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Okumuş EB, Böke ÖB, Turhan SŞ, Doğan A. From development to future prospects: The adipose tissue & adipose tissue organoids. Life Sci 2024; 351:122758. [PMID: 38823504 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms store their energy in different forms of fats including lipid droplets, triacylglycerols, and steryl esters. In mammals and some non-mammal species, the energy is stored in adipose tissue which is the innervated specialized connective tissue that incorporates a variety of cell types such as macrophages, fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells, adipocytes, blood cells, and several kinds of immune cells. Adipose tissue is so complex that the scope of its function is not only limited to energy storage, it also encompasses to thermogenesis, mechanical support, and immune defense. Since defects and complications in adipose tissue are heavily related to certain chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and cholesterol metabolism defects, it is important to further study adipose tissue to enlighten further mechanisms behind those diseases to develop possible therapeutic approaches. Adipose organoids are accepted as very promising tools for studying fat tissue development and its underlying molecular mechanisms, due to their high recapitulation of the adipose tissue in vitro. These organoids can be either derived using stromal vascular fractions or pluripotent stem cells. Due to their great vascularization capacity and previously reported incontrovertible regulatory role in insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels, adipose organoids hold great potential to become an excellent candidate for the source of stem cell therapy. In this review, adipose tissue types and their corresponding developmental stages and functions, the importance of adipose organoids, and the potential they hold will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Bulut Okumuş
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özüm Begüm Böke
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal Turhan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Luca T, Pezzino S, Puleo S, Castorina S. Lesson on obesity and anatomy of adipose tissue: new models of study in the era of clinical and translational research. J Transl Med 2024; 22:764. [PMID: 39143643 PMCID: PMC11323604 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious global illness that is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome. Adipocytes are the typical cells of adipose organ, which is composed of at least two different tissues, white and brown adipose tissue. They functionally cooperate, interconverting each other under physiological conditions, but differ in their anatomy, physiology, and endocrine functions. Different cellular models have been proposed to study adipose tissue in vitro. They are also useful for elucidating the mechanisms that are responsible for a pathological condition, such as obesity, and for testing therapeutic strategies. Each cell model has its own characteristics, culture conditions, advantages and disadvantages. The choice of one model rather than another depends on the specific study the researcher is conducting. In recent decades, three-dimensional cultures, such as adipose spheroids, have become very attractive because they more closely resemble the phenotype of freshly isolated cells. The use of such models has developed in parallel with the evolution of translational research, an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field, which aims to learn a scientific translational approach to improve human health and longevity. The focus of the present review is on the growing body of data linking the use of new cell models and the spread of translational research. Also, we discuss the possibility, for the future, to employ new three-dimensional adipose tissue cell models to promote the transition from benchside to bedsite and vice versa, allowing translational research to become routine, with the final goal of obtaining clinical benefits in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Luca
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87, Catania, 95123, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Puleo
- Mediterranean Foundation "GB Morgagni", Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Mediterranean Foundation "GB Morgagni", Catania, Italy
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3
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Son TG, Seo Y, Kim WT, Kim M, Choi SJ, Choi SH, Sung BJ, Min JS, Han EC, Kim HS. Characterization of 3D Organotypic Culture of Mouse Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3931. [PMID: 38612741 PMCID: PMC11011465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although stem cells are a promising avenue for harnessing the potential of adipose tissue, conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture methods have limitations. This study explored the use of three-dimensional (3D) cultures to preserve the regenerative potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and investigated their cellular properties. Flow cytometric analysis revealed significant variations in surface marker expressions between the two culture conditions. While 2D cultures showed robust surface marker expressions, 3D cultures exhibited reduced levels of CD44, CD90.2, and CD105. Adipogenic differentiation in 3D organotypic ADSCs faced challenges, with decreased organoid size and limited activation of adipogenesis-related genes. Key adipocyte markers, such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipoQ, were undetectable in 3D-cultured ADSCs, unlike positive controls in 2D-cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Surprisingly, 3D-cultured ADSCs underwent mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), evidenced by increased E-cadherin and EpCAM expression and decreased mesenchymal markers. This study highlights successful ADSC organoid formation, notable MSC phenotype changes in 3D culture, adipogenic differentiation challenges, and a distinctive shift toward an epithelial-like state. These findings offer insights into the potential applications of 3D-cultured ADSCs in regenerative medicine, emphasizing the need for further exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gen Son
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Yoojin Seo
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Won-Tae Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Meesun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Seon Jeong Choi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Si Ho Choi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Byung-Jun Sung
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (W.-T.K.); (M.K.); (S.J.C.); (S.H.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Jae-Seok Min
- Department of Surgery, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.M.); (E.C.H.)
| | - Eon Chul Han
- Department of Surgery, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.M.); (E.C.H.)
