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Han Y, Tian X, Zhai J, Zhang Z. Clinical application of immunogenic cell death inducers in cancer immunotherapy: turning cold tumors hot. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1363121. [PMID: 38774648 PMCID: PMC11106383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment option in recent years. In immune "hot" tumors, characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy can improve patients' prognosis by activating the function of immune cells. By contrast, immune "cold" tumors are often less sensitive to immunotherapy owing to low immunogenicity of tumor cells, an immune inhibitory tumor microenvironment, and a series of immune-escape mechanisms. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising cellular process to facilitate the transformation of immune "cold" tumors to immune "hot" tumors by eliciting innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of (or exposure to) damage-related molecular patterns. Accumulating evidence suggests that various traditional therapies can induce ICD, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanisms and hallmarks of ICD and introduce some newly discovered and technologically innovative inducers that activate the immune system at the molecular level. Furthermore, we also discuss the clinical applications of combing ICD inducers with cancer immunotherapy. This review will provide valuable insights into the future development of ICD-related combination therapeutics and potential management for "cold" tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenyong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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2
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Medrano RFV, Salles TA, Dariolli R, Antunes F, Feitosa VA, Hunger A, Catani JPP, Mendonça SA, Tamura RE, Lana MG, Rodrigues EG, Strauss BE. Potentiation of combined p19Arf and interferon-beta cancer gene therapy through its association with doxorubicin chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13636. [PMID: 35948616 PMCID: PMC9365852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing safety and efficacy is a major consideration for cancer treatments, especially when combining cancer immunotherapy with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy. Approaches that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) are expected to eliminate cancer cells by direct cell killing as well as activation of an antitumor immune response. We have developed a gene therapy approach based on p19Arf and interferon-β gene transfer that, similar to conventional inducers of ICD, results in the release of DAMPS and immune activation. Here, aiming to potentiate this response, we explore whether association between our approach and treatment with doxorubicin (Dox), a known inducer of ICD, could further potentiate treatment efficacy without inducing cardiotoxicity, a critical side effect of Dox. Using central composite rotational design analysis, we show that cooperation between gene transfer and chemotherapy killed MCA205 and B16F10 cells and permitted the application of reduced viral and drug doses. The treatments also cooperated to induce elevated levels of ICD markers in MCA205, which correlated with improved efficacy of immunotherapy in vivo. Treatment of subcutaneous MCA205 tumors associating gene transfer and low dose (10 mg/kg) chemotherapy resulted in inhibition of tumor progression. Moreover, the reduced dose did not cause cardiotoxicity as compared to the therapeutic dose of Dox (20 mg/kg). The association of p19Arf/interferon-β gene transfer and Dox chemotherapy potentiated antitumor response and minimized cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan F V Medrano
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thiago A Salles
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular/LIM 13, Instituto do Coração, FM-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dariolli
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular/LIM 13, Instituto do Coração, FM-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Valker A Feitosa
- Núcleo de Bionanomanufatura, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (Bionano-IPT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmaceuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Hunger
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.,Cristalia, Biotecnologia Unidade 1, Rodoviária SP 147, Itapira, SP, Brazil
| | - João P P Catani
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.,Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotenchnologie-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Samir A Mendonça
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rodrigo E Tamura
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlous G Lana
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional Em Oncologia/LIM 24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8° Andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.
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3
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Cerqueira OLD, Antunes F, Assis NG, Cardoso EC, Clavijo-Salomón MA, Domingues AC, Tessarollo NG, Strauss BE. Perspectives for Combining Viral Oncolysis With Additional Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777775. [PMID: 35495634 PMCID: PMC9048901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer with steadily increasing incidence worldwide during the last few decades. In addition to its tumor associated antigens (TAAs), melanoma has a high mutation rate compared to other tumors, which promotes the appearance of tumor specific antigens (TSAs) as well as increased lymphocytic infiltration, inviting the use of therapeutic tools that evoke new or restore pre-existing immune responses. Innovative therapeutic proposals, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have emerged as effective options for melanoma. However, a significant portion of these patients relapse and become refractory to treatment. Likewise, strategies using viral vectors, replicative or not, have garnered confidence and approval by different regulatory agencies around the world. It is possible that further success of immune therapies against melanoma will come from synergistic combinations of different approaches. In this review we outline molecular features inherent to melanoma and how this supports the use of viral oncolysis and immunotherapies when used as monotherapies or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine G Assis
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Clavijo-Salomón
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Domingues
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara G Tessarollo
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bryan E Strauss,
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Tessarollo NG, Domingues ACM, Antunes F, da Luz JCDS, Rodrigues OA, Cerqueira OLD, Strauss BE. Nonreplicating Adenoviral Vectors: Improving Tropism and Delivery of Cancer Gene Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1863. [PMID: 33919679 PMCID: PMC8069790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have used viral vectors in gene therapy research, especially nonreplicating adenovirus encoding strategic therapeutic genes for cancer treatment. Adenoviruses were the first DNA viruses to go into therapeutic development, mainly due to well-known biological features: stability in vivo, ease of manufacture, and efficient gene delivery to dividing and nondividing cells. However, there are some limitations for gene therapy using adenoviral vectors, such as nonspecific transduction of normal cells and liver sequestration and neutralization by antibodies, especially when administered systemically. On the other hand, adenoviral vectors are amenable to strategies for the modification of their biological structures, including genetic manipulation of viral proteins, pseudotyping, and conjugation with polymers or biological membranes. Such modifications provide greater specificity to the target cell and better safety in systemic administration; thus, a reduction of antiviral host responses would favor the use of adenoviral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the structural and molecular features of nonreplicating adenoviral vectors, the current limitations to their use, and strategies to modify adenoviral tropism, highlighting the approaches that may allow for the systemic administration of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan E. Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (N.G.T.); (A.C.M.D.); (F.A.); (J.C.d.S.d.L.); (O.A.R.); (O.L.D.C.)
