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Liu B, Li M, Li X, Yang J, Yan H. An optimized caries model of Streptococcus mutans in rats and its application for evaluating prophylactic vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2345943. [PMID: 38757492 PMCID: PMC11110711 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2345943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a prevalent oral disease that mainly results from Streptococcus mutans. Susceptibility to S. mutans decreased rapidly after weaning in a well-known rat model. However, owing to the lack of time to establish protective immunity ahead of challenge, the weaning rat model is suboptimal for assessing prophylactic vaccines against S. mutans infection. In this study, we found that, in adult rats, S. mutans cultured under air-restricted conditions showed dramatically increased colonization efficacy and accelerated development of dental caries compared with those cultured under air-unrestricted conditions. We propose that S. mutans cultured under air-restricted conditions can be used to develop an optimal caries model, especially for the evaluation of prophylactic efficacy against S. mutans. Therefore, we used the anti-caries vaccine, KFD2-rPAc, to reevaluate the protection against the challenge of S. mutans. In immunized rats, rPAc-specific protective antibodies were robustly elicited by KFD2-rPAc before the challenge. In addition to inhibiting the initial and long-term colonization of S. mutans in vivo, KFD2-rPAc immunization showed an 83% inhibitory efficacy against the development of caries, similar to that previously evaluated in a weaning rat model. These results demonstrate that culturing under air-restricted conditions can promote S. mutans infection in adult rats, thereby helping establish a rat infection model to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of vaccines and anti-caries drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yu YB, Liu Y, Liang H, Dong X, Yang XY, Li S, Guo Z. A Nanoparticle-Based Anticaries Vaccine Enhances the Persistent Immune Response To Inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Prevent Caries. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0432822. [PMID: 36976019 PMCID: PMC10100722 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04328-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Caries vaccines have been identified as a good strategy for the prevention of caries through the mechanism of inoculation against Streptococcus mutans, which is the main etiological bacterium causing caries. Protein antigen c (PAc) of S. mutans has been administered as an anticaries vaccine but shows relatively weak immunogenicity to elicit a low-level immune response. Here, we report a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticle (ZIF-8 NP)-based adjuvant with good biocompatibility, pH responsiveness, and high loading performance for PAc that was used as an anticaries vaccine. In this study, we prepared a ZIF-8@PAc anticaries vaccine and investigated the immune responses and anticaries efficacy induced by this vaccine in vitro and in vivo. ZIF-8 NPs substantially improved the internalization of PAc in lysosomes for further processing and presentation to T lymphocytes. In addition, significantly higher IgG antibody titers, cytokine levels, splenocyte proliferation indices, and percentages of mature dendritic cells (DCs) and central memory T cells were detected in mice subcutaneously immunized with ZIF-8@PAc than in mice subcutaneously immunized with PAc alone. Finally, rats were immunized with ZIF-8@PAc, and ZIF-8@PAc elicited a strong immune response to inhibit colonization by S. mutans and improve prophylactic efficacy against caries. Based on the results, ZIF-8 NPs are promising as an adjuvant for anticaries vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans is the main etiologic bacterium of dental caries, whose protein antigen c (PAc) has been administered as an anticaries vaccine. However, the immunogenicity of PAc is relatively weak. To improve the immunogenicity of PAc, ZIF-8 NP was used as an adjuvant, and the immune responses and protective effect elicited by ZIF-8@PAc anticaries vaccine were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The findings will help in prevention of dental caries and provide new insight for the development of anticaries vaccine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bo Yu
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hangeri Liang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianxin Dong
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Li
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Yu YB, Liu Y, Li S, Yang XY, Guo Z. The pH-responsive zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticle as a promising immune-enhancing adjuvant for anti-caries vaccine. J Dent 2023; 130:104413. [PMID: 36634754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main aetiologic bacterium of dental caries, whose protein antigen (PAc) has been administered as an anti-caries vaccine. In addition, several fusion proteins or PAc combined with adjuvants were used as anti-caries vaccines to improve the relatively weak immunogenicity of PAc. However, there are no nanoparticle-based adjuvants with good biocompatibility, excellent biodegradability, or the high loading performance of antigens used for anti-caries vaccines. This study aimed to prepare an innovative nanoparticle-based anti-caries vaccine and evaluate immune responses elicited by this vaccine in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In this study, an anti-caries vaccine was prepared by an antigen of recombinant protein PAc from S. mutans and an adjuvant of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs) synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Then, mice were administrated intranasally by ZIF-8@PAc vaccine, and immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS ZIF-8 NPs not only greatly improved the internalization of the antigen but also released the PAc protein after degradation of ZIF-8 NPs in lysosomes for the further processing and presentation of antigen-presenting cells. In addition, ZIF-8@PAc induced significantly more potent PAc-specific serum IgG and saliva IgA antibodies, a higher splenocyte proliferation index, higher levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and IFN-γ, and a higher percentage of mature DCs and CD4+ memory T cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The ZIF-8 NPs, as an anti-caries vaccine adjuvant-assisted antigen PAc, elicit significantly potent immune responses, aiding in the further prevention of dental caries. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vaccine immunotherapy is an attractive strategy for prevention and treatment of dental caries. The ZIF-8@PAc vaccine can induce significantly high level of immune responses in this study, which indicates great potential for prevention and treatment of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bo Yu
