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Feng C, Yu A, Wang Z, Wang K, Chen J, Wu Y, Deng T, Chen H, Hou Y, Ma S, Dai X, Huang L. A novel PDPN antagonist peptide CY12-RP2 inhibits melanoma growth via Wnt/β-catenin and modulates the immune cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:9. [PMID: 38167452 PMCID: PMC10759609 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podoplanin (PDPN) is a highly conserved, mucin-type protein specific to the lymphatic system. Overexpression of PDPN is associated with the progression of various solid tumors, and plays an important roles in the tumor microenvironment by regulating the immune system. However, the role of PDPN-mediated signal activation in the progression of melanoma is still unknown. METHODS PDPN expression was first analyzed in 112 human melanoma tissue microarrays and melanoma cell lines. Functional experiments including proliferation, clone formation, migration, and metastasis were utilized to identify the suppressive effects of PDPN. The Ph.D.TM-12 Phage Display Peptide Library was used to obtain a PDPN antagonist peptide, named CY12-RP2. The immunofluorescence, SPR assay, and flow cytometry were used to identify the binding specificity of CY12-RP2 with PDPN in melanoma cells. Functional and mechanistic assays in vivo and in vitro were performed for discriminating the antitumor and immune activation effects of CY12-RP2. RESULTS PDPN was overexpressed in melanoma tissue and cells, and inhibited melanoma cells proliferation, migration, and metastasis by blocking the EMT and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PDPN antagonistic peptide, CY12-RP2, could specifically bind with PDPN, suppressing melanoma various functions inducing apoptosis in both melanoma cells and 3D spheroids. CY12-RP2 also enhanced the anti-tumor capacity of PBMC, and inhibited melanoma cells growth both in xenografts and allogeneic mice model. Moreover, CY12-RP2 could inhibit melanoma lung metastasis, and abrogated the immunosuppressive effects of PDPN by increasing the proportion of CD3 + CD4 + T cells, CD3 + CD8 + T cells, CD49b + Granzyme B + NK cells, and CD11b + CD86 + M1-like macrophages and the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated the important role of PDPN in the progression of melanoma and formation of immunosuppressive environment, and provided a potential approach of treating melanoma using the novel CY12-RP2 peptide. In melanoma, PDPN is overexpressed in the cancer cells, and promotes melanoma cells growth and metastasis through activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Treatment with the PDPN antagonistic peptide CY12-RP2 could not only inhibit the melanoma growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo through Wnt/β-catenin pathway blockade, but also abrogate the immunosuppressive effects of PDPN through modulating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Feng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Albert Yu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, NoGuangdong, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Deng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Hou
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyong Dai
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Li K, Guo J, Ming Y, Chen S, Zhang T, Ma H, Fu X, Wang J, Liu W, Peng Y. A circular RNA activated by TGFβ promotes tumor metastasis through enhancing IGF2BP3-mediated PDPN mRNA stability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6876. [PMID: 37898647 PMCID: PMC10613289 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death, where TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process confers on cancer cells increased metastatic potential. However, the involvement of circRNAs in this process is still obscure. Here, we identify a TGFβ-induced circRNA called circITGB6 as an indispensable factor during the TGFβ-mediated EMT process. circITGB6 is significantly upregulated in metastatic cancer samples and its higher abundance is closely correlated to worse prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Through gain- and loss-of-function assays, circITGB6 is found to potently promote EMT process and tumor metastasis in various models in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circITGB6 enhances the mRNA stability of PDPN, an EMT-promoting gene, by directly interacting with IGF2BP3. Notably, interfering circITGB6 with PEI-coated specific siRNA effectively represses liver metastasis. Therefore, our study reveals the function of a TGFβ-regulated circRNA in tumor metastasis and suggests that targeting circITGB6 is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hulin Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, 610212, Chengdu, China.
