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Wang X, Liang Q, Li Z, Li F. Body Composition and COPD: A New Perspective. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:79-97. [PMID: 36788999 PMCID: PMC9922509 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s394907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of obese or overweight patients in COPD patients is increasing. Although BMI, WC and other easy to measure indicators have been proven to be related to the risk of COPD, they cannot accurately reflect the distribution and changes of body composition, ignoring the body composition (such as fat distribution, muscle content, water content, etc.), the relationship between it and disease risk may be missed. By analyzing the correlation between different body composition indexes and COPD patients, we can provide new research ideas for the prognosis judgment or intervention of COPD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Integrated Pulmonology, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Department of Integrated Pulmonology, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Integrated Pulmonology, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center of Respiratory Obstructive Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Zheng Li; Fengsen Li, Tel +86-13999297797; +86-13999980996, Email ;
| | - Fengsen Li
- Department of Integrated Pulmonology, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China,Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center of Respiratory Obstructive Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Arima K, Zhong R, Ugai T, Zhao M, Haruki K, Akimoto N, Lau MC, Okadome K, Mehta RS, Väyrynen JP, Kishikawa J, Twombly TS, Shi S, Fujiyoshi K, Kosumi K, Ogata Y, Baba H, Wang F, Wu K, Song M, Zhang X, Fuchs CS, Sears CL, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Chan AT, Nowak JA, Giannakis M, Ogino S. Western-Style Diet, pks Island-Carrying Escherichia coli, and Colorectal Cancer: Analyses From Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:862-874. [PMID: 35760086 PMCID: PMC9509428 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Evidence supports a carcinogenic role of Escherichia coli carrying the pks island that encodes enzymes for colibactin biosynthesis. We hypothesized that the association of the Western-style diet (rich in red and processed meat) with colorectal cancer incidence might be stronger for tumors containing higher amounts of pks+E coli. METHODS Western diet score was calculated using food frequency questionnaire data obtained every 4 years during follow-up of 134,775 participants in 2 United States-wide prospective cohort studies. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we measured pks+E coli DNA in 1175 tumors among 3200 incident colorectal cancer cases that had occurred during the follow-up. We used the 3200 cases and inverse probability weighting (to adjust for selection bias due to tissue availability), integrated in multivariable-adjusted duplication-method Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS The association of the Western diet score with colorectal cancer incidence was stronger for tumors containing higher levels of pks+E coli (Pheterogeneity = .014). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% confidence interval) for the highest (vs lowest) tertile of the Western diet score were 3.45 (1.53-7.78) (Ptrend = 0.001) for pks+E coli-high tumors, 1.22 (0.57-2.63) for pks+E coli-low tumors, and 1.10 (0.85-1.42) for pks+E coli-negative tumors. The pks+E coli level was associated with lower disease stage but not with tumor location, microsatellite instability, or BRAF, KRAS, or PIK3CA mutations. CONCLUSIONS The Western-style diet is associated with a higher incidence of colorectal cancer containing abundant pks+E coli, supporting a potential link between diet, the intestinal microbiota, and colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Arima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rong Zhong
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tomotaka Ugai
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Zhao
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Naohiko Akimoto
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuo Okadome
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raaj S Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tyler S Twombly
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenji Fujiyoshi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yoko Ogata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fenglei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Renman D, Gylling B, Vidman L, Bodén S, Strigård K, Palmqvist R, Harlid S, Gunnarsson U, van Guelpen B. Density of CD3 + and CD8 + Cells in the Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer according to Prediagnostic Physical Activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:2317-2326. [PMID: 34607838 PMCID: PMC9398178 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated not only with a decreased risk of developing colorectal cancer but also with improved survival. One putative mechanism is the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Experimental findings suggest that physical activity may mobilize immune cells to the tumor. We hypothesized that higher levels of physical activity prior to colorectal cancer diagnosis are associated with higher densities of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS The study setting was a northern Swedish population-based cohort, including 109,792 participants with prospectively collected health- and lifestyle-related data. For 592 participants who later developed colorectal cancer, archival tumor tissue samples were used to assess the density of CD3+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by IHC. Odds ratios for associations between self-reported, prediagnostic recreational physical activity and immune cell infiltration were estimated by ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS Recreational physical activity >3 times per week was associated with a higher density of CD8+ T cells in the tumor front and center compared with participants reporting no recreational physical activity. Odds ratios were 2.77 (95% CI, 1.21-6.35) and 2.85 (95% CI, 1.28-6.33) for the tumor front and center, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age at diagnosis, and tumor stage. The risk estimates were consistent after additional adjustment for several potential confounders. For CD3, no clear associations were found. