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Jeon SH, Song C, Eom KY, Kim IA, Kim JS. Modulation of CD8 + T Cell Responses by Radiotherapy-Current Evidence and Rationale for Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16691. [PMID: 38069014 PMCID: PMC10706388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy for cancer has been known to affect the responses of immune cells, especially those of CD8+ T cells that play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. Clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors led to an increasing interest in the ability of radiation to modulate CD8+ T cell responses. Recent studies that carefully analyzed CD8+ T cell responses following radiotherapy suggest the beneficial roles of radiotherapy on anti-tumor immunity. In addition, numerous clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently undergoing. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the changes in CD8+ T cells following radiotherapy from various preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, key biological mechanisms that underlie such modulation, including both direct and indirect effects, are described. Lastly, we discuss the current evidence and essential considerations for harnessing radiotherapy as a combination partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (S.H.J.); (C.S.); (K.-Y.E.); (I.A.K.)
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2
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Sartorius D, Blume ML, Fleischer JR, Ghadimi M, Conradi LC, De Oliveira T. Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on the Immune Microenvironment: Allies and Foes to Therapy Resistance and Patients' Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5124. [PMID: 37958298 PMCID: PMC10650490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from surgical resection, locally advanced rectal cancer is regularly treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Since the concept of cancer treatment has shifted from only focusing on tumor cells as drivers of disease progression towards a broader understanding including the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME), the impact of radiotherapy on the TME and specifically the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is increasingly recognized. Both promoting as well as suppressing effects on anti-tumor immunity have been reported in response to rectal cancer (chemo-)radiotherapy and various targets for combination therapies are under investigation. A literature review was conducted searching the PubMed database for evidence regarding the pleiotropic effects of (chemo-)radiotherapy on the rectal cancer TIME, including alterations in cytokine levels, immune cell populations and activity as well as changes in immune checkpoint proteins. Radiotherapy can induce immune-stimulating and -suppressive alterations, potentially mediating radioresistance. The response is influenced by treatment modalities, including the dosage administered and the highly individual intrinsic pre-treatment immune status. Directly addressing the main immune cells of the TME, this review aims to highlight therapeutical implications since efficient rectal cancer treatment relies on personalized strategies combining conventional therapies with immune-modulating approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.S.); (M.L.B.); (J.R.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.S.); (M.L.B.); (J.R.F.); (M.G.)
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Koukourakis IM, Platoni K, Tiniakos D, Kouloulias V, Zygogianni A. Immune Response and Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Patients with Rectal Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: A Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4495-4517. [PMID: 37232754 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that tumor antigens and molecules expressed and secreted by cancer cells trigger innate and adaptive immune responses. These two types of anti-tumor immunity lead to the infiltration of the tumor's microenvironment by immune cells with either regulatory or cytotoxic properties. Whether this response is associated with tumor eradication after radiotherapy and chemotherapy or regrowth has been a matter of extensive research through the years, mainly focusing on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and monocytes and their subtypes, and the expression of immune checkpoint and other immune-related molecules by both immune and cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. A literature search has been conducted on studies dealing with the immune response in patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, assessing its impact on locoregional control and survival and underlying the potential role of immunotherapy in the treatment of this cancer subtype. Here, we provide an overview of the interactions between local/systemic anti-tumor immunity, cancer-related immune checkpoint, and other immunological pathways and radiotherapy, and how these affect the prognosis of rectal cancer patients. Chemoradiotherapy induces critical immunological changes in the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells that can be exploited for therapeutic interventions in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Koukourakis
- Radiation Oncology Unit, 1st Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUOA), 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Platoni
- Medical Physics Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Vassilis Kouloulias
- Radiotherapy Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Zygogianni
- Radiation Oncology Unit, 1st Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUOA), 11528 Athens, Greece
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Iliadi C, Verset L, Bouchart C, Martinive P, Van Gestel D, Krayem M. The current understanding of the immune landscape relative to radiotherapy across tumor types. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148692. [PMID: 37006319 PMCID: PMC10060828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is part of the standard of care treatment for a great majority of cancer patients. As a result of radiation, both tumor cells and the environment around them are affected directly by radiation, which mainly primes but also might limit the immune response. Multiple immune factors play a role in cancer progression and response to radiotherapy, including the immune tumor microenvironment and systemic immunity referred to as the immune landscape. A heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and the varying patient characteristics complicate the dynamic relationship between radiotherapy and this immune landscape. In this review, we will present the current overview of the immunological landscape in relation to radiotherapy in order to provide insight and encourage research to further improve cancer treatment. An investigation into the impact of radiation therapy on the immune landscape showed in several cancers a common pattern of immunological responses after radiation. Radiation leads to an upsurge in infiltrating T lymphocytes and the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) which can hint at a benefit for the patient when combined with immunotherapy. In spite of this, lymphopenia in the tumor microenvironment of 'cold' tumors or caused by radiation is considered to be an important obstacle to the patient's survival. In several cancers, a rise in the immunosuppressive populations is seen after radiation, mainly pro-tumoral M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). As a final point, we will highlight how the radiation parameters themselves can influence the immune system and, therefore, be exploited to the advantage of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Iliadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurine Verset
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christelle Bouchart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Martinive
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Brussels, Belgium
