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Al Adawiah R, Zaenal Mustopa A, Budiarti S, Nur Umami R, Hertati A, Irawan H, Ikramullah MC, Arwansyah A, Mamangkey J, Kartikasari I, Salahudin Darusman H. Molecular dynamics simulation and purification of chimeric L1/L2 protein from human papillomavirus type 52 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:395-414. [PMID: 38965835 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2376034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The available prophylactic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the market are only effective against specific types of HPV, rendering them ineffective for other types of HPV infections. The objective of this research is to investigate the stability of the recombinant protein constructed, namely chimeric L1/L2 protein from HPV type 52, with improved cross-neutralization ability. The 3D model, predicted using Alphafold, Robetta, I-Tasser, and refined with Galaxy Refinement, is validated using Ramachandran plot analysis. The stability is verified through molecular dynamics simulations, considering parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA, where stable conditions are observed. The chimeric L1/L2 protein from HPV type 52 is purified using affinity chromatography, and the His-tag is cleaved using SUMO protease to obtain pure chimeric protein with the size of ~ 55 kDa. Western blot analysis confirms binding to anti-L1 HPV type 52 polyclonal antibody. The obtained vaccine candidate can be utilized as an effective prophylactic vaccine against HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apon Zaenal Mustopa
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Budiarti
- Department of Biology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Rifqiyah Nur Umami
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ai Hertati
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Herman Irawan
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Muh Chaeril Ikramullah
- Biotechnology Study Program, Postgraduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Jendri Mamangkey
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Huda Salahudin Darusman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical, IPB University Indonesia,Bogor
- Primate Animal Study Center, Research Institution and Community Service (LPPM), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Anqi-Liu, Jiali-Quan, Lingxian-Qiu, Yue-Huang, Wujian-Ke, Huachun-Zou, Ting-Wu, Xuqi-Ren. Attitudes toward an HPV vaccine for condyloma acuminata and willingness to undergo vaccination among STD clinic attendees in China: Focus on STI prevention with HPV vaccine. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1610. [PMID: 38886680 PMCID: PMC11181624 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Condyloma acuminata (CA) is a common, and recurrent sexually transmitted disease (STD) that greatly contributes to direct health care costs and has a substantial psychosocial impact. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination (containing L1 protein for HPV types 6 and 11) effectively controls CA. OBJECTIVES We investigated attitudes toward the HPV vaccine for CA and willingness to undergo vaccination among STD clinic attendees in China. METHODS Attendees at STD clinics at two selected hospitals in Guangdong and Jiangsu Provinces from May to September 2017 were requested to complete a self-administered questionnaire for this cross-sectional study. RESULTS The participants' median age was 28 years (IQR: 24.0-34.0), and the sex ratio was balanced; 63.5% were from Guangdong, 36.5% were from Jiangsu, and 44.5% had a history of CA. The vaccine acceptance rate was high among the participants (85.8%,235/274) to whom the HPV vaccine for CA was available, especially among those who had heard of CA (89.0%, AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.29-7.63, p = 0.0114). 95 (34.7%) of 274 participants had a positive attitude toward the HPV vaccine for CA. STD clinic attendees who had heard of the connection between HPV and CA (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.31-5.00, p = 0.0060), had heard of the HPV vaccines or cervical cancer vaccines (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.02-3.54, p = 0.0444) and had ever proactively discussed CA or the vaccine with others (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI:1.00-3.79, p = 0.0488) had better attitudes toward the HPV vaccine for CA. Over half of the participants (52.5%) expected the price of the HPV vaccine for CA to be under $90. CONCLUSION The acceptance of the HPV vaccine for CA was high among STD clinic attendees in China, and the participants' self-perceived knowledge of CA and HPV was associated with better attitudes toward the HPV vaccine for CA. Education to improve knowledge is vital for reducing vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi-Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiali-Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingxian-Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue-Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wujian-Ke
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun-Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuqi-Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang Z, Wang D, Chen J, Gao F, Jiang Y, Yang C, Qian C, Chi X, Zhang S, Xu Y, Lu Y, Shen J, Zhang C, Li J, Zhou L, Li T, Zheng Q, Yu H, Li S, Xia N, Gu Y. Rational design of a cross-type HPV vaccine through immunodominance shift guided by a cross-neutralizing antibody. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:512-525. [PMID: 38160175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In vaccine development, broadly or cross-type neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs or cnAbs) are frequently targeted to enhance protection. Utilizing immunodominant antibodies could help fine-tune vaccine immunogenicity and augment the precision of immunization strategies. However, the methodologies to capitalize on the attributes of bnAbs in vaccine design have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we discovered a cross-type neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 13H5, against human papillomavirus 6 (HPV6) and HPV11. This nAb exhibited a marked preference for HPV6, demonstrating superior binding activity to virus-like particles (VLPs) and significantly higher prevalence in anti-HPV6 human serum as compared to HPV11 antiserum (90% vs. 31%). Through co-crystal structural analysis of the HPV6 L1 pentamer:13H5 complex, we delineated the epitope as spanning four segments of amino acids (Phe42-Ala47, Gly172-Asp173, Glu255-Val275, and Val337-Tyr351) on the L1 surface loops. Further interaction analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the Ser341 residue in the HPV6 HI loop plays a critical role in the interaction between 13H5 and L1. Substituting Ser341 with alanine, which is the residue type present in HPV11 L1, almost completely abolished binding activity to 13H5. By swapping amino acids in the HPV11 HI loop with corresponding residues in HPV6 L1 (Ser341, Thr338, and Thr339), we engineered chimeric HPV11-6HI VLPs. Remarkably, the chimeric HPV11-6HI VLPs shifted the high immunodominance of 13H5 from HPV6 to the engineered VLPs and yielded comparable neutralization titers for both HPV6 and HPV11 in mice and non-human primates. This approach paves the way for the design of broadly protective vaccines from antibodies within the main immunization reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Daning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361022, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ciying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingjia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengzong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Ren X, Qiu L, Ke W, Zou H, Liu A, Wu T. Awareness and acceptance of HPV vaccination for condyloma acuminata among men who have sex with men in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2115267. [PMID: 36099326 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2115267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of the fact that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can protect females as well as males is greatly beneficial for the control of condyloma acuminata (CA). We aimed to investigate the acceptance of the HPV vaccine for CA among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A cross-sectional online survey in the adult MSM population from 31 regions in China was carried out via WeChat in May 2017. Information on demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, history of HIV and HPV infection, awareness of CA and HPV/CA vaccines, acceptance of CA vaccination, and behavioral intentions for vaccination were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. In total, 902 questionnaires were analyzed; the prevalence of CA was 13.3% (120/902), the HIV positivity rate was 15.1% (136/902), and the coinfection rate of HIV and CA was 3.9% (35/902). In the MSM population, the knowledge of CA and HPV/CA vaccines was poor, but the acceptance rate of the CA vaccine was high (85.1%, 768/902). Data indicated that MSM who had a history of anal intercourse (OR = 1.9), had heard of CA (OR = 2.9), knew the treatments for CA (OR = 2.0), had heard of HPV vaccines/cervical cancer vaccines (OR = 1.9), and received education about CA (OR = 1.9) were associated with the intention to use CA vaccines. With current moderate levels of CA and HPV/CA vaccine awareness, more emphasis should be placed on improving education and other behavioral interventions for high-risk populations such as MSM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqi Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wujian Ke
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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