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity may promote the infiltration of CD8+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. IMPACT The study provides some evidence on how physical activity may alter the prognosis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renman
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Corresponding Author: David Renman, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden. Phone: 46-61184149; E-mail:
| | - Björn Gylling
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bodén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Strigård
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Palmqvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gunnarsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bethany van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abu N, Othman N, Ab Razak NS, Bakarurraini NAAR, Nasir SN, Soh JEC, Mazlan L, Azman ZAM, Jamal R. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Colorectal Cancer Affects CD8 T Cells: An Analysis Based on Body Mass Index. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564648. [PMID: 33324632 PMCID: PMC7726136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widely diagnosed cancers worldwide. It has been shown that the body-mass index (BMI) of the patients could influence the tumor microenvironment, treatment response, and overall survival rates. Nevertheless, the mechanism on how BMI affects the tumorigenesis process, particularly the tumor microenvironment is still elusive. Herein, we postulate that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from CRC patients and non-CRC volunteers with different BMI could affect immune cells differently, in CD8 T cells particularly. We isolated the EVs from the archived serum of CRC patients with high and low BMI, as well as healthy controls with similar BMI status. The EVs were further characterized via electron microscopy, western blot and dynamic light scattering. Then, functional analysis was performed on CD8 T cells including apoptosis, cell proliferation, gene expression profiling and cytokine release upon co-incubation with the different EVs. Our results suggest that CRC-derived EVs were able to regulate the CD8 T cells. In some assays, low BMI EVs were functionally different than high BMI EVs. This study highlights the possible difference in the regulatory mechanism of cancer patients-derived EVs, especially on CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norahayu Othman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur' Syahada Ab Razak
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurmi Nasir
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Mazlan
- Department of Surgery, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zairul Azwan Mohd Azman
- Department of Surgery, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Ugai T, Haruki K, Väyrynen JP, Zhong R, Borowsky J, Fujiyoshi K, Lau MC, Zhao M, Akimoto N, Chang TW, Kishikawa J, Arima K, Shi SS, Gu S, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Giannakis M, Zhang X, Song M, Meyerhardt JA, Wang M, Nowak JA, Ogino S. Coffee Intake and Colorectal Cancer Incidence According to T-Cell Response. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2020; 4:pkaa068. [PMID: 33409450 PMCID: PMC7771005 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the associations between coffee intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence might differ by immune cell densities in CRC tissue. Using the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we examined the association of coffee intake with incidence of CRC classified by intraepithelial or stromal T-cell subset densities by multiplex immunofluorescence assay for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO (PTPRC), and FOXP3. We applied an inverse probability-weighted Cox proportional hazardsregression model to control for selection bias and potential confounders. During follow-up of 133 924 participants (3 585 019 person-years), we documented 3161 incident CRC cases, including 908 CRC cases with available data on T-cell densities in tumor tissue. The association between coffee intake and CRC was not statistically significantly different by intraepithelial or stroma T-cell subset (Pheterogeneity > .38). Hence, there is no sufficient evidence for differential effect of coffee intake on incidence of CRC subtypes classified by T-cell infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ugai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Borowsky
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenji Fujiyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naohiko Akimoto
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tzuu-Wang Chang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kota Arima
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simeng Gu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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