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Cho H, Kim JE, Hong YS, Kim SY, Kim J, Ryu YM, Kim SY, Kim TW. Comprehensive evaluation of the tumor immune microenvironment and its dynamic changes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy: From the phase II ADORE study. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2148374. [PMID: 36451674 PMCID: PMC9704411 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2148374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the effects of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is essential to improve the treatment outcomes of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). In this context, we performed a multiplex immunofluorescence staining to evaluate the TIME in 158 patients with LARC who underwent preoperative CRT followed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy in the ADORE trial. We found that higher levels of T-cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) and dendritic cells in the tumor compartment of pretreatment biopsy samples were associated with good response to preoperative CRT. After CRT, there was a significant increase in the densities of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells, while that of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells decreased, indicating that CRT changed the TIME into a more immune-active status. However, CRT also conferred an immunosuppressive effect by polarizing the tumor-associated macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage to immune-suppressive M2 macrophages and decreasing the density of B cells. High delta values of CD3+ T cells and PD-L1+ lymphocytes after CRT were associated with good disease-free survival (DFS), while that of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was associated with poor DFS. These findings provide a framework for future studies incorporating strategies to modulate the TIME in patients with LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwoo Cho
- Departments of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Departments of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Departments of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Departments of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Departments of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,CONTACT Tae Won Kim Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
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A Systematic Review on the Impact of Hypofractionated and Stereotactic Radiotherapy on Immune Cell Subpopulations in Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215190. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may impact immune cells in different type of tumors. A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. Overall, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the present analysis. Both HFRT and SBRT have different impact on lymphocyte subpopulations, confirming their immunomodulatory effect which may have a crucial role in future combined treatment with new emergent therapies such as immunotherapy. Further studies are needed to shed more light on this emerging topic to ultimately improve patient care, treatment and clinical benefits for cancer patients.
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Chou CL, Chen TJ, Li WS, Lee SW, Yang CC, Tian YF, Lin CY, He HL, Wu HC, Shiue YL, Li CF, Kuo YH. Upregulated Ubiquitin D is a Favorable Prognostic Indicator for Rectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Preoperative Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1171-1181. [PMID: 36238133 PMCID: PMC9553428 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s378666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose For locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) allows tumor downstaging and makes curative radical proctectomy possible. However, we lack a genetic biomarker to predict cancer prognosis or treatment response. We investigated the association between ubiquitin D (UBD) expression and clinical outcomes in rectal cancer patients receiving CCRT. Patients and Methods We analyzed the genes associated with the protein modification process (GO:0036211) and identified the UBD gene as the most relevant among the top 7 differentially expressed genes associated with CCRT resistance. We collected tissue specimens from 172 rectal cancer patients who had received CCRT followed by a curative proctectomy. We examine the relationship between UBD expression and patient characteristics, pathological findings, and patient survival, such as metastasis-free survival (MeFS) and disease-specific survival. Results Upregulated UBD expression was associated with lower pre-CCRT tumor T stage (P = 0.009), lower post-CCRT tumor T stage (P < 0.001), lower post-CCRT nodal stage (P < 0.001), less vascular invasion (P = 0.015), and better tumor regression (P < 0.001). Using univariate analysis, we found that high UBD expression was correlated with better disease-free survival (DFS) (P < 0.0001), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (P < 0.0001) and MeFS (P < 0.0001). Moreover, multivariate analysis demonstrated that high UBD expression was associated with superior DFS (P < 0.001), LRFS (P = 0.01), and MeFS (P = 0.004). Conclusion UBD upregulation was linked to better clinical prognosis, favorable pathological features, and good treatment response in rectal cancer patients undergoing CCRT. These results suggest UBD is a biomarker for rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chou
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan,Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan,Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shan Li
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan,Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Wei Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, 736, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan,College of Pharmacy and Science, Chia Nan University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin He
- Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital & E-DA Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chang Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Science, Chia Nan University, Tainan, Taiwan,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan,Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan,College of Pharmacy and Science, Chia Nan University, Tainan, Taiwan,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan,Correspondence: Yu-Hsuan Kuo; Chien-Feng Li, No. 901, Zhonghua Road Yongkang Dist, Tainan City, Taiwan, Tel +886-6-2812811, Fax +886-6-2510218; Fax +886-6-2510218, Email ;
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Lee HH, Chen CH, Huang YH, Chiang CH, Huang MY. Biomarkers of Favorable vs. Unfavorable Responses in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101611. [PMID: 35626648 PMCID: PMC9139800 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death globally. The gold standard for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) nowadays is preoperative concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). Approximately three quarters of LARC patients do not achieve pathological complete response and hence suffer from relapse, metastases and inevitable death. The exploration of trustworthy and timely biomarkers for CCRT response is urgently called for. This review focused upon a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells, DNA, RNA, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, epigenetics, impaired DNA mismatch repair, patient-derived xenografts, in vitro tumor organoids, immunity and microbiomes. Utilizing proper biomarkers can assist in categorizing appropriate patients by the most efficient treatment modality with the best outcome and accompanied by minimal side effects. The purpose of this review is to inspect and analyze accessible data in order to fully realize the promise of precision oncology for rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Huang
- Post-Graduate Year Training, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Chiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 7158)
