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Luo Y, Lu J, Lei Z, Zhu H, Rao D, Wang T, Fu C, Zhang Z, Xia L, Huang W. Lysine methylation modifications in tumor immunomodulation and immunotherapy: regulatory mechanisms and perspectives. Biomark Res 2024; 12:74. [PMID: 39080807 PMCID: PMC11289998 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation is a crucial post-translational modification (PTM) that significantly impacts gene expression regulation. This modification not only influences cancer development directly but also has significant implications for the immune system. Lysine methylation modulates immune cell functions and shapes the anti-tumor immune response, highlighting its dual role in both tumor progression and immune regulation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intrinsic role of lysine methylation in the activation and function of immune cells, detailing how these modifications affect cellular processes and signaling pathways. We delve into the mechanisms by which lysine methylation contributes to tumor immune evasion, allowing cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and thrive. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting lysine methylation in cancer immunotherapy. Emerging strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, are being explored for their efficacy in modulating lysine methylation to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. By targeting these modifications, we can potentially improve the effectiveness of existing treatments and develop novel therapeutic approaches to combat cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Luo
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Junli Lu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - He Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dean Rao
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chenan Fu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Entezari M, Taheriazam A, Paskeh MDA, Sabouni E, Zandieh MA, Aboutalebi M, Kakavand A, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Saebfar H, Salimimoghadam S, Mirzaei S, Hashemi M, Samarghandian S. The pharmacological and biological importance of EZH2 signaling in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114313. [PMID: 36738498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 18% of cancer-related deaths worldwide are attributed to lung tumor and global burden of this type of cancer is ascending. Different factors are responsible for development of lung cancer such as smoking, environmental factors and genetic mutations. EZH2 is a vital protein with catalytic activity and belongs to PCR2 family. EZH2 has been implicated in regulating gene expression by binding to promoter of targets. The importance of EZH2 in lung cancer is discussed in current manuscript. Activation of EZH2 significantly elevates the proliferation rate of lung cancer. Furthermore, metastasis and associated molecular mechanisms including EMT undergo activation by EZH2 in enhancing the lung cancer progression. The response of lung cancer to therapy can be significantly diminished due to EZH2 upregulation. Since EZH2 increases tumor progression, anti-cancer agents suppressing its expression reduce malignancy. In spite of significant effort in understanding modulatory function of EZH2 on other pathways, it appears that EZH2 can be also regulated and controlled by other factors that are described in current review. Therefore, translating current findings to clinic can improve treatment and management of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Sabouni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aboutalebi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Kakavand
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamin Rezaei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sadat Hejazi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saebfar
- European University Association, League of European Research Universities, university of milan, Italy
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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3
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Tian Y, Zhang M, Fan M, Xu H, Wu S, Zou S, Wang Y, Tang D, Zhang C, Han W, Yu H, Fu X, Huang W. A miRNA-mediated attenuation of hepatocarcinogenesis in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 30:1-12. [PMID: 36158629 PMCID: PMC9471972 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate a variety of physiological and pathological functions. miR-26a is one of the many miRNAs that have been identified as regulators of cancer development and as potential anticancer drug targets. However, the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which miR-26a attenuates hepatocarcinogenesis are still elusive. Here, we interrogated mouse models with miR-26a cell-specific overexpression in either hepatocytes or myeloid cells to show that miR-26a strongly attenuated the chemical-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-26a overexpression broadly inhibited the inflammatory response in both hepatocytes and macrophages by decreasing several key oncogenic signaling pathways in HCC promotion. These findings thus reveal new insights into a concerted role of miR-26a in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to suppress hepatocarcinogenesis, thereby highlighting the potential use of miR-26a mimetics as potential approaches for the prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mingjie Fan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Haixia Xu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Shunquan Wu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sailan Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Dongmei Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Immuno-oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Immuno-oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Corresponding author Xianghui Fu, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Corresponding author Wendong Huang, PhD, Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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4
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Yang Y, Liu K, Liu M, Zhang H, Guo M. EZH2: Its regulation and roles in immune disturbance of SLE. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002741. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is related to immune homeostasis imbalance. Epigenetic mechanisms have played a significant role in breaking immune tolerance. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the specific methylation transferase of lysine at position 27 of histone 3, is currently found to participate in the pathogenesis of SLE through affecting multiple components of the immune system. This review mainly expounds the mechanisms underlying EZH2-mediated disruption of immune homeostasis in SLE patients, hoping to provide new ideas in the pathogenesis of SLE and new targets for future treatment.
