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Jakobsen IS, Madsen LMR, Mau M, Hjemdal O, Friborg O. The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:131. [PMID: 33303037 PMCID: PMC7727155 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the relationship between resilience and loneliness is sparse. The construct of resilience has been conceptualized in multiple ways, including the measurement of resilience. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) is a measure of protective factors. The present study examined whether resiliency moderates any negative relationship between loneliness and mental health and additionally examined the psychometric properties of the Danish translation of the RSA. Methods A Danish sample (N = 422) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25), the Sense of Coherence (SOC-13), and the RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults. Results The measure of loneliness correlated significantly and negatively with most facets of the RSA, except the subscales of family cohesion and structured style. The strongest correlation was the negative one between loneliness and SOC. The results indicated that people feeling lonely also experience their life as less meaningful. Conclusion The study supports the existing six-factor structure of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) in a Danish sample. The results indicate that all facets of resiliency were negatively related to loneliness. Also, the facets of perception of self and family coherence could explain a substantial amount of the variance associated with symptoms of depression in relation to loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Skytte Jakobsen
- Health, Social Work and Welfare Research, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Mau
- Health, Social Work and Welfare Research, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Herrera MS, Fernández MB. Stressful Events in Old Age: Who are Most Exposed and Who are Most Likely to Overcome Them. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2020; 6:2333721420970116. [PMID: 33241079 PMCID: PMC7675894 DOI: 10.1177/2333721420970116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated self-reported events that were
rated as stressful and being affecting wellbeing among older people. It also
examined the variables associated with the perception of overcoming these
stressful events. Methods: Face-to-face survey on a representative
sample of 1,431 older people in Santiago-Chile. Instruments included open-ended
questions for distinguishing events as losses, problems, conflicts, and others’
difficulties. The associations between the occurrence and overcoming of events
with individual and social characteristics were examined through multivariate
logistic regression. Results: 39.5% mentioned at least one
stressful event, being mostly perceived as solvable problems rather than losses.
Higher-income, better health, self-efficacy, and social support were associated
with a higher perception of event overcoming. Conclusion: The
occurrence and the probability of events’ overcoming does not increase in
old-old age in this sample group. Better health and individual and social
resources such as self-efficacy and social support, are protective resources for
overcoming the stressful events, but they are not generally considered in public
policies.
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Artani A, Kamal AK, Azam SI, Artani M, Bhamani SS, Saif M, Khan FA, Alam N. Validation of the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ) for stress measurement among adults residing in urban communities in Pakistan. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:66. [PMID: 31639054 PMCID: PMC6805381 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ) developed by Richard Rahe has enabled quantification of stress by analyzing life events. The overall aim of the study was to create a reliable version of the Rahe's RLCQ for measuring stress in individuals living in developing countries and assess its validity. This paper discusses criterion validation of the adapted RLCQ in urban communities in Pakistan. METHODS This is a criterion validation study. Four urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan were selected for the study in which households were randomly chosen. Two data collectors were assigned to administer the adapted RLCQ to eligible participants after obtaining written informed consent. Following this interaction, two psychologists interviewed the same participants with a diagnostic gold standard of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) which is utilized in usual practice within Pakistan to confirm the presence of stress related mental disorders such as Depression, Anxiety, Dysthymia, Suicide, Phobia, OCD, Panic Disorder, PTSD, Drug abuse and dependence, Alcohol abuse and dependence, Eating Disorders and Antisocial Personality Disorder to validate the accuracy of the adapted RLCQ. We generated the ROC curves for the adapted RLCQ with suggested cut-offs, and analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the adapted RLCQ. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety was 0.64, where sensitivity was 66%, specificity was 56% and the corresponding cut off from the adapted RLCQ was 750. Individuals scoring ≥750 were classified as high stress and vice versa. In contrast, the area under the ROC curve for serious mental disorder and adverse outcomes such as suicide, bipolar and dysthymia was 0.75, where sensitivity was 72% and specificity was 60% at the cut off of 800 on the adapted RLCQ. Individuals scoring ≥800 were classified as high stress and vice versa. The rate of agreement between the two psychologists was 94.32% (Kappa = 0.84). CONCLUSION The adapted and validated RLCQ characterizes common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety with moderate accuracy and severe mental disorders such as suicide, bipolar and dysthymia with high accuracy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02356263 . Registered January 28, 2015. (Observational Study Only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmina Artani
- Stroke Service, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Stroke Fellowship Program, International Cerebrovascular Translational Clinical Research Training Program, Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Ayeesha K. Kamal
- Stroke Service, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Stroke Fellowship Program, International Cerebrovascular Translational Clinical Research Training Program, Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Syed Iqbal Azam
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Moiz Artani
- MBBS Program, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Nazir Alam
- University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Sheppard FH, Stanford D. Women's Perceptions of Retirement. J Gerontol Nurs 2019; 45:31-39. [PMID: 30917203 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20190221-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A record number of women are going through the major life transition of retirement. The purpose of the current study was to explore women's perceptions of retirement with the goals of better understanding important patterns of response regarding retirement transitioning and to inform nurses on how to assist clients who are anticipating or engaging in the retirement transition. A sample population of 170 retired women was recruited using convenience sampling from community settings within six southeastern U.S. states. Participants expressed their perceptions of retirement through written responses to open-ended questions. Content analysis revealed the following themes: Love It/Happy; Unhappy/Regrets; So Much Time, So Little (money, resources, etc.); Searching; Busy; Relief/Freedom; Giving: For Me and Thee; Adequate Resources; Creating Your Own Structure; and Positive Attitude. Careful assessment for health changes, promotion of positive coping skills, and provision of educational planning and therapeutic resources to women who are transitioning to retirement should assist women toward healthy and successful retirements. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 45(4), 31-39.].