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Meattini I, Livi L, Lorito N, Becherini C, Bacci M, Visani L, Fozza A, Belgioia L, Loi M, Mangoni M, Lambertini M, Morandi A. Integrating radiation therapy with targeted treatments for breast cancer: from bench to bedside. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 108:102417. [PMID: 35623219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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丁 婷, 曾 楚, 胡 丽, 余 明. [Establishment of a prediction model for colorectal cancer immune cell infiltration based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:203-208. [PMID: 35435180 PMCID: PMC9069037 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between immune cell infiltration in colorectal cancer tissue and clinical prognosis and to explore the levels of some immune cell genes for predicting the prognosis of patients with glioma colorectal cancer. METHODS In this study, we extracted colorectal cancer data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). Based on a deconvolution algorithm (called CIBERSORT) and clinically annotated expression profiles, the analysis assessed the infiltration patterns of 22 immune cells in colorectal cancer tissue to determine the association between each cell type and survival. Differences in five-year survival rate effectively illustrate the clinical prognostic value of each immune cell proportion in colorectal cancer, using a bar graph, correlation-based heatmap to represent the proportion of immune cells in each colorectal cancer sample. RESULTS A total of 473 colorectal cancer tissues and 41 normal control tissues were extracted from the TCGA database, and the comparative analysis showed that there were differences in the proportion of various TIICs in colorectal cancer tissues, which could characterize individual differences and have prognostic value. Among the cell subsets studied, the proportions of memory B cells, plasma cells, CD4+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, M0 macrophages, M2 macrophages, and activated mast cells were significantly different between normal and cancer tissues. Resting NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and plasma cells were associated with T phase, activated dendritic cells were associated with N phase, and eosinophils, M1 macrophages, and activated mast cells were associated with M phase. Survival analysis showed that activated dendritic cells were positively associated with five-year survival rate in colorectal cancer patients. Naive CD4+ T cells were inversely associated with five-year survival rate. CONCLUSION There are different degrees of immune cell infiltration in colorectal cancer tissues, and these differences may be important determinants of prognosis and treatment response. We conducted a new gene expression-based study of immune cell subtype levels and prognosis in colorectal cancer, which has potential clinical prognostic value in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 婷婷 丁
- />上海市浦东医院,复旦大学附属浦东医院肿瘤科,上海 201399Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - 楚雄 曾
- />上海市浦东医院,复旦大学附属浦东医院肿瘤科,上海 201399Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - 丽娜 胡
- />上海市浦东医院,复旦大学附属浦东医院肿瘤科,上海 201399Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - 明华 余
- />上海市浦东医院,复旦大学附属浦东医院肿瘤科,上海 201399Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
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Orhan A, Khesrawi F, Tvilling Madsen M, Peuliche Vogelsang R, Dohrn N, Kanstrup Fiehn AM, Gögenur I. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Biomarkers of Treatment Response and Long-Term Survival in Patients with Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030636. [PMID: 35158905 PMCID: PMC8833320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in pretherapeutic biopsies as biomarkers of treatment response and long-term prognosis in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The results indicate that it is possible to identify a sub-group of patients with improved treatment response and long-term prognosis by assessing the density of CD8+ TILs at the time of diagnosis. Abstract Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) is indicated in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) to downstage tumors before surgery. Watchful waiting may be a treatment option to avoid surgery in patients, obtaining a complete clinical response. However, biomarkers predictive of treatment response and long-term prognosis are lacking. Here we investigated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in pretherapeutic biopsies as predictive and prognostic biomarkers. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 429 articles were identified, of which 19 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 studies in the meta-analysis. Patients with high pretherapeutic CD8+ TILs density had an increased likelihood of achieving a pathological complete response (RR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.58–4.66) or a complete or near-complete pathological treatment response (RR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.50–2.29). Furthermore, high CD8+ TILs density was a favorable prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38–0.86) and overall survival (HR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.27–0.69). CD3+, CD4+, and FOXP3+ TILs were not identified as predictive or prognostic biomarkers. Thus, assessing pretherapeutic CD8+ TILs density may assist in identifying patients with increased sensitivity to NCRT and favorable long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adile Orhan
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Faisal Khesrawi
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Michael Tvilling Madsen
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Rasmus Peuliche Vogelsang
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Niclas Dohrn
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev & Gentofte, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 1, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Kanstrup Fiehn
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebaekvej 1, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark; (F.K.); (M.T.M.); (R.P.V.); (N.D.); (A.-M.K.F.); (I.G.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Immunotherapy for Esophageal Cancer: State-of-the Art in 2021. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030554. [PMID: 35158822 PMCID: PMC8833794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of esophageal cancer (EC) has experienced manifold changes during the last decades. Centralization of EC treatment has been introduced in many countries, subsequently allowing the development of specialized high-volume centers. Minimal invasive surgery has replaced open surgery in many centers, whereas more potent systemic treatments have been introduced in clinical practice. Newer chemotherapy regimens increase long-term survival. Nevertheless, the overall survival of EC patients remains dismal for advanced tumor stages. In this direction, a wide range of targeted biologic agents (immunotherapy) is currently under assessment. Anti- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER-2) monoclonal antibodies are used in HER2 (+) tumors, predominantly well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and are currently assessed in the neoadjuvant setting (TRAP, INNOVATION trials). Immune checkpoint inhibitors Nivolumab (ATTRACTION-03) and pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-181), have demonstrated a survival benefit compared with conventional chemotherapy in heavily pre-treated progressive disease. More recently, CheckMate-577 showed very promising results for nivolumab in a curative adjuvant setting, improving disease-free survival mainly for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Several ongoing trials are investigating novel targeted agents in the preoperative setting of locally advanced EC. In addition, other immunomodulatory approaches such as peptide vaccines and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are currently under development and should be increasingly integrated into clinical practice.
