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Hasija M, Ma J, Li B, Rahman N, Strahlendorf KA, Ausar SF. Determination of Deamidation in Adjuvanted Vaccine Antigens through Isoaspartic Acid Quantification. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:733. [PMID: 39066371 PMCID: PMC11281650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a post-translational chemical modification that occurs within proteins and can be influenced by many factors, including temperature and pH. In vaccines, deamidation is considered undesirable as it may lead to changes in structure, function, stability, and immunogenicity. Detecting deamidation in vaccines, especially adjuvanted vaccines, can be challenging due to the lack of simple quantitative techniques. In this study, the quantification of isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) was used to assess deamidation in model antigens in the presence and absence of common vaccine adjuvants. This study shows that the detection of isoAsp was possible in the presence of various types of adjuvants with little to no interference. High levels of isoAsp were detected in thermally and pH-stressed adjuvanted vaccines, suggesting significant deamidation and highlighting the stability-indicating capabilities of the assay. The quantification of isoAsp in stability programs of a vaccine drug product could possibly find applications in product shelf-life determination, using thermal kinetic modeling to predict deamidation over time. The ability to detect deamidation early in vaccine development enhances process improvements and ultimately improves the vaccine's stability. To summarize, this paper describes a rapid and simple method to determine deamidation in adjuvanted vaccines. This method could be applicable to formulation development, stability assessment, or shelf-life determination.
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2
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Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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3
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Liu X, Li H, Li S, Yuan J, Pang Y. Maintenance and recall of memory T cell populations against tuberculosis: Implications for vaccine design. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100741. [PMID: 37063832 PMCID: PMC10102482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of standardised drug regimens, advanced diagnostics, and Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic remains uncontrollable. To address this challenge, improved vaccines are urgently required that can elicit persistent immunologic memory, the hallmark of successful vaccines. Nonetheless, the processes underlying the induction and maintenance of immunologic memory are not entirely understood. Clarifying how memory T cells (Tm cells) are created and survive long term may be a crucial step towards the development of effective T cell–targeted vaccines. Here, we review research findings on the memory T cell response, which involves mobilization of several distinct Tm cell subsets that are required for efficient host suppression of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) activity. We also summaries current knowledge related to the T cell response-based host barrier against Mtb infection and discuss advantages and disadvantages of novel TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Pang
- *Correspondence: Jinfeng Yuan, ; Yu Pang,
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4
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Troy A, Esparza-Gonzalez SC, Bartek A, Creissen E, Izzo L, Izzo AA. Pulmonary mucosal immunity mediated through CpG provides adequate protection against pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the mouse model. A role for type I interferon. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 123:101949. [PMID: 32741537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 9 stimulation is required for induction of potent immune responses against pathogen invasion. The use of unmethylated CpG as adjuvants in vaccines provides an excellent means of stimulating adaptive immunity. Our data demonstrate that CpG-C provided prolonged immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis when formulated with liposomes and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6. A reduction in the mycobacterial burden was best achieved when administered as an intranasal vaccine and was dependent on type I interferon (IFN). There was a significant difference between CpG-C inoculated wild type and IFN-αR1-/- mice, indicating that type I IFN plays a role in the immune response following CpG-C inoculation. Further analysis showed that early NK cell presence was not an absolute requirement, although elevated IFN-γ levels were detected in the lungs of mice within 48 h. The reduction in mycobacterial burden was MyD88-independent as CpG-C inoculated MyD88-/- mice showed comparable mycobacterial burdens to wild type mice with no detriment due to the lack of MyD88. Together our data show that pulmonary stimulation of TLR9 bearing antigen presenting cells resulted in the induction of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection that was dependent on type I IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Troy
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Esparza-Gonzalez
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia Bartek
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Creissen
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Linda Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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5
