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Zhang QZ, Zhang JR, Li X, Yin JL, Jin LM, Xun ZR, Xue H, Yang WQ, Zhang H, Qu J, Xing ZK, Wang XM. Fangyukangsuan granules ameliorate hyperuricemia and modulate gut microbiota in rats. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362642. [PMID: 38745649 PMCID: PMC11091346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder characterised by high blood uric acid (UA) levels; moreover, HUA severity is closely related to the gut microbiota. HUA is also a risk factor for renal damage, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia; however, current treatments are associated with detrimental side effects. Alternatively, Fangyukangsuan granules are a natural product with UA-reducing properties. To examine their efficacy in HUA, the binding of small molecules in Fangyukangsuan granules to xanthine oxidase (XOD), a key factor in UA metabolism, was investigated via molecular simulation, and the effects of oral Fangyukangsuan granule administration on serum biochemical indices and intestinal microorganisms in HUA-model rats were examined. Overall, 24 small molecules in Fangyukangsuan granules could bind to XOD. Serum UA, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and XOD levels were decreased in rats treated with Fangyukangsuan granules compared to those in untreated HUA-model rats. Moreover, Fangyukangsuan granules restored the intestinal microbial structure in HUA-model rats. Functional analysis of the gut microbiota revealed decreased amino acid biosynthesis and increased fermentation of pyruvate into short-chain fatty acids in Fangyukangsuan granule-treated rats. Together, these findings demonstrate that Fangyukangsuan granules have anti-hyperuricaemic and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota and may be a therapeutic candidate for HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-zheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ji-rui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-long Yin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-ming Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuo-ran Xun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wan-qi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyong Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-kai Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xu-min Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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2
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Xu G, Wu L, Yang H, Liu T, Tong Y, Wan J, Han B, Zhou L, Hu X. Eupatilin inhibits xanthine oxidase in vitro and attenuates hyperuricemia and renal injury in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114307. [PMID: 38052408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the final metabolite of purines in the liver that can cause hyperuricemia at high levels. The kidneys are the main excretory organs for UA. The excessive accumulation of UA in the kidneys causes the development of hyperuricemia that often leads to renal injury. Eupatilin (Eup) is a flavonoid natural product that possesses various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. We were interested in exploring the potential role of Eup in lowering UA and nephroprotective. We initially investigated the effects of Eup on xanthin oxidase (XOD) activity in vitro, followed by investigating its ability to lower UA levels, anti-inflammatory effects, nephroprotective effects, and the underlying mechanisms using hyperuricemia rats sustained at high UA level. The results showed that Eup had an inhibitory effect on XOD activity in vitro and significantly reduced serum UA, creatinine, BUN, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in hyperuricemic rats, ameliorating inflammation, renal oxidative stress and pathological injury. Furthermore, Eup inhibited ADA and XOD enzyme activities in the liver and serum and modulated GLUT9, URAT1 and ABCG2 protein expression in the kidneys and ileum. Our findings provide a scientific basis for suggesting Eup as an option for a potential treatment for hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lele Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongxuan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ying Tong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiliang Wan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bin Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xuguang Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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3
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Zheng J, Gong S, Wu G, Zheng X, Li J, Nie J, Liu Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Su Z, Chen J, Li Y. Berberine attenuates uric acid-induced cell injury by inhibiting NLRP3 signaling pathway in HK-2 cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2405-2416. [PMID: 37193772 PMCID: PMC10497693 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common chronic metabolic disease that can cause renal failure and even death in severe cases. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from Phellodendri Cortex with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of berberine (BBR) against uric acid (UA)-induced HK-2 cells and unravel their regulatory potential mechanisms. The CCK8 assay was carried out to detect cell viability. The expression levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The expression of the apoptosis-related protein (cleaved-Caspase3, cleaved-Caspase9, BAX, BCL-2) was detected by western blot. The effects of BBR on the activities of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and the expression of the downstream genes were determined by RT-PCR and western blot in HK-2 cells. From the data, BBR significantly reversed the up-regulation of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-18) and LDH. Furthermore, BBR down-regulated protein expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, cleaved caspase3 (cl-Caspase3), cleaved caspase9 (cl-Caspase9), and enhanced the expression of antiapoptotic protein BCL-2. Simultaneously, BBR inhibited the activated NLPR3 and reduced the mRNA levels of NLRP3, Caspase1, IL-18, and IL-1β. Also, BBR attenuated the expression of NLRP3 pathway-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase1, cleaved-Caspase1, IL-18, IL-1β, and GSDMD). Furthermore, specific NLRP3-siRNA efficiently blocked UA-induced the level of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-18) and LDH and further inhibited activated NLRP3 pathway. Collectively, our results suggested that BBR can alleviate cell injury induced by UA. The underlying unctionary mechanism may be through the NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Shiting Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Gong Wu
- Department of TCM Orthopedics & Traumatology, Orthopedic Hospital of Longgang, Shenzhen, 518116 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Jincan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Juan Nie
- Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Yanlu Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526040 Guangdong China
| | - Baoyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Yucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232# Wai Huan East Road, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