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Long H, Jia Q, Wang L, Fang W, Wang Z, Jiang T, Zhou F, Jin Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Hu C, Wang X, Zhang J, Ba Y, Gong Y, Zeng X, Zeng D, Su X, Alexander PB, Wang L, Wang L, Wan YY, Wang XF, Zhang L, Li QJ, Zhu B. Tumor-induced erythroid precursor-differentiated myeloid cells mediate immunosuppression and curtail anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment efficacy. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:674-693.e7. [PMID: 35594863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the unprecedented success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as anti-cancer therapy, it remains a prevailing clinical need to identify additional mechanisms underlying ICI therapeutic efficacy and potential drug resistance. Here, using lineage tracking in cancer patients and tumor-bearing mice, we demonstrate that erythroid progenitor cells lose their developmental potential and switch to the myeloid lineage. Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal that, notwithstanding quantitative differences in erythroid gene expression, erythroid differentiated myeloid cells (EDMCs) are transcriptionally indistinguishable from their myeloid-originated counterparts. EDMCs possess multifaceted machinery to curtail T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Consequently, EDMC content within tumor tissues is negatively associated with T cell inflammation for the majority of solid cancers; moreover, EDMC enrichment, in accordance with anemia manifestation, is predictive of poor prognosis in various cohorts of patients undergoing ICI therapy. Together, our findings reveal a feedforward mechanism by which tumors exploit anemia-triggered erythropoiesis for myeloid transdifferentiation and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital & Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital & Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Research Institute, GloriousMed Clinical Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiani Huang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Ba
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Gong
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianghua Zeng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Su
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China.
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Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Hushmandi K, Hashemi F, Zabolian A, Canadas I, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Crea F, Wang Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP. The long and short non-coding RNAs modulating EZH2 signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35236381 PMCID: PMC8892735 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a large family of RNA molecules with no capability in encoding proteins. However, they participate in developmental and biological processes and their abnormal expression affects cancer progression. These RNA molecules can function as upstream mediators of different signaling pathways and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is among them. Briefly, EZH2 belongs to PRCs family and can exert functional roles in cells due to its methyltransferase activity. EZH2 affects gene expression via inducing H3K27me3. In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic discussion of ncRNAs role in regulating EZH2 expression in different cancers. MiRNAs can dually induce/inhibit EZH2 in cancer cells to affect downstream targets such as Wnt, STAT3 and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs can regulate therapy response of cancer cells via affecting EZH2 signaling. It is noteworthy that EZH2 can reduce miRNA expression by binding to promoter and exerting its methyltransferase activity. Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) are synthetic, short ncRNAs capable of reducing EZH2 expression and suppressing cancer progression. LncRNAs mainly regulate EZH2 expression via targeting miRNAs. Furthermore, lncRNAs induce EZH2 by modulating miRNA expression. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs), like lncRNAs, affect EZH2 expression via targeting miRNAs. These areas are discussed in the present review with a focus on molecular pathways leading to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 1417466191, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Israel Canadas
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Sun S, Yu F, Xu D, Zheng H, Li M. EZH2, a prominent orchestrator of genetic and epigenetic regulation of solid tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188700. [PMID: 35217116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is regarded as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. The histone methyltransferase, Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of numerous solid tumors. However, the underlying mechanism of EZH2 in cancer immunotherapeutic resistance remains unknown. EZH2 orchestrates the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Profound epigenetic and transcriptomic changes induced by EZH2 in tumor cells and immune cells mobilize the elements of the TME, leading to immune-suppressive activity of solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the dynamic functions of EZH2 on the different components of the TME, including tumor cells, T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. Several ongoing anti-tumor clinical trials using EZH2 inhibitors have also been included as translational perspectives. In conclusion, based combinational therapy to enable ICB could offer a survival benefit in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America; Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Feng Yu
- Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America; Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America.