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
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Liu X, Yang J, Yan Y, Li Q, Huang RL. Unleashing the potential of adipose organoids: A revolutionary approach to combat obesity-related metabolic diseases. Theranostics 2024; 14:2075-2098. [PMID: 38505622 PMCID: PMC10945346 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases pose a significant threat to health. However, comprehensive pathogenesis exploration and effective therapy development are impeded by the limited availability of human models. Notably, advances in organoid technology enable the generation of adipose organoids that recapitulate structures and functions of native human adipose tissues to investigate mechanisms and develop corresponding treatments for obesity-related metabolic diseases. Here, we review the general principles, sources, and three-dimensional techniques for engineering adipose organoids, along with strategies to promote maturation. We also outline the application of white adipose organoids, primarily for disease modeling and drug screening, and highlight the therapeutic potential of thermogenic beige and brown adipose organoids in promoting weight loss and glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. We also discuss the challenges and prospects in the establishment and bench-to-bedside of adipose organoids, as well as their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingran Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai, China
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Chen P, Wang Y, Chen F, Zhou B. Epigenetics in obesity: Mechanisms and advances in therapies based on natural products. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1171. [PMID: 38293783 PMCID: PMC10828914 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality because it has a close relationship to metabolic illnesses, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some types of cancer. With no drugs available, the mainstay of obesity management remains lifestyle changes with exercise and dietary modifications. In light of the tremendous disease burden and unmet therapeutics, fresh perspectives on pathophysiology and drug discovery are needed. The development of epigenetics provides a compelling justification for how environmental, lifestyle, and other risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. Furthermore, epigenetic dysregulations can be restored, and it has been reported that certain natural products obtained from plants, such as tea polyphenols, ellagic acid, urolithins, curcumin, genistein, isothiocyanates, and citrus isoflavonoids, were shown to inhibit weight gain. These substances have great antioxidant potential and are of great interest because they can also modify epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, understanding epigenetic modifications to target the primary cause of obesity and the epigenetic mechanisms of anti-obesity effects with certain phytochemicals can prove rational strategies to prevent the disease and develop novel therapeutic interventions. Thus, the current review aimed to summarize the epigenetic mechanisms and advances in therapies for obesity based on natural products to provide evidence for the development of several potential anti-obesity drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of PharmacyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiP.R. China
| | - Yulai Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huangshi Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic UniversityHuangshiHubeiP.R. China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanHubeiP.R. China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of PharmacyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiP.R. China
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Dumbell R, Cox RD. The genetics of adipose tissue metabolism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231478. [PMID: 38328570 PMCID: PMC10846938 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dumbell
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus Oxfordshire, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
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Zuo Q, Xu Q, Li Z, Luo D, Peng H, Duan Z. TRIM3 inhibits colorectal cancer cell migration and lipid droplet formation by promoting FABP4 degradation. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:239-250. [PMID: 37212515 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the regulation of TRIM3/FABP4 on colorectal cancer (CRC) cell migration and lipid metabolism. After transfection of HCT116, LoVo, or SW480 cells, the expression of FABP4, TRIM3, N-cadherin, Vimentin, E-cadherin, and lipid droplet (LD) formation-related genes was measured by qRT-PCR or western blot assays. Wound healing and Transwell assays were applied to detect CRC cell migration and invasion abilities. The levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were measured and the formation of LDs was observed. Additionally, the relationship between FABP4 and TRIM3 was confirmed by Co-IP and ubiquitination assays. Furthermore, a liver metastasis model of CRC was established to explore the effect of FABP4 on CRC tumor metastasis in vivo. FABP4 was upregulated in CRC cells. Downregulation of FABP4 or upregulation of TRIM3 resulted in repressed cell migration and invasion, decreased TG and TC levels, and reduced numbers of LDs. In nude mice, knockdown of FABP4 reduced metastatic nodules in the liver. Mechanistically, TRIM3 combined FABP4 and decreased its protein expression by ubiquitination. Overexpressed FABP4 reversed the influence of TRIM3 upregulation on CRC cell migration and LD formation. In conclusion, underexpressed TRIM3 suppressed FABP4 ubiquitination and accelerated CRC cell migration and LD formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zuo
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qimei Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dixian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hanwu Peng
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