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13
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Biomarkers and cell-based models to predict the outcome of neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer patients. Biomark Res 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 34321074 PMCID: PMC8317379 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer constitutes approximately one-third of all colorectal cancers and contributes to considerable mortality globally. In contrast to colon cancer, the standard treatment for localized rectal cancer often involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Tumour response rates to treatment show substantial inter-patient heterogeneity, indicating a need for treatment stratification. Consequently researchers have attempted to establish new means for predicting tumour response in order to assist in treatment decisions. In this review we have summarized published findings regarding potential biomarkers to predict neoadjuvant treatment response for rectal cancer tumours. In addition, we describe cell-based models that can be utilized both for treatment prediction and for studying the complex mechanisms involved.
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14
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Characterization of a Tumor-Microenvironment-Relevant Gene Set Based on Tumor Severity in Colon Cancer and Evaluation of Its Potential for Dihydroartemisinin Targeting. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4812068. [PMID: 34239578 PMCID: PMC8233087 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4812068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer (COAD) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Most patients with COAD die as a result of cancer cell metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying the metastatic phenotype of COAD remain unclear. Instead, particular features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) could predict adverse outcomes including metastasis in patients with COAD, and the role of TME in governing COAD progression is undeniable. Therefore, exploring the role of TME in COAD may help us better understand the molecular mechanisms behind COAD progression which may improve clinical outcomes and quality of patients. Here, we identified a Specific TME Regulatory Network including AEBP1, BGN, POST, and FAP (STMERN) that is highly involved in clinical outcomes of patients with COAD. Comprehensive in silico analysis of our study revealed that the STMERN is highly correlated with the severity of COAD. Meanwhile, our results reveal that the STMERN might be associated with immune infiltration in COAD. Importantly, we show that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) potentially interacts with the STMERN. We suggest that DHA might contribute to immune infiltration through regulating the STMERN in COAD. Taken together, our data provide a set of biomarkers of progression and poor prognosis in COAD. These findings could have potential prognostic and therapeutic implications in the progression of COAD.
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15
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Emerging Trends for Radio-Immunotherapy in Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061374. [PMID: 33803620 PMCID: PMC8003099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the genetic and molecular levels, both aspects having major repercussions on the tumor immune contexture. Whilst microsatellite status and tumor mutational load have been associated with response to immunotherapy, presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is one of the most powerful prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Yet, the majority of rectal cancers are characterized by microsatellite stability, low tumor mutational burden and poor T cell infiltration. Consequently, these tumors do not respond to immunotherapy and treatment largely relies on radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy followed by radical surgery. Importantly, pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that radiotherapy can induce a complete reprograming of the tumor microenvironment, potentially sensitizing it for immune checkpoint inhibition. Nonetheless, growing evidence suggest that this synergistic effect strongly depends on radiotherapy dosing, fractionation and timing. Despite ongoing work, information about the radiotherapy regimen required to yield optimal clinical outcome when combined to checkpoint blockade remains largely unavailable. In this review, we describe the molecular and immune heterogeneity of rectal cancer and outline its prognostic value. In addition, we discuss the effect of radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment, focusing on the mechanisms and benefits of its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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16
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Wilkins A, Fontana E, Nyamundanda G, Ragulan C, Patil Y, Mansfield D, Kingston J, Errington-Mais F, Bottomley D, von Loga K, Bye H, Carter P, Tinkler-Hundal E, Noshirwani A, Downs J, Dillon M, Demaria S, Sebag-Montefiore D, Harrington K, West N, Melcher A, Sadanandam A. Differential and longitudinal immune gene patterns associated with reprogrammed microenvironment and viral mimicry in response to neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001717. [PMID: 33678606 PMCID: PMC7939016 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal cancers show a highly varied response to neoadjuvant radiotherapy/chemoradiation (RT/CRT) and the impact of the tumor immune microenvironment on this response is poorly understood. Current clinical tumor regression grading systems attempt to measure radiotherapy response but are subject to interobserver variation. An unbiased and unique histopathological quantification method (change in tumor cell density (ΔTCD)) may improve classification of RT/CRT response. Furthermore, immune gene expression profiling (GEP) may identify differences in expression levels of genes relevant to different radiotherapy responses: (1) at baseline between poor and good responders, and (2) longitudinally from preradiotherapy to postradiotherapy