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Shao FF, Chen BJ, Wu GQ. The functions of EZH2 in immune cells: Principles for novel immunotherapies. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:77-87. [PMID: 33040370 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru0520-311r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is aberrantly expressed or mutated in multiple types of cancer cells and plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis and development in most cancers. Results from pilot clinical studies have implied that EZH2 inhibitors have therapeutic potential against some cancers. However, the exact mechanisms by which EZH2 plays oncogenic roles and EZH2 inhibition exerts anticancer effects are incompletely understood. To date, the findings of studies focusing on EZH2 and cancer cells have failed to fully explain the observations in preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, recent studies about the roles of EZH2 in cancers have shifted from cancer cells to immune cells. The human immune system is a complex network comprising multiple subpopulations of immune cells. Immune cells communicate and interact with cancer cells during cancer development and treatment, dictating the fate of cancer cells. Elucidating the roles of EZH2 in immune cells, especially in cancer patients, promises the identification of novel immunotherapeutic strategies or priming of existing immunotherapies against cancer. Hence, we reviewed the studies focusing on the involvement of EZH2 in various immune cells, aiming to provide ideas for immunotherapies targeting EZH2 in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fei Shao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Jin Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Stairiker CJ, Thomas GD, Salek-Ardakani S. EZH2 as a Regulator of CD8+ T Cell Fate and Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593203. [PMID: 33117406 PMCID: PMC7574680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates di- and trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 effectively precluding successful gene transcription at these loci. This class of epigenetic modifications facilitates the maintenance of tissue-specific cellular transcriptional programs as cells undergoing successive rounds of proliferation. CD8+ T cells are effective mediators of adaptive immunity and function to eliminate virus- and bacteria-infected cells as well as tumor cells. Upon recognition of cognate antigen, T cells undergo activation/proliferation to clear the target cells. The heterogeneous population of responding T cells formed during these proliferative events thus rely on epigenetic modifications to ensure identity and confer functional capabilities. In this review, we will focus on the role of the dynamic expression EZH2 in shaping the epigenetic landscape of CD8+ T cell fate and function, with a particular emphasis on infection and cancer. We also explore competing hypotheses pertaining to EZH2 function and the prospects of clinical EZH2 inhibitors in fine-tuning T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stairiker
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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10
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The complex role of EZH2 in the tumor microenvironment: opportunities and challenges for immunotherapy combinations. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1415-1430. [PMID: 32723083 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment occurs through epigenetic changes in both tumor cells and immune cells that alter transcriptional programs driving cell fate and cell function. Oncogenic activation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 mediates gene expression changes, governing tumor immunogenicity as well as differentiation, survival and activation states of immune lineages. Emerging preclinical studies have highlighted the potential for EZH2 inhibitors to reverse epigenetic immune suppression in tumors and combine with immune checkpoint therapies. However, EZH2 activity is essential for the development of lymphoid cells, performing critical immune effector functions within tumors. In this review, we highlight the complexity of EZH2 function in immune regulation which may impact the implementation of combination with immunotherapy agents in clinic.
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Wang X, Brea LT, Yu J. Immune modulatory functions of EZH2 in the tumor microenvironment: implications in cancer immunotherapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:85-91. [PMID: 31139703 PMCID: PMC6526357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group protein EZH2, a histone methyltransferase, is the enzymatic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that catalyzes histone H3 lysine 27 methylation. They are epigenetic modifiers that mediate gene repression, or epigenetic silencing. EZH2 controls developmental regulators in embryonic stem cells and is essential for cell fate determination and transition. In the last two decades, EZH2 was reported upregulated in a variety of solid tumors, including prostate cancer, and mutated in multiple hematological malignancies, such as lymphoma. EZH2 represses the expression of a plethora of tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells, thereby promoting cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cell invasion and driving cancer progression. Recently, evidence is emerging indicating important roles of EZH2 in immune cells. Here, we review EZH2 regulation of various immune cell types, the tumor microenvironment, immune responses, and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Lourdes T Brea
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
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12
