high levels in colorectal and lung cancer tissues. FADS2 circular RNAs are associated with shorter overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. The evidence thusfar supports an effort for future research on the role of FADS2 as a tumor suppressor in a range of neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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2
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Erdogan MA, Yılmaz OA. Rottlerin and genistein inhibit neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion through EF2K suppression and related protein pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2481-2500. [PMID: 37083712 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors in children younger than 1 year of age, with poor prognosis and survival rates. Therefore, novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies are needed to prolong patient survival. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of rottlerin and genistein separately and in combination on neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y, Kelly). First, the effects of rottlerin and genistein were investigated on cell proliferation. Different rottlerin (1-50 µM) and genistein (5-150 µM) doses were used as experimental groups compared to the control (DMSO/vehicle). The IC50 dose was found to be 5 µM for rottlerin and 30 µM for genistein (P < 0.0001). Other analyses, such as colony formation assays, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, matrigel invasion assays, and Western blot analysis, were performed with these doses and their combinations. To assess statistical significance, statistical analysis was conducted using the one-way ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey test. Our results showed that IC50 doses of rottlerin and genistein induced a significant reduction in cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in neuroblastoma cells (P < 0.0001). The combination of these doses increased the levels of inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion while decreasing the level of apoptosis (P 0.0001). Furthermore, these agents caused G1-cell cycle arrest in these cells. Our western blot data showed that rottlerin and genistein treatments markedly inhibit elongation factor 2 kinase (EF2K) and other pro-tumorigenic, metastatic proteins in neuroblastoma cells. These agents probably showed their anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, and pro-apoptotic effects through EF2K downregulation. Our results suggested that rottlerin and genistein have inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle and induce apoptosis in both cell lines. Combined treatment with rottlerin and genistein may be a viable approach and beneficial to neuroblastoma patients as the combined effect significantly suppresses the above-mentioned pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Alper Erdogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Alkan Yılmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Li Y, Lu Q, Xie C, Yu Y, Zhang A. Recent advances on development of p21-activated kinase 4 inhibitors as anti-tumor agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956220. [PMID: 36105226 PMCID: PMC9465411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a member of the PAKs family. It is overexpressed in multiple tumor tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of PAK4 attenuates proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. Recent studies revealed that inhibition of PAK4 sensitizes immunotherapy which has been extensively exploited as a new strategy to treat cancer. In the past few years, a large number of PAK4 inhibitors have been reported. Of note, the allosteric inhibitor KPT-9274 has been tested in phase Ⅰ clinic trials. Herein, we provide an update on recent research progress on the PAK4 mediated signaling pathway and highlight the development of the PAK4 small molecular inhibitors in recent 5 years. Meanwhile, challenges, limitations, and future developmental directions will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghu Xie
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ao Zhang,
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Rottlerin promotes anti-metastatic events by ameliorating pharmacological parameters of paclitaxel: An in-vivo investigation in the orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110109. [PMID: 35995259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial breakthroughs in cancer research, there is hardly any specific therapy available to date that can alleviate triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Paclitaxel is the first-line chemotherapy option, but its treatment is often associated with early discontinuation of therapy due to the development of resistance and/or precipitation of severe side effects. In the quest to establish a suitable combination therapy with a low dose of paclitaxel, we explored rottlerin (a pure and characterized phytoconstituent from Mallotus philippensis) because of its multifaceted pharmacological actions against cancer. The study was performed to assess the therapeutic effects of rottlerin (5-20 mg/kg) with a low dose of paclitaxel (5 mg/kg) using a highly aggressive mouse mammary carcinoma model. Rottlerin augmented the paclitaxel effect by reducing tumor burden as well as metastatic lung nodules formation. Rottlerin in combination with paclitaxel remarkably altered the expression of vital epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers such as E-cadherin, Snail 1, & Vimentin and thus improved the anti-metastatic efficacy of paclitaxel. Significant attenuation of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) along with amplification of pro-apoptotic (cleaved PARP) marker confers that rottlerin could ameliorate the pro-apoptotic potential of paclitaxel. In this study, a rational combination of rottlerin and paclitaxel treatment curtailed CYP2J2 expression and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels, responsible for restrain tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, rottlerin lessened paclitaxel treatment-mediated hematological alterations and prevented paclitaxel treatment-linked key serum biochemical changes related to organ toxicities. These rottlerin treatment-mediated protective changes are closely associated with the lower paclitaxel accumulation in the corresponding tissues. Rottlerin caused significant pharmacokinetic interaction with paclitaxel to boost the plasma level of paclitaxel in a typical mouse model and possibly helpful towards the use of a low dose of paclitaxel in combination. Overall, it can be stated that rottlerin has significant potential to augment the anti-metastatic efficacy of paclitaxel via impeding EMT activation along with attenuating its treatment-associated toxicological alterations. Hence, rottlerin has significant potential to explore further as a suitable neoadjuvant therapy with paclitaxel against TNBC.