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5
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Deng X, Shao Z, Zhao Y. Solutions to the Drawbacks of Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002504. [PMID: 33552860 PMCID: PMC7856884 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment has been developed quickly over the past few years for its noninvasive nature and high efficiency. However, there are still many drawbacks in phototherapy that prevent it from clinical applications. Thus, scientists have designed different systems to overcome the issues associated with phototherapy, including enhancing the targeting ability of phototherapy, low-temperature photothermal therapy, replacing near-infrared light with other excitation sources, and so on. This article discusses the problems and shortcomings encountered in the development of phototherapy and highlights possible solutions to address them so that phototherapy may become a useful cancer treatment approach in clinical practice. This article aims to give a brief summary about current research advancements in phototherapy research and provides a quick guideline toward future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
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Hartman ML. Non-Apoptotic Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2980. [PMID: 32340261 PMCID: PMC7215321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resisting cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Disturbances in the execution of cell death programs promote carcinogenesis and survival of cancer cells under unfavorable conditions, including exposition to anti-cancer therapies. Specific modalities of regulated cell death (RCD) have been classified based on different criteria, including morphological features, biochemical alterations and immunological consequences. Although melanoma cells are broadly equipped with the anti-apoptotic machinery and recurrent genetic alterations in the components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling markedly contribute to the pro-survival phenotype of melanoma, the roles of autophagy-dependent cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos have recently gained great interest. These signaling cascades are involved in melanoma cell response and resistance to the therapeutics used in the clinic, including inhibitors of BRAFmut and MEK1/2, and immunotherapy. In addition, the relationships between sensitivity to non-apoptotic cell death routes and specific cell phenotypes have been demonstrated, suggesting that plasticity of melanoma cells can be exploited to modulate response of these cells to different cell death stimuli. In this review, the current knowledge on the non-apoptotic cell death signaling pathways in melanoma cell biology and response to anti-cancer drugs has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Da-Costa RC, Vieira IL, Hunger A, Tamura RE, Strauss BE. p19Arf sensitizes B16 melanoma cells to interferon-β delivered via mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8876. [PMID: 32077463 PMCID: PMC7025448 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune stimulatory and anti-neoplastic functions of type I interferon have long been applied for the treatment of melanoma. However, the systemic application of high levels of this recombinant protein is often met with toxicity. An approach that provides localized, yet transient, production of type I interferon may overcome this limitation. We propose that the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as delivery vehicles for the production of interferon-β (IFNβ) may be beneficial when applied together with our cancer gene therapy approach. In our previous studies, we have shown that adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with IFNβ was especially effective in combination with p19Arf gene transfer, resulting in immunogenic cell death. Here we showed that MSCs derived from mouse adipose tissue were susceptible to transduction with adenovirus, expressed the transgene reliably, and yet were not especially sensitive to IFNβ production. MSCs used to produce IFNβ inhibited B16 mouse melanoma cells in a co-culture assay. Moreover, the presence of p19Arf in the B16 cells sensitizes them to the IFNβ produced by the MSCs. These data represent a critical demonstration of the use of MSCs as carriers of adenovirus encoding IFNβ and applied as an anti-cancer strategy in combination with p19Arf gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Da-Costa
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I L Vieira
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A Hunger
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Biotecnologia Unidade 1, Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos, Itapira, SP, Brasil
| | - R E Tamura
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil
| | - B E Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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8
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Strauss BE, Silva GRO, de Luna Vieira I, Cerqueira OLD, Del Valle PR, Medrano RFV, Mendonça SA. Perspectives for cancer immunotherapy mediated by p19Arf plus interferon-beta gene transfer. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e479s. [PMID: 30208166 PMCID: PMC6113850 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e479s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While cancer immunotherapy has gained much deserved attention in recent years, many areas regarding the optimization of such modalities remain unexplored, including the development of novel approaches and the strategic combination of therapies that target multiple aspects of the cancer-immunity cycle. Our own work involves the use of gene transfer technology to promote cell death and immune stimulation. Such immunogenic cell death, mediated by the combined transfer of the alternate reading frame (p14ARF in humans and p19Arf in mice) and the interferon-β cDNA in our case, was shown to promote an antitumor immune response in mouse models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. With these encouraging results, we are now setting out on the road toward translational and preclinical development of our novel immunotherapeutic approach. Here, we outline the perspectives and challenges that we face, including the use of human tumor and immune cells to verify the response seen in mouse models and the incorporation of clinically relevant models, such as patient-derived xenografts and spontaneous tumors in animals. In addition, we seek to combine our immunotherapeutic approach with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or checkpoint blockade, with the goal of reducing dosage and increasing efficacy. The success of any translational research requires the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team of professionals involved in laboratory and clinical research, a relationship that is fostered at the Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
| | - Gissele Rolemberg Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Igor de Luna Vieira
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Paulo Roberto Del Valle
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ruan Felipe Vieira Medrano
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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