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Lei ZN, Teng QX, Tian Q, Chen W, Xie Y, Wu K, Zeng Q, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen ZS, He Y. Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:358. [PMID: 36209270 PMCID: PMC9547882 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death. Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant improvements in patient survival, the low malignancy stage is relatively asymptomatic and many GC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, which leads to unsatisfactory prognosis and high recurrence rates. With the recent advances in genome analysis, biomarkers have been identified that have clinical importance for GC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Modern molecular classifications have uncovered the vital roles that signaling pathways, including EGFR/HER2, p53, PI3K, immune checkpoint pathways, and cell adhesion signaling molecules, play in GC tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic responsiveness. These biomarkers and molecular classifications open the way for more precise diagnoses and treatments for GC patients. Nevertheless, the relative significance, temporal activation, interaction with GC risk factors, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in GC are not well understood. Here, we review the regulatory roles of signaling pathways in GC potential biomarkers, and therapeutic targets with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Current therapies, including signaling-based and immunotherapies exploited in the past decade, and the development of treatment for GC, particularly the challenges in developing precision medications, are discussed. These advances provide a direction for the integration of clinical, molecular, and genomic profiles to improve GC diagnosis and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianlin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yihang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang X, Yuan JR, Wang X, Fu S, Wang RT, Wang GY. Association between c-type lectin-like receptor 2 and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:823. [PMID: 35902826 PMCID: PMC9330644 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a transmembrane protein, C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) is mainly expressed on platelets and released into plasma after platelet activation. Activated platelets participate in the regulation of innate immune cells. Patients with different microsatellite statuses have distinct immune profiles. This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma CLEC-2 levels with microsatellite status among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of 430 CRC patients from Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital was conducted. CLEC-2 levels were measured with fasting venous blood samples drawn from each participant before any treatment. The microsatellite status was evaluated with DNA obtained from fresh frozen tumor tissue samples. The other clinical data were collected and recorded based on the medical system records. Results CLEC-2 levels were significantly higher among patients with high microsatellite instability phenotype than the stable microsatellite group, adjusting for other confounding variables. Conclusions The increased CLEC-2 is associated with the high microsatellite instability subtype of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Jia-Rui Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Shuang Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Rui-Tao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081.
| | - Guang-Yu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, NO.150 Haping ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, 150081.
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Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Santos Marques H, de Brito BB, França da Silva FA, Souza CL, Oliveira MV, de Melo FF. From Helicobacter pylori infection to gastric cancer: Current evidence on the immune response. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:186-199. [PMID: 35433296 PMCID: PMC8966509 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the result of a multifactorial process whose main components are infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), bacterial virulence factors, host immune response and environmental factors. The development of the neoplastic microenvironment also depends on genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which results in deregulation of cell signaling pathways and apoptosis process. This review summarizes the main aspects of the pathogenesis of GC and the immune response involved in chronic inflammation generated by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Lima Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vasconcelos Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Takiguchi K, Shoda K, Nakayama T, Takahashi K, Saito R, Yamamoto A, Furuya S, Akaike H, Hosomura N, Kawaguchi Y, Amemiya H, Kawaida H, Inoue S, Kono H, Konishi H, Otsuji E, Ichikawa D. Soluble podoplanin as a biomarker in diffuse‑type gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:51. [PMID: 35029281 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse‑type gastric cancer, also known as scirrhous gastric cancer, is characterized by a larger number of stromal cells, referred to as cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs), than the number of cancer cells in the tissue. The present study focused on CAFs in gastric cancer and examined their potential as a blood biomarker. A total of 46 and 84 patients with gastric cancer were respectively included in a development and an independent validation cohort to assess the clinicopathological characteristics of plasma podoplanin (PDPN) levels. The prognostic impact of plasma PDPN was also investigated in the validation cohort. The cut‑off value of the plasma‑PDPN concentration was set to the median plasma PDPN concentration in the development cohort that was then divided into the high‑PDPN and low‑PDPN groups. The high‑PDPN group tended to have more diffuse‑type disease (P=0.079), which was further confirmed through logistic regression analysis (P=0.008). Kaplan‑Meier survival estimates indicated that the recurrence‑free survival rate was significantly lower in the high‑PDPN group (P=0.029). In conclusion, plasma soluble PDPN was demonstrated to be a marker for diffuse gastric cancer and may reflect the prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takiguchi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Shoda
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takahashi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Ryo Saito
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Shinji Furuya
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akaike
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hosomura
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kawaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Hidetake Amemiya
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kawaida
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kono
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602‑8566, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602‑8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
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