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Moreno-Mendieta S, Barrera-Rosales A, Mata-Espinosa D, Barrios-Payán J, Sánchez S, Hernández-Pando R, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Raw starch microparticles as BCG adjuvant: Their efficacy depends on the virulence of the infection strains. Vaccine 2019; 37:5731-5737. [PMID: 31000412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of tuberculosis (TB) as one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, the growing incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the controversial efficacy of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine drives the development of new generation multistage vaccines against this disease that can boost BCG-primed immunity. The use of polymeric microparticles for this purpose increases due to their advantages, especially their good safety levels and intrinsic immunostimulant properties. We recently explored and demonstrated the reinforcing and adjuvant potential of starch microparticles (SMPs) that administered intranasally to BCG-primed BALB/c mice, alone or in combination with a recombinant antigen, increased survival rates and induced a reduction of bacterial load in the lungs of mice infected with tuberculosis. Here, we tested the effect of SMPs added to the BCG vaccine as adjuvant to the whole-cell vaccine and investigated their contribution to the improvement of the protective efficacy of subcutaneous vaccination in mice challenged with virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As expected, our results were dependent on the infection strains, showing that virulence is a crucial factor that affects the adjuvant activity of SMPs. Our results also confirm the adjuvant activity of this carbohydrate and its usefulness in diverse vaccination strategies not only for mucosal but also for parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Barrera-Rosales
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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6
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Wijayadikusumah AR, Zeng W, McQuilten HA, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chua BY. Geometry of a TLR2-Agonist-Based Adjuvant Can Affect the Resulting Antigen-Specific Immune Response. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2037-2047. [PMID: 30924661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of otherwise nonimmunogenic antigens to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) has proven to be an effective means of improving immunogenicity. For this purpose, we have used a branched cationic lipopeptide, R4Pam2Cys, which is an agonist for TLR2 and enables electrostatic association with antigen for this purpose. Here, we compare the immunological properties of ovalbumin formulated with different geometrical configurations of R4Pam2Cys. Our results demonstrate that notwithstanding the presence of the same adjuvant, branched forms of R4Pam2Cys are more effective at inducing immune responses than are linear geometries. CD8+ T-cell-mediated responses are particularly improved, resulting in significantly higher levels of antigen-specific cytokine secretion and cytolysis of antigen-bearing target cells in vivo. The results correlate with the ability of branched R4Pam2Cys conformations to encourage higher levels of DC maturation and facilitate superior antigen uptake, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. These differences are not attributable to particle size because both branched and linear lipopeptides associate with antigen-forming complexes of similar size, but rather the ability of branched lipopeptides to induce more efficient TLR2-mediated cell signaling. Branched lipopeptides are also more resistant to trypsin-mediated proteolysis, suggesting greater stability than their linear counterparts. The branched lipopeptide facilitates presentation of antigen more efficiently to CD8+ T cells, resulting in rapid cell division and upregulation of early cell surface activation markers. These results as well as cognate recognition of Pam2Cys by TLR2 indicate that the adjuvant's efficiency is also dependent on its geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acep R Wijayadikusumah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Research and Development Division , PT. Bio Farma (Persero) , 28 Pasteur Street , Bandung , West Java 40161 , Indonesia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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7
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Deshmukh SS, Magcalas FW, Kalbfleisch KN, Carpick BW, Kirkitadze MD. Tuberculosis vaccine candidate: Characterization of H4-IC31 formulation and H4 antigen conformation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:235-243. [PMID: 29866391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making the development of effective TB vaccines a global priority. A TB vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein, H4, combined with a novel synthetic cationic adjuvant, IC31®, is currently being developed. The H4 fusion protein consists of two immunogenic mycobacterial antigens, Ag85 B and TB10.4, and the IC31® adjuvant is a mixture of KLK, a leucine-rich peptide (KLKL5KLK), and the oligodeoxynucleotide ODN1a, a TLR9 ligand. However, efficient and robust methods for assessing these formulated components are lacking. Here, we developed and optimized phase analysis light scattering (PALS), electrical sensing zone (ESZ), and Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy methods to characterize the H4-IC31 vaccine formulation. PALS-measured conductivity and zeta potential values could differentiate between the similarly sized particles of IC31® adjuvant and the H4-IC31 vaccine candidate and could thereby serve as a control during vaccine formulation. In addition, zeta potential is indicative of the adjuvant to antigen ratio which is the key in the immunomodulatory response of the vaccine. ESZ was used as an orthogonal method to measure IC31® and H4-IC31 particle sizes. Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy revealed structural changes in H4 protein and IC31® adjuvant, inducing an increase in both the β-sheet and random coil content as a result of adsorption. Furthermore, nanoDSF showed changes in the tertiary structure of H4 protein as a result of adjuvantation to IC31®. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of biophysical methods to characterize vaccine components in the final H4-IC31 drug product without the requirement for desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmit S Deshmukh