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Li
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, College of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhong Guo
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Hu P, Lv B, Yang K, Lu Z, Ma J. Discovery of myricetin as an inhibitor against Streptococcus mutans and an anti-adhesion approach to biofilm formation. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151512. [PMID: 33971542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are cariogenic microorganisms. Sortase A (SrtA) is a transpeptidase that attaches Pac to the cell surface. The biofilm formation of S. mutans is promoted by SrtA regulated Pac. Myricetin (Myr) has a variety of pharmacological properties, including inhibiting SrtA activity of Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this research was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Myr on SrtA of S. mutans and its subsequent influence on the biofilm formation. Here, Myr was discovered as a potent inhibitor of S. mutans SrtA, with an IC50 of 48.66 ± 1.48 μM, which was lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 512 ug/mL. Additionally, immunoblot and biofilm assays demonstrated that Myr at a sub-MIC level could reduce adhesion and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The reduction of biofilm was possibly caused by the decreased amount of Pac on the cells' surface by releasing Pac into the medium via inhibiting SrtA activity. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays suggested that Met123, Ile191, and Arg213 of SrtA were pivotal for the interaction of SrtA and Myr. Our findings indicate that Myr is a promising candidate for the control of dental caries by modulating Pac-involved adhesive mechanisms without developing drug resistance to S.mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bibo Lv
- Pediatric Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Xiangyang Stomatological Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 6, Jianhua Road, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongxi Yang
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Loera-Muro A, Guerrero-Barrera A, Tremblay D N Y, Hathroubi S, Angulo C. Bacterial biofilm-derived antigens: a new strategy for vaccine development against infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:385-396. [PMID: 33606569 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1892492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microorganisms can develop into a social organization known as biofilms and these communities can be found in virtually all types of environment on earth. In biofilms, cells grow as multicellular communities held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Living within a biofilm allows for the emergence of specific properties for these cells that their planktonic counterparts do not have. Furthermore, biofilms are the cause of several infectious diseases and are frequently inhabited by multi-species. These interactions between microbial species are often critical for the biofilm process. Despite the importance of biofilms in disease, vaccine antigens are typically prepared from bacteria grown as planktonic cells under laboratory conditions. Vaccines based on planktonic bacteria may not provide optimal protection against biofilm-driven infections. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will present an overview of biofilm formation, what controls this mode of growth, and recent vaccine development targeting biofilms. EXPERT OPINION Previous and ongoing research provides evidence that vaccine formulation with antigens derived from biofilms is a promising approach to prevent infectious diseases and can enhance the protective efficacy of existing vaccines. Therefore, research focusing on the identification of biofilm-derived antigens merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT-CIBNOR, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, México
| | - Alma Guerrero-Barrera
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, AGS, México
| | - Yannick Tremblay D N
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Skander Hathroubi
- Cluster of Excellence "Matters of Activity.Image Space Material", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Liden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.,Institüt Für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, México
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The Combinations Chitosan-Pam 3CSK 4 and Chitosan-Monophosphoryl Lipid A: Promising Immune-Enhancing Adjuvants for Anticaries Vaccine PAc. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00651-19. [PMID: 31527122 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00651-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that recombinant protein PAc could be administered as an anticaries vaccine. However, the relatively weak immunogenicity of PAc limits its application. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two adjuvant combinations of chitosan plus Pam3CSK4 (chitosan-Pam3CSK4) and of chitosan plus monophosphoryl lipid A (chitosan-MPL) in the immune responses to the PAc protein in vivo and in vitro PAc-chitosan-Pam3CSK4 or PAc-chitosan-MPL promoted significantly higher PAc-specific antibody titers in serum and saliva, inhibited Streptococcus mutans colonization onto the tooth surfaces, and endowed better protection effect with significantly less caries activities than PAc alone. Chitosan-Pam3CSK4 and chitosan-MPL showed no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the chitosan-Pam3CSK4 and chitosan-MPL combinations are promising for anticaries vaccine development.