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Morote R, Hjemdal O, Martinez Uribe P, Corveleyn J. Psychometric properties of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) and its relationship with life-stress, anxiety and depression in a Hispanic Latin-American community sample. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187954. [PMID: 29125876 PMCID: PMC5681258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience is a multi-dimensional construct associated with health and well-being. At present, we do not yet have a valid, scientific instrument that is designed to evaluate adult resilience in Spanish-speaking countries and that accounts for family, social and individual components. This study aimed at investigating the construct and cross-cultural validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) by combining Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Hierarchical Regression models in a Hispanic Latin-American group. A community sample of 805 adults answered the RSA, Spanish Language Stressful Life-Events checklist (SL-SLE), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). First-order CFA verified the six factors structure for the RSA (RMSEA = .037, SRMR = .047, CFI = .91, TLI = .90). Five RSA scales and total score have good internal consistency (scales α > .70; total score α = .90). Two second-order CFA verified the intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of the protector factors of resilience, as well as their commonality and uniqueness with affective symptoms (anxiety and depression). An exploratory MDS reproduced the relations of RSA items and factors at first and second-order levels against random simulated data, thereby providing initial evidence of its cross-cultural validity in a Spanish-speaking group. The Four-steps hierarchical model showed that the RSA scales are the strongest predictors of anxiety and depression–greater than gender, age, education and stressful life-events. Three RSA scales are significant unique predictors of affective symptoms. In addition, similar to findings in diverse cultural settings, resilience is positively associated with age but not with education. Women report higher scores of Social Resources and Social Competence and lower scores of Perception of the Self. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the construct and criterion-related validity of the RSA in broad, diverse and Spanish speaking sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Morote
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jozef Corveleyn
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Morote R, Hjemdal O, Krysinska K, Martinez Uribe P, Corveleyn J. Resilience or hope? Incremental and convergent validity of the resilience scale for adults (RSA) and the Herth hope scale (HHS) in the prediction of anxiety and depression. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:36. [PMID: 29078801 PMCID: PMC5659010 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hope and resilience protect against inner vulnerabilities or harsh life circumstances; they explain individual differences in physical or mental health outcomes under high stress. They have been studied in complementary or competing theoretical frameworks; therefore, the study of measures of hope and resilience should be undertaken prior to explore if they are truly value-added for research. This study investigates the convergent and incremental validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) and the Herth Hope Scale (HHS), in the prediction of anxiety and depression (HSCL-25). METHODS Participants in this community-based sample are 762 adults from 18 to 74 years old. They answered the RSA, HHS, Spanish Language Stressful Life-Events Checklist (SL-SLE), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). Incremental validity analyses combined hierarchical regression and structural equation models (SEM). First, hierarchical regression models were compared based on three criteria (R 2Diff., ΔF, and semi-partial r), then the direct effect of resilience on affective symptoms was compared with the mediated effect of resilience on affective symptoms through hope. RESULTS The hierarchical models showed that (1) hope and resilience account significantly for the variance of affective symptoms above age, sex, and life-stress; (2) Resilience Total score has greater incremental validity than positive scales of HHS Hope; and (3) RSA Total score, HHS Optimism/Spiritual support, Stressful life-events and sex are unique predictors of affective symptoms. The SEM analyses verified a stronger direct effect of resilience in the prediction of affective symptoms above the significant partial mediated effect of resilience through hope. Additionally, results show that age and better educational opportunities were associated with protection (i.e. resilience and hope) and emotional well-being (i.e. affective symptoms and hopelessness). Women showed higher scores in social competences and resources (RSA), interconnectedness and initiative to take action (HHS). However, they have poorer evaluations of own abilities and efficacy (RSA), and higher scores in all the affective symptoms assessed. CONCLUSION The RSA has incremental validity above the HHS, however, both the RSA and the HHS are effective, differentiated and complementary measures of protection that are of high relevance for research on psychosocial and emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Morote
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sidney, Australia
| | | | - Jozef Corveleyn
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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