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Khatun M, Lundin K, Naillat F, Loog L, Saarela U, Tuuri T, Salumets A, Piltonen TT, Tapanainen JS. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Possible Approach for Exploring the Pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:67-87. [PMID: 37768523 PMCID: PMC10799779 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine condition among women with pleiotropic sequelae possessing reproductive, metabolic, and psychological characteristics. Although the exact origin of PCOS is elusive, it is known to be a complex multigenic disorder with a genetic, epigenetic, and environmental background. However, the pathogenesis of PCOS, and the role of genetic variants in increasing the risk of the condition, are still unknown due to the lack of an appropriate study model. Since the debut of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, the ability of reprogrammed somatic cells to self-renew and their potential for multidirectional differentiation have made them excellent tools to study different disease mechanisms. Recently, researchers have succeeded in establishing human in vitro PCOS disease models utilizing iPSC lines from heterogeneous PCOS patient groups (iPSCPCOS). The current review sets out to summarize, for the first time, our current knowledge of the implications and challenges of iPSC technology in comprehending PCOS pathogenesis and tissue-specific disease mechanisms. Additionally, we suggest that the analysis of polygenic risk prediction based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) could, theoretically, be utilized when creating iPSC lines as an additional research tool to identify women who are genetically susceptible to PCOS. Taken together, iPSCPCOS may provide a new paradigm for the exploration of PCOS tissue-specific disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Khatun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland.
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Florence Naillat
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Liisa Loog
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ulla Saarela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Andres Salumets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50406, Estonia
- Competence Centre of Health Technologies, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HFR - Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg and University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Côrtes I, Alves G, Claudio-Da-Silva C, Baptista LS. Mimicking lipolytic, adipogenic, and secretory capacities of human subcutaneous adipose tissue by spheroids from distinct subpopulations of adipose stromal/stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1219218. [PMID: 37842092 PMCID: PMC10570415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1219218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adipose tissue engineering may provide 3D models for the understanding of diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes. Recently, distinct adipose stem/stromal cell (ASC) subpopulations were identified from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT): superficial (sSAT), deep (dSAT), and the superficial retinacula cutis (sRC). This study aimed to test these subpopulations ASCs in 3D spheroid culture induced for adipogenesis under a pro-inflammatory stimulus with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: The samples of abdominal human subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained during plastic aesthetic surgery (Protocol 145/09). Results: ASC spheroids showed high response to adipogenic induction in sSAT. All ASC spheroids increased their capacity to lipolysis under LPS. However, spheroids from dSAT were higher than from sSAT (p = 0.0045) and sRC (p = 0.0005). Newly formed spheroids and spheroids under LPS stimulus from sSAT showed the highest levels of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) mRNA expression compared with dSAT and sRC (p < 0.0001). ASC spheroids from sRC showed the highest synthesis of angiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared with dSAT (p < 0.0228). Under LPS stimulus, ASC spheroids from sRC showed the highest synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 compared with dSAT (p < 0.0092). Conclusion: Distinct physiological properties of SAT can be recapitulated in ASC spheroids. In summary, the ASC spheroid from dSAT showed the greatest lipolytic capacity, from sSAT the greatest adipogenic induction, and sRC showed greater secretory capacity when compared to the dSAT. Together, all these capacities form a true mimicry of SAT and hold the potential to contribute for a deeper understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms in healthy and unhealthy adipose tissue scenarios or in response to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Côrtes
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cesar Claudio-Da-Silva
- Plastic Surgery Service, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandra Santos Baptista
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Baptista LS, Silva KR, Jobeili L, Guillot L, Sigaudo-Roussel D. Unraveling White Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity and Obesity by Adipose Stem/Stromal Cell Biology and 3D Culture Models. Cells 2023; 12:1583. [PMID: 37371053 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and endocrine dysfunctions of white adipose tissue are a hallmark of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In humans, white adipose tissue comprises distinct depots broadly distributed under the skin (hypodermis) and as internal depots (visceral). Depot-specific ASCs could account for visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue properties, by regulating adipogenesis and immunomodulation. More importantly, visceral and subcutaneous depots account for distinct contributions to obesity and its metabolic comorbidities. Recently, distinct ASCs subpopulations were also described in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Interestingly, the superficial layer closer to the dermis shows hyperplastic and angiogenic capacities, whereas the deep layer is considered as having inflammatory properties similar to visceral. The aim of this focus review is to bring the light of recent discoveries into white adipose tissue heterogeneity together with the biology of distinct ASCs subpopulations and to explore adipose tissue 3D models revealing their advantages, disadvantages, and contributions to elucidate the role of ASCs in obesity development. Recent advances in adipose tissue organoids opened an avenue of possibilities to recreate the main cellular and molecular events of obesity leading to a deep understanding of this inflammatory disease besides contributing to drug discovery. Furthermore, 3D organ-on-a-chip will add reproducibility to these adipose tissue models contributing to their translation to the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra S Baptista