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Yang L, Zhao H, Yin X, Liang H, Zheng Z, Shen Q, Hu W. Exploring cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer through integrated bioinformatics approach and overcoming chemoresistance with sanguinarine. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:923-939. [PMID: 32269724 PMCID: PMC7137043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is refractory in response towards platinum-based chemotherapy, and resistance frequently develops. We attempted to identify the driving pathways in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer and develop targeted therapies to overcome this resistance. Using an integrated bioinformatics approach, a GSE15372 database from NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus database was obtained for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in which 535 DEGs were found (407 up-regulated and 128 down-regulated) in association with ovarian cancer cisplatin-resistance. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses further found that aberrant activation of EGFR/ErbB2 signaling was the driving event in resistant cells. A network of dysregulated genes was built based on these identified DEGs and protein-protein interaction network, which led to the identification of 7 potential inhibitors based on screening a 77 small molecule natural product library. Sanguinarine, alone and in combination with cisplatin, was found to significantly suppress the proliferation of wt/resistant ovarian cancer cells in vitro and the growth of parental and resistant ovarian xenograft tumors in vivo. Our study suggests that EGFR/ErbB2 activation is one of the driving pathways in developing cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer, and that sanguinarine has the potential to be developed as an effective therapy to overcome this therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 Division, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Cancer CenterNanchang 330029, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Genetics & Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wanqin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
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Computational insight into the mechanisms of action and selectivity of Afraxis PAK inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:367-385. [PMID: 32064922 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are involved in many important biological activity regulations. FRAX019, FRAX414, FRAX597, FRAX1036 and G-5555 were identified as PAKs inhibitors. Their detailed inhibitory mechanisms deserve further investigation. Results: Molecular dynamics simulations and further calculations for the PAK1/inhibitor and PAK4/inhibitor complexes indicate that their binding free energies are basically consistent with the trend of experimental activity data. Conclusion: The anchoring of residues Leu347PAK1 and Leu398PAK4 is the structural basis for designing Afraxis PAK inhibitors. This study discloses the inhibitory mechanisms of FRAX019, FRAX414, FRAX597, FRAX1036 and G-5555 toward PAK1 and PAK4 and some clues to enhance kinase activities and selectivities, which will provide valuable information to the development of more potent and selective PAK inhibitors.
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Combined inhibition of Aurora A and p21-activated kinase 1 as a new treatment strategy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:369-382. [PMID: 31254157 PMCID: PMC6661032 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The serine-threonine kinases Aurora A (AURKA) and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) are frequently overexpressed in breast tumors, with overexpression promoting aggressive breast cancer phenotypes and poor clinical outcomes. Besides the well-defined roles of these proteins in control of cell division, proliferation, and invasion, both kinases support MAPK kinase pathway activation and can contribute to endocrine resistance by phosphorylating estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). PAK1 directly phosphorylates AURKA and its functional partners, suggesting potential value of inhibiting both kinases activity in tumors overexpressing PAK1 and/or AURKA. Here, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of combining the AURKA inhibitor alisertib and the PAK inhibitor FRAX1036 in preclinical models of breast cancer. Methods Combination of alisertib and FRAX1036 was evaluated in a panel of 13 human breast tumor cell lines and BT474 xenograft model, with assessment of the cell cycle by FACS, and signaling changes by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Additionally, we performed in silico analysis to identify markers of response to alisertib and FRAX1036. Results Pharmacological inhibition of AURKA and PAK1 synergistically decreased survival of multiple tumor cell lines, showing particular effectiveness in luminal and HER2-enriched models, and inhibited growth and ERα-driven signaling in a BT474 xenograft model. In silico analysis suggested cell lines with dependence on AURKA are most likely to be sensitive to PAK1 inhibition. Conclusion Dual targeting of AURKA and PAK1 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of breast cancer, with a particular effectiveness in luminal and HER2-enriched tumor subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05329-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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P21 activated kinase signaling in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 54:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ma J, Hou Y, Xia J, Zhu X, Wang ZP. Tumor suppressive role of rottlerin in cancer therapy. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3345-3356. [PMID: 30662591 PMCID: PMC6291697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer as a major public health problem is a big trouble to be cured at present in the world. Thus, it is essential to discover better anticancer drugs to treat cancer patients. It has been reported that rottlerin, a natural polyphenolic compound from the mature fruits of Mallotus philippinensis, possesses multiple anti-cancer biological activities. Rottlerin exhibited its antitumor property in a variety of human cancers, suggesting that rottlerin could be a potential agent for treating cancers. In this review we discuss the recent literature regarding the biological functions and tumor suppressive mechanisms of rottlerin in cancers. We hope rottlerin will be further exploited for potential treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaShanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Peter Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, Anhui, China
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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Chow HY, Dong B, Valencia CA, Zeng CT, Koch JN, Prudnikova TY, Chernoff J. Group I Paks are essential for epithelial- mesenchymal transition in an Apc-driven model of colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3473. [PMID: 30150766 PMCID: PMC6110733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (Paks) play an important role in oncogenic signaling pathways and have been considered as potential therapeutic targets in various cancers. Most studies of Pak function employ gene knock-out or knock-down methods, but these approaches result in loss of both enzymatic and scaffolding properties of these proteins, and thus may not reflect the effects of small molecule inhibitors. Here we use a transgenic mouse model in which a specific peptide inhibitor of Group I Paks is conditionally expressed in response to Cre recombinase. Using this model, we show that inhibition of endogenous Paks impedes the transition of adenoma to carcinoma in an Apc-driven mouse model of colorectal cancer. These effects are mediated by inhibition of Wnt signaling through reduced β-catenin activity as well as suppression of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition program mediated by miR-200 and Snai1. These results highlight the potential therapeutic role of Pak1 inhibitors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chow
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - B Dong
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C A Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - C T Zeng
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J N Koch
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - T Y Prudnikova
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - J Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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Abstract
p21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) has attracted much attention as a potential therapeutic target due to its central role in many oncogenic signaling pathways, its frequent dysregulation in cancers and neurological disorders, and its tractability as a target for small-molecule inhibition. To date, several PAK1-targeting compounds have been developed as preclinical agents, including one that has been evaluated in a clinical trial. A series of ATP-competitive inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors and peptide inhibitors with distinct biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties represent useful laboratory tools for studies on the role of PAK1 in biology and in disease contexts, and could lead to promising therapeutic agents. Given the central role of PAK1 in vital signaling pathways, future clinical development of PAK1 inhibitors will require careful investigation of their safety and efficacy.
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