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Patel M. Dental caries vaccine: are we there yet? Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:2-12. [PMID: 31518435 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries, caused by Streptococcus mutans, is a common infection. Caries vaccine has been under investigation for the last 40 years. Many in vitro and in vivo studies and some human clinical trials have determined many pertinent aspects regarding vaccine development. The virulence determinants of Strep. mutans, such as Ag I/II, responsible for adherence to surfaces, glucosyltransferase, responsible for the production of glucan, and the glucan-binding protein, responsible for the attachment of glucan to surfaces, have been known to elicit an antigen-specific immune response. It is also known that more than one antigen or a functional part of the genome responsible for these virulence determinants provide a better host response compared with the monogenic vaccine or complete genome of a specific antigen. To enhance the host response, the use of adjuvants has been studied and the routes of antigen administration have been investigated. In recent years, some promising vaccines such as pGJA-P/VAX, LT derivative/Pi39-512 , KFD2-rPAc and SBR/GBR-CMV-nirB have been developed and tested in animals. New virulence targets need to be explored. Multicentre collaborative studies and human clinical trials are required and some interest from funders and public health experts should be generated to overcome this hurdle. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Dental caries is an irreversible, multifactorial opportunistic infection. The treatment is costly, making it a public health problem. Despite many years of promising laboratory research, animal studies and clinical trials, there is no commercially available vaccine today. The research objectives have become more refined from lessons learnt over the years. Multigenic DNA/recombinant vaccines, using the best proved adjuvants with a delivery system for the nasal or sublingual route, should be developed and researched with multicentre collaborative efforts. In addition, new vaccine targets can be identified. To overcome the economic hurdle, funders and public health interest should be stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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LT adjuvant modulates epitope specificity and improves the efficacy of murine antibodies elicited by sublingual vaccination with the N-terminal domain of Streptococcus mutans P1. Vaccine 2017; 35:7273-7282. [PMID: 29146379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and peptide-based immune signatures of antibodies raised in mice after sublingual immunization with a recombinant form of the P1 (aka AgI/II, PAc) adhesin (P139-512) of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of dental caries. Sublingual administration of P139-512 in combination with the mucosal adjuvant LTK4R (a derivative of heat-labile LT toxin) induced strong and long-lasting systemic and mucosal immune responses. Incorporation of the adjuvant resulted in an enhancement of the anti-adhesive and anti-colonization activity against S. mutans as evaluated both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Incorporation of the adjuvant to the vaccine formulation also changed the epitope specificity of the induced antibodies as determined by immunological signatures of sera collected from vaccinated mice. Use of a peptide microarray library led to the identification of peptide targets recognized by antibodies in serum samples with enhanced anti-adhesive effects. Altogether, the results presented herein showed that the sublingual administration of a P1-based subunit vaccine represents a promising approach for the prevention of dental caries caused by S. mutans. In addition, the present study disclosed the role of adjuvants on the epitope specificity and functionality of antibodies raised by subunit vaccines.
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Yang J, Sun Y, Bao R, Zhou D, Yang Y, Cao Y, Yu J, Zhao B, Li Y, Yan H, Zhong M. Second-generation Flagellin-rPAc Fusion Protein, KFD2-rPAc, Shows High Protective Efficacy against Dental Caries with Low Potential Side Effects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11191. [PMID: 28894188 PMCID: PMC5593867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common global chronic diseases affecting all ages of the population; thus a vaccine against caries is urgently needed. Our previous studies demonstrated that a fusion protein, KF-rPAc, in which rPAc of S. mutans is directly fused to the C-terminal of E. coli-derived flagellin (KF), could confer high prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency against caries. However, possible side effects, including the high antigenicity of flagellin and possible inflammatory injury induced by flagellin, may restrict its clinical usage. Here, we produced a second-generation flagellin-rPAc fusion protein, KFD2-rPAc, by replacing the main antigenicity region domains D2 and D3 of KF with rPAc. Compared with KF-rPAc, KFD2-rPAc has lower TLR5 agonist efficacy and induces fewer systemic inflammatory responses in mice. After intranasal immunization, KFD2-rPAc induces significantly lower flagellin-specific antibody responses but a comparable level of rPAc-specific antibody responses in mice. More importantly, in rat challenge models, KFD2-rPAc induces a robust rPAc-specific IgA response, and confers efficient prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency against caries as does KF-rPAc, while the flagellin-specific antibody responses are highly reduced. In conclusion, low side effects and high protective efficiency against caries makes the second-generation flagellin-rPAc fusion protein, KFD2-rPAc, a promising vaccine candidate against caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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