samples. Overall, this may inform novel therapeutic RT/CRT combination strategies in rectal cancer. METHODS We generated GEPs for 53 patients from biopsies taken prior to preoperative radiotherapy. TCD was used to assess rectal tumor response to neoadjuvant RT/CRT and ΔTCD was subjected to k-means clustering to classify patients into different response categories. Differential gene expression analysis was performed using statistical analysis of microarrays, pathway enrichment analysis and immune cell type analysis using single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to validate specific results. The results were validated using 220 pretreatment samples from publicly available datasets at metalevel of pathway and survival analyses. RESULTS ΔTCD scores ranged from 12.4% to -47.7% and stratified patients into three response categories. At baseline, 40 genes were significantly upregulated in poor (n=12) versus good responders (n=21), including myeloid and stromal cell genes. Of several pathways showing significant enrichment at baseline in poor responders, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, coagulation, complement activation and apical junction pathways were validated in external cohorts. Unlike poor responders, good responders showed longitudinal (preradiotherapy vs postradiotherapy samples) upregulation of 198 immune genes, reflecting an increased T-cell-inflamed GEP, type-I interferon and macrophage populations. Longitudinal pathway analysis suggested viral-like pathogen responses occurred in post-treatment resected samples compared with pretreatment biopsies in good responders. CONCLUSION This study suggests potentially druggable immune targets in poor responders at baseline and indicates that tumors with a good RT/CRT response reprogrammed from immune "cold" towards an immunologically "hot" phenotype on treatment with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkins
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Elisa Fontana
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Current Affiliation: Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Gift Nyamundanda
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Yatish Patil
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Kingston
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel Bottomley
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Katharina von Loga
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hannah Bye
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Carter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Emma Tinkler-Hundal
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amir Noshirwani
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jessica Downs
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Magnus Dillon
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Kevin Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nick West
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Cao K, Abbassi L, Romano E, Kirova Y. Radiation therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment: preliminary data and perspectives. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:501-510. [PMID: 33355024 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1868993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The discovery of the major role of the immune system in the tumor process has led to the development of therapeutic strategies with immunotherapy. The potential systemic role of radiotherapy, (RT) used for a long time for its local action, based on its impact on immunity, is now better understood. The combination of immunotherapy and radiation therapy is currently a field of sustained research programs and has shown successful results, in non-small cell lung cancer, for example. Breast cancer (BC) was wrongly considered poorly immunogenic and put aside during accelerating progress in this new area of treatment.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of pre-clinical and clinical rationales to associate immunotherapy with radiation therapy in the management of breast cancer.Expert opinion: Immunotherapy has been used only recently in breast cancer, but clinical trials have yet to determine the place of this treatment. RT may be useful to enhance the response of breast tumors to immunotherapy. This new approach in breast cancer management is currently based on limited data but should be further investigated, especially in triple-negative breast cancer and in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Louisa Abbassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Youlia Kirova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Radiotherapy Scheme Effect on PD-L1 Expression for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092071. [PMID: 32927784 PMCID: PMC7563314 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In locally advanced rectal cancer, radiotherapy (RT) followed by surgery have improved locoregional control, but distant recurrences remain frequent. Although checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated objective response in several cancers, the clinical benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade remains uncertain in rectal cancer. We collected data from biopsies and surgical specimens in 74 patients. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of neoadjuvant RT and fractionation on PD-L1 expression. Secondary objectives were to study the relation between PD-L1 expression and tumor regression grade (TRG), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and CD8 TILs infiltration. Median rates of cells expressing PD-L1 pre- and post-RT were 0.15 (range, 0-17) and 0.5 (range, 0-27.5), respectively (p = 0.0005). There was no effect of RT fractionation on PD-L1+ cell rates. We found no relation between CD8+ TILs infiltration and PD-L1 expression and no difference between high-PD-L1 or low-PD-L1 expression and TRG. High-to-high PD-L1 expression profile had none significant higher OS and PFS compared to all other groups (p = 0.06). Median OS and PFS were higher in biopsies with >0.08 PD-L1+ cells. High-to-high PD-L1 profile and ypT0-2 were significantly associated with higher OS and PFS. This study did not show the differential induction of PD-L1 expression according to fractionation.
