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Pezeshki A, Cheville JC, Florio AB, Leibovich BC, Vasmatzis G. Evaluation of tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors by a 3D immunotumoroid model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356144. [PMID: 38605943 PMCID: PMC11007648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Only 20 percent of renal and bladder cancer patients will show a significant response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and no test currently available accurately predicts ICI response. Methods We developed an "immunotumoroid" cell model system that recapitulates the tumor, its microenvironment, and necessary immune system components in patient-derived spheroids to enable ex vivo assessment of tumor response to ICI therapy. Immunotumoroids were developed from surgically resected renal cell carcinomas and bladder carcinomas selected for high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and survived more than a month without media exchange. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect immune and non-immune cells in cryopreserved source tumors and the resulting immunotumoroids. Immunotumoroid response to ICIs (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and durvalumab) and chemotherapy (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel) was monitored in real-time with Cytotox Red staining in an Incucyte device, and the immunotumoroid response was compared to retrospective clinical drug responses. Results Six of the 13 cases tested grew viable immunotumoroid models, with failed cases attributed to extensive tumor tissue necrosis or excess lymphocytes preventing spheroid formation. One successfully cultured case was excluded from the study due to low TIL infiltration (<5%) in the primary tumor sample. The five remaining models contained immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and macrophages), non-immune cells (fibroblasts), and tumor cells. Chemotherapy and ICI drugs were tested in immunotumoroids from 5 cases and compared to clinical outcomes where data was available. Four/five models showed cell killing in response to chemotherapy and two/five showed sensitivity to ICI. In three cases, the immunotumoroid model accurately predicted the patient's clinical response or non-response to ICIs or chemotherapy. Conclusion Our immunotumoroid model replicated the multicellular nature of the tumor microenvironment sufficiently for preclinical ICI screening. This model could enable valuable insights into the complex interactions between cancer cells, the immune system, and the microenvironment. This is a feasibility study on a small number of cases, and additional studies with larger case numbers are required including correlation with clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohammad Pezeshki
- Biomarker Discovery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John C. Cheville
- Biomarker Discovery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Angela B. Florio
- Biomarker Discovery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - George Vasmatzis
- Biomarker Discovery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Pinho MP, Lepski GA, Rehder R, Chauca-Torres NE, Evangelista GCM, Teixeira SF, Flatow EA, de Oliveira JV, Fogolin CS, Peres N, Arévalo A, Alves V, Barbuto JAM, Bergami-Santos PC. Near-Complete Remission of Glioblastoma in a Patient Treated with an Allogenic Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine: The Role of Tumor-Specific CD4+T-Cell Cytokine Secretion Pattern in Predicting Response and Recurrence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5396. [PMID: 35628206 PMCID: PMC9141410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has brought hope to the fight against glioblastoma, but its efficacy remains unclear. We present the case of CST, a 25-year-old female patient with a large right-hemisphere glioblastoma treated with a dendritic-tumor cell fusion vaccine. CST showed a near-complete tumor response, with a marked improvement in her functional status and simultaneous increases in tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Two months before recurrence, the frequency of tumor-specific T cells decreased, while that of IL-17 and CD4+ T cells increased. CST passed away 15 months after enrollment. In this illustrative case, the tumor-specific CD4+ T-cell numbers and phenotype behaved as treatment efficacy biomarkers, highlighting the key role of the latter in glioblastoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Pinho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Guilherme A. Lepski
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, LIM26, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (G.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Nadia E. Chauca-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Gabriela C. M. Evangelista
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Sarah F. Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Flatow
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Jaqueline V. de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Carla S. Fogolin
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Nataly Peres
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery (LIM-26), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Analía Arévalo
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, LIM26, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (G.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Venâncio Alves
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - José A. M. Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia C. Bergami-Santos
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.P.P.); (N.E.C.-T.); (G.C.M.E.); (S.F.T.); (E.A.F.); (J.V.d.O.); (C.S.F.); (N.P.)
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Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184529. [PMID: 34572756 PMCID: PMC8469970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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