- Numpex-bio, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 25240005, Brazil
| | - Karina R Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550900, Brazil
- Teaching and Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro 20940070, Brazil
| | - Lara Jobeili
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Lucile Guillot
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, 69367 Lyon, France
- Urgo Research Innovation and Development, 21300 Chenôve, France
| | - Dominique Sigaudo-Roussel
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, 69367 Lyon, France
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Vaittinen M, Ilha M, Herbers E, Wagner A, Virtanen KA, Pietiläinen KH, Pirinen E, Pihlajamäki J. Liraglutide demonstrates a therapeutic effect on mitochondrial dysfunction in human SGBS adipocytes in vitro. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 199:110635. [PMID: 36958431 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liraglutide (LG), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been shown to improve white adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolism in mice but not in human adipocytes. Therefore, we explored whether LG has therapeutic efficacy in mitochondrial dysfunction in human adipocytes in vitro. METHODS We tested the effects of short-term (ST-LG: 24 h) and long-term (LT-LG: D0-15 days) treatments in human SGBS adipocytes on mitochondrial respiration, mRNA and protein expression. GLP-1R inhibition was investigated by the co-treatment of GLP-1R inhibitor, exendin 9-39 (Ex9-39) and ST-LG treatment. We also explored the ability of ST-LG to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). RESULTS LT-LG treatment induced the formation of smaller lipid droplets and increased the expression of genes related to lipolysis. Both ST-LG and LT-LG treatments promoted mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, LT-LG treatment increased the expression of a brown adipocyte marker, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), and the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, ST-LG rescued TNFα-induced defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism and inflammation in SGBS adipocytes. CONCLUSION LG stimulates mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis in human adipocytes, potentially via UCP-1-mediated adipocyte browning. Importantly, our study demonstrates for the first time that LG has a therapeutic potential on mitochondrial activity in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Vaittinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mariana Ilha
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elena Herbers
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Wagner
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Pirinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Alternative Methods as Tools for Obesity Research: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010108. [PMID: 36676057 PMCID: PMC9860640 DOI: 10.3390/life13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of adipogenesis is essential for understanding and treating obesity, a multifactorial problem related to body fat accumulation that leads to several life-threatening diseases, becoming one of the most critical public health problems worldwide. In this review, we propose to provide the highlights of the adipogenesis study based on in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We list in silico methods, such as molecular docking for identification of molecular targets, and in vitro approaches, from 2D, more straightforward and applied for screening large libraries of substances, to more representative physiological models, such as 3D and bioprinting models. We also describe the development of physiological models based on microfluidic systems applied to investigate adipogenesis in vitro. We intend to identify the main alternative models for adipogenesis evaluation, contributing to the direction of preclinical research in obesity. Future directions indicate the association of in silico and in vitro techniques to bring a clear picture of alternative methods based on adipogenesis as a tool for obesity research.
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Baganha F, Schipper R, Hagberg CE. Towards better models for studying human adipocytes in vitro. Adipocyte 2022; 11:413-419. [PMID: 35894386 PMCID: PMC9331194 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With obesity and its comorbidities continuing to rise, we urgently need to improve our understanding of what mechanisms trigger the white adipose tissue to become dysfunctional in response to over-feeding. The recent invent of 3D culturing models has produced several noteworthy protocols for differentiating unilocular adipocytes in vitro, promising to revolutionize the obesity research field by providing more representative adipose tissue models for such mechanistic studies. In parallel, these 3D models provide important insights to how profoundly the microenvironment influences adipocyte differentiation and morphology. This commentary highlights some of the most recent 3D models, including human unilocular vascularized adipocyte spheroids (HUVASs), developed by our lab. We discuss recent developments in the field, provide further insights to the importance of the microvasculature for adipocyte maturation, and summarize what challenges remain to be solved before we can achieve a culture model that fully recapitulates all aspects of human white adipocyte biology in vitro. Taken together, the commentary highlights important recent advances regarding 3D adipocyte culturing and underlines the many advantages these models provide over traditional 2D cultures, with the aim of convincing more laboratories to switch to 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Baganha
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruby Schipper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina E Hagberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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