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Farolfi A, Petracci E, Serra L, Ravaioli A, Bravaccini S, Ravaioli S, Tumedei MM, Ulivi P, Canale M, Puccetti M, Falcini F, Folli S, Curcio A, Rocca A. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and Risk of a Second Breast Event After a Ductal Carcinoma in situ. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1486. [PMID: 32974178 PMCID: PMC7466557 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have a high risk of developing a second breast event (SBE). The immune system might play a role in trying to prevent a SBE. Patients diagnosed with DCIS were identified in the population-based cancer registry of Area Vasta Romagna from 1997 to 2010. Median follow-up is 8.5 years. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated both in index DCIS and in SBE. The main endpoint was to assess the association between TILs' levels in index DCIS and risk of a SBE. Out of 496 DCIS patients, 100 SBEs (20.2%) were identified: 55 ipsilateral (11.1%) and 43 contralateral (8.7%). The distribution of TILs was heterogeneous, but significantly associated with grade, necrosis, screen detection and type of surgery. Patients stratified according to TILs percentage (≤5% and >5%) did not show a statistically significant difference in the 5-year cumulative incidence of SBEs: 14.9% (95% CI 11.3–19.1) and 11.0% (95% CI, 6.9–16.2), respectively (p = 0.147). In the subgroup of patients who did not receive radiotherapy, TILs >5% were associated with a reduced risk of SBE (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.82, p = 0.016). Although we did not find any significant association between TILs and SBE, further studies evaluating their role according to radiotherapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Petracci
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Luigi Serra
- Pathology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ravaioli
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Ravaioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Tumedei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Matteo Canale
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Falcini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Secondo Folli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Rocca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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Priming the tumor immune microenvironment with chemo(radio)therapy: A systematic review across tumor types. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188386. [PMID: 32540465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are able to alter the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Understanding the effect of these modalities on the TIME could aid in the development of improved treatment strategies. Our aim was to systematically review studies investigating the influence of CT, RT or CRT on different TIME markers. METHODS The EMBASE (Ovid) and PubMed databases were searched until January 2019 for prospective or retrospective studies investigating the dynamics of the local TIME in cancer patients (pts) treated with CT, RT or CRT, with or without targeted agents. Studies could either compare baseline and follow-up specimens - before and after treatment - or a treated versus an untreated cohort. Studies were included if they used immunohistochemistry and/or flow cytometry to assess the TIME. RESULTS In total we included 110 studies (n = 8850 pts), of which n = 89 (n = 6295 pts) compared pre-treatment to post-treatment specimens and n = 25 (n = 2555 pts) a treated versus an untreated cohort (4 studies conducted both comparisons). For several tumor types (among others; breast, cervical, esophageal, ovarian, rectal, lung mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer) remodeling of the TIME was observed, leading to a potentially more immunologically active microenvironment, including one or more of the following: an increase in CD3 or CD8 lymphocytes, a decrease in FOXP3 Tregs and increased PD-L1 expression. Both CT and CRT were able to immunologically alter the TIME. CONCLUSION The TIME of several tumor types is significantly altered after conventional therapy creating opportunities for concurrent or sequential immunotherapy.
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21
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Chen G, Wang L, Diao T, Chen Y, Cao C, Zhang X. Analysis of immune-related signatures of colorectal cancer identifying two different immune phenotypes: Evidence for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:517-524. [PMID: 32565977 PMCID: PMC7285802 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of numerous types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with CRC and deficient mismatch repair or high microsatellite instability could benefit from ICI treatment, although the response rate of most patients is low. Therefore, the immune subtyping of patients with CRC is required in order to determine the subtypes suitable for ICI treatment. The present study used a cohort of patients with CRC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to perform molecular subtyping, with results validated in three CRC cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to achieve consensus molecular subtyping. The tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion algorithm was used to predict potential ICI therapy responses and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to define different pathways associated with the immune response. Two distinct subtypes of CRC were finally identified in TCGA cohorts, which were characterized as significantly different prognostic subtypes (low-risk and high-risk subtypes). Higher expression of programmed death-ligand 1, higher proportion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor mutation burden were significantly enriched in the low-risk subtype. Further pathway analysis revealed that the low-risk subtype was associated with immune response activation and signaling pathways involved in ‘antigen processing and presentation’. Three independent CRC cohorts were used to validate the above findings. In summary, two clinical CRC subtypes were identified, which are characterized by significantly different survival outcomes and immune infiltration patterns. The findings of the present study suggest that ICI treatment may be more effective in the low-risk CRC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Anal and Intestinal Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Surgery Operating Room, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Tongwei Diao
- Department of Anal and Intestinal Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anal and Intestinal Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Chengbo Cao
- Department of Anal and Intestinal Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
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22