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Good RJ, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Allawzi A, Maltzahn JK, Vohwinkel CU, Upadhyay AK, Kompella UB, Birukov KG, Carpenter TC, Sucharov CC, Nozik-Grayck E. MicroRNA dysregulation in lung injury: the role of the miR-26a/EphA2 axis in regulation of endothelial permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L584-L594. [PMID: 30024304 PMCID: PMC6230876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00073.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression in many diseases, although the contribution of miRNAs to the pathophysiology of lung injury remains obscure. We hypothesized that dysregulation of miRNA expression drives the changes in key genes implicated in the development of lung injury. To test our hypothesis, we utilized a model of lung injury induced early after administration of intratracheal bleomycin (0.1 U). Wild-type mice were treated with bleomycin or PBS, and lungs were collected at 4 or 7 days. A profile of lung miRNA was determined by miRNA array and confirmed by quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. Lung miR-26a was significantly decreased 7 days after bleomycin injury, and, on the basis of enrichment of predicted gene targets, it was identified as a putative regulator of cell adhesion, including the gene targets EphA2, KDR, and ROCK1, important in altered barrier function. Lung EphA2 mRNA, and protein increased in the bleomycin-injured lung. We further explored the miR-26a/EphA2 axis in vitro using human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L). Cells were transfected with miR-26a mimic and inhibitor, and expression of gene targets and permeability was measured. miR-26a regulated expression of EphA2 but not KDR or ROCK1. Additionally, miR-26a inhibition increased HMVEC-L permeability, and the disrupted barrier integrity due to miR-26a was blocked by EphA2 knockdown, shown by VE-cadherin staining. Our data suggest that miR-26a is an important epigenetic regulator of EphA2 expression in the pulmonary endothelium. As such, miR-26a may represent a novel therapeutic target in lung injury by mitigating EphA2-mediated changes in permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Good
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ayed Allawzi
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joanne K. Maltzahn
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christine U. Vohwinkel
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Arun K. Upadhyay
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- 5Department of Anesthesiology and Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd C. Carpenter
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carmen C. Sucharov
- 3Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- 1Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado,2Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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13
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Gan L, Yang Y, Li Q, Feng Y, Liu T, Guo W. Epigenetic regulation of cancer progression by EZH2: from biological insights to therapeutic potential. Biomark Res 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 29556394 PMCID: PMC5845366 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase and a catalytic component of PRC2, catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27 (H3K27me3) to regulate gene expression through epigenetic machinery. EZH2 also functions both as a transcriptional suppressor and a transcriptional co-activator, depending on H3K27me3 or not and on the different cellular contexts. Unsurprisingly, numerous studies have highlighted the role of EZH2 in cancer development and progression. Through modulating critical gene expression, EZH2 promotes cell survival, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal, invasion, and drug resistance of cancer cells. The tumor suppressive effects of EZH2 are also identified. What is more, EZH2 has decisive roles in immune cells (for example, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells and macrophages), which are essential components in tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular functions of EZH2, highlight recent findings regarding the physiological functions and related regulation of EZH2 in cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, we summarized and updated the emerging roles of EZH2 in tumor immunity, and current pre-clinical and clinical trials of EZH2 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanan Yang
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qian Li
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yi Feng
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weijian Guo
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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15
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De Rosa V, Di Rella F, Di Giacomo A, Matarese G. Regulatory T cells as suppressors of anti-tumor immunity: Role of metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:15-25. [PMID: 28442214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel concepts in immunometabolism support the hypothesis that glucose consumption is also used to modulate anti-tumor immune responses, favoring growth and expansion of specific cellular subsets defined in the past as suppressor T cells and currently reborn as regulatory T (Treg) cells. During the 1920s, Otto Warburg and colleagues observed that tumors consumed high amounts of glucose compared to normal tissues, even in the presence of oxygen and completely functioning mitochondria. However, the role of the Warburg Effect is still not completely understood, particularly in the context of an ongoing anti-tumor immune response. Current experimental evidence suggests that tumor-derived metabolic restrictions can drive T cell hyporesponsiveness and immune tolerance. For example, several glycolytic enzymes, deregulated in cancer, contribute to tumor progression independently from their canonical metabolic activity. Indeed, they can control apoptosis, gene expression and activation of specific intracellular pathways, thus suggesting a direct link between metabolic switches and pro-tumorigenic transcriptional programs. Focus of this review is to define the specific metabolic pathways controlling Treg cell immunobiology in the context of anti-tumor immunity and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Senologia, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Giacomo
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa di Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli "V. Monaldi", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Treg cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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