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Day R, Haggblade S, Moephuli S, Mwang'ombe A, Nouala S. Institutional and policy bottlenecks to IPM. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100946. [PMID: 35772691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises institutional and policy bottlenecks to IPM in Africa. Agricultural policy in Africa generally prioritises production and productivity above environmental sustainability, so the use of synthetic pesticides for controlling pests is encouraged. Funding for research in IPM is limited, and extension systems struggle to provide the level of farmer support that adoption of IPM often needs. Improved research and extension policies could facilitate uptake of IPM. Public and private food-safety standards can incentivise adoption, but currently this is mainly in production for export. Pesticide and other input regulatory systems unintentionally constrain adoption of IPM, through expensive registration procedures, weak compliance monitoring and limited regional harmonisation. IPM must be seen as a key element of food-system transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Day
- CABI, P.O. Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Steven Haggblade
- Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Morrill Hall of Agriculture, 446 West Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shadrack Moephuli
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, and Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Agnes Mwang'ombe
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Simplice Nouala
- Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy, and Sustainable Environment, African Union Commission, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street W21K19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Otim MH, Alibu S, Asea G, Abalo G, Sserumaga JP, Adumo S, Alupo J, Ochen S, Tefera T, Bruce AY, Beyene Y, Meisel B, Tende R, Nang'ayo F, Baguma Y, Mugo S, Oikeh SO. Performance of Bt maize event MON810 in controlling maize stem borers Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca in Uganda. CROP PROTECTION (GUILDFORD, SURREY) 2022; 156:105945. [PMID: 35662834 PMCID: PMC8987732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stem borers are major insect pests of maize in Uganda. A study was conducted in 2014-2016 to assess the performance of Bt hybrids expressing Cry1Ab (event MON810) against the two major stem borer species in Uganda - the African stem borer (Busseola fusca) and the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) - under artificial infestation. The study comprised 14 non-commercialized hybrids, including seven pairs of Bt and non-Bt hybrids (isolines), three non-Bt commercial hybrids and a conventional stem borer resistant check. All stem borer damage parameters (leaf damage, number of internodes tunneled and tunnel length) were generally significantly lower in Bt hybrids than in their isolines, the conventionally resistant hybrid, and local commercial hybrids. Mean yields were significantly higher by 29.4-80.5% in the Bt hybrids than in the other three categories of non-Bt hybrids. This study demonstrated that Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab protects against leaf damage and can limit entry of stem borers into the stems of maize plants, resulting in higher yield than in the non-transgenic hybrids. Thus, Bt maize has potential to contribute to the overall management package of stem borers in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Otim
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Alibu
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Asea
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Abalo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Pyton Sserumaga
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization’, P.O. Box 5407, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stella Adumo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Alupo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Ochen
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tadele Tefera
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ILRI Campus, Gurd Shola, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anani Y. Bruce
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbara Meisel
- Bayer Crop Science, 27 Wrench Rd, Isando, Kempton Park, 1600, South Africa
| | - Regina Tende
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 340-90100, Katumani, Machakos, Kenya
| | | | - Yona Baguma
- National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Mugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Resilient Agriculture in Africa (CRA-Africa), PO Box 286-00206, Kiserian, Kenya
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Advances in Electrochemical Techniques for the Detection and Analysis of Genetically Modified Organisms: An Analysis Based on Bibliometrics. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the first successful transgenic plants obtained in 1983, dozens of plants have been tested. On the one hand, genetically modified plants solve the problems of agricultural production. However, due to exogenous genes of transgenic plants, such as its seeds or pollen drift, diffusion between populations will likely lead to superweeds or affect the original traits. The detection technology of transgenic plants and their products have received considerable attention. Electrochemical sensing technology is a fast, low-cost, and portable analysis technology. This review interprets the application of electrochemical technology in the analysis and detection of transgenic products through bibliometrics. A total of 83 research articles were analyzed, spanning 2001 to 2021. We described the different stages in the development history of the subject and the contributions of countries and institutions to the topic. Although there were more annual publications in some years, there was no explosive growth in any period. The lack of breakthroughs in this technology is a significant factor in the lack of experts from other fields cross-examining the subject. Through keyword co-occurrence analysis, different research directions on this topic were discussed. The use of nanomaterials with excellent electrical conductivity allows for more sensitive detection of GM crops by electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, co-citation analysis was used to interpret the most popular reports on the topic. In the end, we predict the future development of this topic according to the analysis results.
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George DR, Hornstein ED, Clower CA, Coomber AL, Dillard D, Mugwanya N, Pezzini DT, Rozowski C. Lessons for a SECURE Future: Evaluating Diversity in Crop Biotechnology Across Regulatory Regimes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:886765. [PMID: 35586550 PMCID: PMC9108862 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.886765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of next-generation crops in the United States under the newly implemented “SECURE” rule promises to diversify innovation in agricultural biotechnology. Specifically, SECURE promises to expand the number of products eligible for regulatory exemption, which proponents theorize will increase the variety of traits, genes, organisms, and developers involved in developing crop biotechnology. However, few data-driven studies have looked back at the history of crop biotechnology to understand how specific regulatory pathways have affected diversity in crop biotechnology and how those patterns might change over time. In this article, we draw upon 30 years of regulatory submission data to 1) understand historical diversification trends across the landscape and history of past crop biotechnology regulatory pathways and 2) forecast how the new SECURE regulations might affect future diversification trends. Our goal is to apply an empirical approach to exploring the relationship between regulation and diversity in crop biotechnology and provide a basis for future data-driven analysis of regulatory outcomes. Based on our analysis, we suggest that diversity in crop biotechnology does not follow a single trajectory dictated by the shifts in regulation, and outcomes of SECURE might be more varied and restrictive despite the revamped exemption categories. In addition, the concept of confidential business information and its relationship to past and future biotechnology regulation is reviewed in light of our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton R. George
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina Sate University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Dalton R. George,
| | - Eli D. Hornstein
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Carrie A. Clower
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Allison L. Coomber
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - DeShae Dillard
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nassib Mugwanya
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Daniela T. Pezzini
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Casey Rozowski
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Genome-Edited Plants: Opportunities and Challenges for an Anticipatory Detection and Identification Framework. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020430. [PMID: 33669278 PMCID: PMC7920036 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to trace and identify genome-edited food and feed products if relevant information is not made available to competent authorities. This results in major challenges, as genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory frameworks for food and feed that apply to countries such as the member states of the European Union (EU) require enforcement based on detection. An international anticipatory detection and identification framework for voluntary collaboration and collation of disclosed information on genome-edited plants could be a valuable tool to address these challenges caused by data gaps. Scrutinizing different information sources and establishing a level of information that is sufficient to unambiguously conclude on the application of genome editing in the plant breeding process can support the identification of genome-edited products by complementing the results of analytical detection. International coordination to set up an appropriate state-of-the-art database is recommended to overcome the difficulty caused by the non-harmonized bio-safety regulation requirements of genome-edited food and feed products in various countries. This approach helps to avoid trade disruptions and to facilitate GMO/non-GMO labeling schemes. Implementation of the legal requirements for genome-edited food and feed products in the EU and elsewhere would substantially benefit from such an anticipatory framework.
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Banjer H, Shami A, Horaib RB, Almutiri S, Alnemari A, Althumali R. Biotechnology: knowledge, perception and future in Saudi Arabia. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1955007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamsa Banjer
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashjan Shami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Bin Horaib
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Almutiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameera Alnemari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Althumali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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