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Göbel HH, Büttner-Herold MJ, Fuhrich N, Aigner T, Grabenbauer GG, Distel LVR. Cytotoxic and immunosuppressive inflammatory cells predict regression and prognosis following neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2020; 146:151-160. [PMID: 32169773 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumour associated macrophages (TAM) play a key role in anticancer immunosurveillance. We studied their influence on response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) and prognosis in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 10/2004 and 06/2018, pre-RCT biopsy-specimens were available from 76 patients with locally advanced, non-metastatic OAC scheduled for trimodality therapy. We evaluated intra- and peritumoural expression of FoxP3+-, CD8+-TIL and CD68+-, CD163+-TAM, contemplating cell density, cell ratios and cell-to-cell distances to determine a possible influence on tumour regression grade (TRG) and survival. Median follow-up time for all patients was 18 months (IQR 9-43), and 54 months (25-97) for surviving patients. Data were analysed using risk analysis, logrank test and Cox regression. RESULTS Poor tumour regression was detected for cN+ (RR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66-0.90], p = 0.001), low intratumoural FoxP3+/CD8+ ratio (RR 0.75 [0.60-0.96], p = 0.020), high peritumoural CD163+/CD68+ ratio (RR 0.77 [0.60-0.99], p = 0.045) and high intratumoural TAM density (RD -0.44 [-0.82 to -0.06], p = 0.023). Apart from poor resection quality and TRG, pretherapeutic high peritumoural CD8+ infiltration (HR 2.36 [1.21-4.61], p = 0.012) and short intratumoural FoxP3+ to CD8+ cell-to-cell distances in middle ranged CD8+ density (HR 2.55 [1.00-6.52], p = 0.050) were significant unfavourable prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Immunologic parameters, such as CD8+-, FoxP3+-TIL and CD68+-, CD163+-TAM, were identified to be of independent predictive and prognostic value in patients with OAC. Further and independent validation of these biomarkers by a large size dataset may urgently be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger H Göbel
- Department of Gastroenterology, REGIOMED Klinikum Lichtenfels, Germany; University of Split, School of Medicine, Croatia.
| | - Maike J Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fuhrich
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Aigner
- Department of Pathology, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard G Grabenbauer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Germany; University of Split, School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - Luitpold V R Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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23
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Abbassi LM, Cao KI, Kirova YM. [Immunotherapy and radiotherapy for management of breast cancer: Rational and overview on clinical practice]. Cancer Radiother 2020; 24:73-80. [PMID: 32046913 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of immunotherapy led to understand the major role of immune system during the tumor process. Conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, are directly tumoricidal. New drugs are developed to target specifically the immune system to make it regain its ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Radiotherapy is used for a long time for its local action, but its systemic role, based on its impact on immunity, is now better known. Breast cancer was wrongly considered poorly immunogenic and put aside the amazing progress in this new area of treatment. In this article, we would like to present the pre-clinical and clinical rationales to associate immunotherapy to radiotherapy in the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Abbassi
- Département d'oncologie radiothérapie, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - K I Cao
- Département d'oncologie radiothérapie, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Y M Kirova
- Département d'oncologie radiothérapie, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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24
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Park JH, van Wyk H, McMillan DC, Edwards J, Orange C, Horgan PG, Roxburgh CS. Preoperative, biopsy-based assessment of the tumour microenvironment in patients with primary operable colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 6:30-39. [PMID: 31486287 PMCID: PMC6966701 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is recognised as an important prognostic characteristic and therapeutic target in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, assessment generally utilises surgically resected specimens, precluding neoadjuvant targeting. The present study investigated the feasibility of intra‐epithelial CD3+ T‐lymphocyte density and tumour stroma percentage (TSP) assessment using preoperative colonoscopic biopsies from 115 patients who had undergone resection of stages I–III CRC, examining the relationship between biopsy and surgically resected specimen‐based assessment, and the relationship with cancer‐specific survival (CSS). High biopsy CD3+ density was associated with high CD3+ density in the invasive margin, cancer stroma and intra‐epithelial compartments of surgically resected specimens (area under the curve > 0.62, p < 0.05 for all) and with high Immunoscore. High biopsy TSP predicted high TSP in resected specimens (p = 0.001). Intra‐class correlation coefficient for both measures was >0.7 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent concordance between individuals. Biopsy CD3+ density (hazard ratio [HR] 0.23, p = 0.002) and TSP (HR 2.23, p = 0.029) were independently associated with CSS; this was comparable to the prognostic value of full section assessment (HR 0.21, p = 0.004, and HR 2.25, p = 0.033 respectively). These results suggest that assessment of the TME is comparable in biopsy and surgically resected specimens from patients with CRC, and biopsy‐based assessment could allow for stratification prior to surgery or commencement of therapy targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hester van Wyk
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare Orange
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde Biorepository, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Campbell Sd Roxburgh
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Grapin M, Richard C, Limagne E, Boidot R, Morgand V, Bertaut A, Derangere V, Laurent PA, Thibaudin M, Fumet JD, Crehange G, Ghiringhelli F, Mirjolet C. Optimized fractionated radiotherapy with anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT: a promising new combination. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:160. [PMID: 31238970 PMCID: PMC6593525 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Radiotherapy (RT) induces an immunogenic antitumor response, but also some immunosuppressive barriers. It remains unclear how different fractionation protocols can modulate the immune microenvironment. Clinical studies are ongoing to evaluate immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in association with RT. However, only few trials aim to optimize the RT fractionation to improve efficacy of these associations. Here we sought to characterize the effect of different fractionation protocols on immune response with a view to associating them with ICI. MATERIALS/METHODS Mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 colon tumors were irradiated using a SARRP device according to different radiation schemes with a same biologically effective dose. Mice were monitored for tumor growth. The radiation immune response (lymphoid, myeloid cells, lymphoid cytokines and immune checkpoint targets) was monitored by flow cytometry at different timepoints after treatment and by RNA sequencing analysis (RNAseq). The same radiation protocols were performed with and without inhibitors of immune checkpoints modulated by RT. RESULTS In the absence of ICI, we showed that 18x2Gy and 3x8Gy induced the longest tumor growth delay compared to 1×16.4Gy. While 3x8Gy and 1×16.4Gy induced a lymphoid response (CD8+ T-cells, Regulators T-cells), 18x2Gy induced a myeloid response (myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages 2). The secretion of granzyme B by CD8+ T cells was increased to a greater extent with 3x8Gy. The expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells was moderately increased by RT, but most durably with 18x2Gy. T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) expression by CD8+ T-cells was increased with 3x8Gy, but decreased with 18x2Gy. These results were also observed with RNAseq. RT was dramatically more effective with 3x8Gy compared to all the other treatments schemes when associated with anti-TIGIT and anti-PD-L1 (9/10 mice in complete response). The association of anti-PD-L1 and RT was also effective in the 18x2Gy group (8/12 mice in complete response). CONCLUSION Each fractionation scheme induced different lymphoid and myeloid responses as well as various modulations of PD-L1 and TIGIT expression. Furthermore, 3x8Gy was the most effective protocol when associated with anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT. This is the first study combining RT and anti-TIGIT with promising results; further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Grapin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue Professeur Marion 77 980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, BP, France
| | - Corentin Richard
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.,INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Morgand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue Professeur Marion 77 980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, BP, France
| | - Aurélie Bertaut
- Methodology, data-management and biostatistics unit, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center , Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Derangere
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Laurent
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue Professeur Marion 77 980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, BP, France
| | - Marion Thibaudin
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Jean David Fumet
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.,Methodology, data-management and biostatistics unit, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center , Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Crehange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue Professeur Marion 77 980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, BP, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Cancer Biology Research Platform, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.,INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Mirjolet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unicancer - Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue Professeur Marion 77 980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, BP, France. .,INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France.
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26
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Xiong Y, Wang K, Zhou H, Peng L, You W, Fu Z. Profiles of immune infiltration in colorectal cancer and their clinical significant: A gene expression-based study. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4496-4508. [PMID: 30117315 PMCID: PMC6144159 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune infiltration of colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely associated with clinical outcome. However, previous work has not accounted for the diversity of functionally distinct cell types that make up the immune response. In this study, based on a deconvolution algorithm (known as CIBERSORT) and clinical annotated expression profiles, we comprehensively analyzed the tumor‐infiltrating immune cells present in CRC for the first time. The fraction of 22 immune cells subpopulations was evaluated to determine the associations between each cell type and survival and response to chemotherapy. As a result, profiles of immune infiltration vary significantly between paired cancer and paracancerous tissue and the variation could characterize the individual differences. Of the cell subpopulations investigated, tumors lacking M1 macrophages or with an increased number of M2 macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils were associated with the poor prognosis. Unsupervised clustering analysis using immune cell proportions revealed five subgroups of tumors, largely defined by the balance between macrophages M1, M2, and NK resting cells, with distinct survival patterns, and associated with well‐established molecular subtype. Collectively, our data suggest that subtle differences in the cellular composition of the immune infiltrate in CRC appear to exist, and these differences are likely to be important determinants of both prognosis and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxian You
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Verbeke C, Häberle L, Lenggenhager D, Esposito I. Pathology assessment of pancreatic cancer following neoadjuvant treatment: Time to move on. Pancreatology 2018; 18:467-476. [PMID: 29843972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant treatment has increasingly become an integral part of the multimodal management of patients with pancreatic cancer. In patients who are able to undergo surgery following preoperative therapy, tumour regression grading remains the diagnostic gold standard for the histomorphological assessment of the effect of neoadjuvant treatment. In recent years, however, there has been growing concern about inherent flaws of tumour regression grading systems as well as their imprecise and impractical criteria that result in divergence of practice and lack of interobserver agreement. Furthermore, existing tumour regression systems differ in their defining criteria and thresholds, leading to incomparability of data. In this review, the principles and limitations of the main existing tumour regression systems are discussed, and potential alternative assessment approaches and novel markers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Verbeke
- Dept of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Dept of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Lena Häberle
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Lenggenhager
- Dept of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Dept of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zürich and University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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