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; SGS Canada, Biopharmaceutical Services, 6490 Vipond Drive, Mississauga, ON, L5T 1W8, Canada
| | - Federico Webster Magcalas
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; Biotechnology Advanced Program, Seneca College, 70 The Pond Road, Toronto, ON, M3J 3M6, Canada
| | - Kristen N Kalbfleisch
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; Biotechnology Advanced Program, Seneca College, 70 The Pond Road, Toronto, ON, M3J 3M6, Canada
| | - Bruce W Carpick
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Marina D Kirkitadze
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada.
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8
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Gong W, Liang Y, Wu X. The current status, challenges, and future developments of new tuberculosis vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1697-1716. [PMID: 29601253 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1458806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. TB results in more fatalities than multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV strain related coinfection. Vaccines play a key role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, the only licensed preventive vaccine against TB, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is ineffective for prevention of pulmonary TB in adults. Therefore, it is very important to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and control. This literature review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune response during M. tuberculosis infection, and presents current developments and challenges to novel TB vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies provides extensive insight for the development of safer and more efficient vaccines, and may inspire new ideas for TB prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Yan Liang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
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9
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He L, Su J, Ming M, Bernardo L, Chen T, Gisonni-Lex L, Gajewska B. Flow cytometry: An efficient method for antigenicity measurement and particle characterization on an adjuvanted vaccine candidate H4-IC31 for tuberculosis. J Immunol Methods 2017; 452:39-45. [PMID: 29056527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an accurate, precise and stability-indicating flow cytometry (FC) based assay to directly measure antigenicity of H4 protein (also known as HyVac4) in a vaccine formulation of H4-IC31, without desorbing the H4 protein from the IC31 adjuvant. This method involves immuno-staining of H4-IC31 complex with anti-H4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) followed by FC analysis. The assay is not only able to consistently measure H4 antigenicity levels in H4-IC31 stored under normal condition at 2-8°C, but also able to detect changes in H4 antigenicity after H4-IC31 undergoes heat stress or freeze-thawing. In addition, the FC method is able to characterize particle morphology while measuring antigenicity. The biological relevance of the changes in H4 antigenicity detected by the FC assay was supported by an in vitro cell based functional assay using human PBMCs to measure IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion upon re-stimulation with H4-IC31. Our results show that the FC based antigenicity assay can efficiently monitor the biological and physicochemical properties of H4-IC31 and is an indicator for adjuvanted vaccine product stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei He
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jin Su
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marin Ming
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lidice Bernardo
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tricia Chen
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lucy Gisonni-Lex
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
| | - Beata Gajewska
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Faridgohar M, Nikoueinejad H. New findings of Toll-like receptors involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:256-264. [PMID: 28715935 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1351080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an important issue in the present age, affects millions of people each year. The infectious agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), interacts with the immune system which prevents the development of this bacterium as much as possible. In fact, the receptors on the surface of immune cells identify the bacteria, one of which is Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Different TLRs including 2, 4, 9 and 8 play critical roles in tuberculosis infection. In this paper, we focused on the role of TLRs which interact with different components of Mtb and, consequently, prevent the entrance and influence of bacteria on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Faridgohar
- a Molecular Biology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- b Nephrology and Urology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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11
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Hakimi J, Azizi A, Ausar SF, Todryk SM, Rahman N, Brookes RH. An adjuvant-modulated vaccine response in human whole blood. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2130-2134. [PMID: 28605295 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1337616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The restimulation of an immune memory response by in vitro culture of blood cells with a specific antigen has been used as a way to gauge immunity to vaccines for decades. In this commentary we discuss a less appreciated application to support vaccine process development. We report that human whole blood from pre-primed subjects can generate a profound adjuvant-modulated, antigen-specific response to several different vaccine formulations. The response is able to differentiate subtle changes in the quality of an immune memory response to vaccine formulations and can be used to select optimal conditions relating to a particular manufacture process step. While questions relating to closeness to in vivo vaccination remain, the approach is another big step nearer to the more relevant human response. It has special importance for new adjuvant development, complementing other preclinical in vivo and in vitro approaches to considerably de-risk progression of novel vaccines before and throughout early clinical development. Broader implications of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Hakimi
- a Sanofi Pasteur, Product R&D , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ali Azizi
- a Sanofi Pasteur, Product R&D , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Stephen M Todryk
- b Department of Applied Sciences , Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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12
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Hakimi J, Aboutorabian S, To F, Ausar SF, Rahman N, Brookes RH. Screening Vaccine Formulations in Fresh Human Whole Blood. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:295-304. [PMID: 27718203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the immunological functionality of vaccine formulations is critical for vaccine development. While the traditional approach using established animal models has been relatively effective, the use of animals is costly and cumbersome, and animal models are not always reflective of a human response. The development of a human-based approach would be a major step forward in understanding how vaccine formulations might behave in humans. Here, we describe a platform methodology using fresh human whole blood (hWB) to monitor adjuvant-modulated, antigen-specific responses to vaccine formulations, which is amenable to analysis by standard immunoassays as well as a variety of other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Hakimi
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Sepideh Aboutorabian
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Frederick To
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Salvador F Ausar
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Nausheen Rahman
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Roger H Brookes
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4.
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13
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Twine SM, Fulton KM, Spika J, Ouellette M, Raven JF, Conlan JW, Krishnan L, Barreto L, Richards JC. Next Generation Vaccine Biomarkers workshop October 30-31, 2014--Ottawa, Canada. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2923-30. [PMID: 26383909 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1083663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine biomarkers are critical to many aspects of vaccine development and licensure, including bridging findings in pre-clinical studies to clinical studies, predicting potential adverse events, and predicting vaccine efficacy. Despite advances in our understanding of various biological pathways, and advances in systems analyses of the immune response, there remains much to learn about qualitative and quantitative aspects of the human host response to vaccination. To stimulate discussion and identify opportunities for collaborative ways to advance the field of vaccine biomarkers, A Next Generation Vaccine Biomarker workshop was held in Ottawa. The two day workshop, sponsored by the National Research Council Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Pfizer, and Medicago, brought together stakeholders from Canadian and international industry, government and academia. The workshop was grouped in themes, covering vaccine biomarker challenges in the pre-clinical and clinical spaces, veterinary vaccines, regulatory challenges, and development of biomarkers for adjuvants and cancer vaccines. The use of case studies allowed participants to identify the needs and gaps requiring innovation. The workshop concluded with a discussion on opportunities for vaccine biomarker discovery, the Canadian context, and approaches for moving forward. This article provides a synopsis of these discussions and identifies steps forward for advancing vaccine biomarker research in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Twine
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Kelly M Fulton
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - John Spika
- b Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- c Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jennifer F Raven
- c Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - J Wayne Conlan
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Luis Barreto
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - James C Richards
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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