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Chen JH, Wu PT, Chyau CC, Wu PH, Lin HH. The Nephroprotective Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf and Ellagic Acid in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Hyperuricemic Nephropathy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:382-397. [PMID: 36562602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) is caused by urate crystals that get deposited in the kidney and contribute to renal fibrosis. Uric acid (UA) has been proven to directly cause renal mesangial cell oxidative stress and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of HN. Some antioxidants can be used as chemopreventive agents of HN. Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extracts (HLE), rich in polyphenol, have been shown to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer effects. The aim of the study is to examine the inhibitory effect of HLE and its main component ellagic acid (EA) on renal fibrosis. In vitro, mouse renal glomerular mesangial SV40MES13 cells pretreated with UA were demonstrated to trigger obvious morphological changes and viability loss, as well as affect matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities. Noncytotoxic doses of HLE and EA abolished the UA-induced cell injury and MMP-2/9 secretion. In addition, HLE and EA exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the UA-treated cells with a reduction in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production. Next, the UA-activated pro-fibrotic factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) were inhibited by HLE or EA. Mechanistic assays indicated that antifibrotic effects of HLE might be mediated via TGF-β/Smad signaling, as confirmed by the transfection of Smad7 siRNA. In vivo, HLE and EA supplementations significantly alleviated HN development, which may result from inhibiting adenine-induced TGF-β production accompanying oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as fibrogenesis. Our data imply that EA-enriched HLE regulates the TGF-β/Smad signaling, which in turn led to reduced renal mesangial cell injury and fibrosis in HN and provided a new mechanism for its nephroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tzu Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
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5
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Lin S, Meng J, Li F, Yu H, Lin D, Lin S, Li M, Zhou H, Yang B. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide alleviates hyperuricemia by regulating adenosine deaminase and urate transporters. Food Funct 2022; 13:12619-12631. [PMID: 36385640 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) affects human health and is involved in the pathogenesis of common chronic diseases. Previous studies showed that Ganoderma lucidum extract lowered HUA in animals. However, the active ingredient and pharmacological mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum extract in the improvement of HUA are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-HUA efficacy and related mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) using a potassium oxonate (PO)-induced mouse model and an adenosine-induced cell model. The experimental results showed that blood uric acid (UA) was decreased up to 40.6% by GLPP in HUA mice in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GLPP significantly reduced UA production by inhibiting the hepatic and blood adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and increased UA excretion by decreasing the expression of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and increasing the expression of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in kidney. The adenosine-induced cell model showed that the inhibitory effect of GLPP on ADA activity may be the main reason for the alleviation of HUA by GLPP. Furthermore, PO-induced renal histopathological damage was also alleviated by GLPP in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results in this study indicated that GLPP exerted anti-HUA effects via regulating the UA production and excretion, suggesting that GLPP could be developed into a therapeutic agent for HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Huifan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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Liu T, Gao H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Lu M, Dai X, Liu Y, Shi H, Xu T, Yin J, Gao S, Wang L, Zhang D. Apigenin Ameliorates Hyperuricemia and Renal Injury through Regulation of Uric Acid Metabolism and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1442. [PMID: 36422572 PMCID: PMC9697024 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a kind of metabolic disease with high incidence that still needs new countermeasures. Apigenin has uric-lowering and kidney-protective activities, but how apigenin attenuates HUA and renal injury remains largely unexploited. To this end, an acute HUA mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxazinate and oral administration with hypoxanthine for 7 consecutive days. Apigenin intervention decreased serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-18 (IL-18), liver xanthine oxidase (XOD), and urine protein levels, and increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) and urine UA and CRE levels in HUA mice. Moreover, administration of apigenin to HUA mice prevented renal injury, decreased renal glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and urate anion transporter 1 (URAT1) levels, and increased renal organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). These alterations were associated with an inhibition of IL-6, phospho-janus kinase 2 (P-JAK2), phospho-signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (P-STAT3), and suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression in the kidneys. Additionally, the molecular docking results showed that apigenin had strong binding capacity with UA transporters and JAK2 proteins. In summary, apigenin could improve UA metabolism and attenuate renal injury through inhibiting UA production, promoting excretion, and suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in HUA mice. The results suggest that apigenin may be a suitable drug candidate for management of HUA and its associated renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meixi Lu
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan Dai
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yage Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hanfen Shi
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianshu Xu
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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A Brief Review of Natural Products with Urate Transporter 1 Inhibition for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5419890. [PMID: 36337587 PMCID: PMC9635963 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5419890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a common disease caused by a high level of uric acid. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) is an important protein and mediates approximately 90% of uric acid reabsorption. Therefore, the URAT1 inhibitor is a class of uricosuric medicines widely used in the clinic for the treatment of hyperuricemia. To find the new medicine with stronger URAT1 inhibition and lower toxicity, researchers have been exploring natural products. This study systematically summarizes the natural products with URAT1 inhibition. The results show that many natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, stilbenes, and steroids, among which flavonoids are the most promising source of URAT1 inhibitors. It is worth noting that most studies have focused on finding natural products with inhibition of URAT1 and have not explored their activities and mechanisms toward URAT1. By reviewing the few existing studies of the structure-activity relationship and analyzing common features of natural products with URAT1 inhibition, we speculate that the rigid ring structure and negative charge may be the keys for natural products to produce URAT1 inhibition. In conclusion, natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, and exploring the mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship will be an important research direction in the future.
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8
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Bayless RL, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:900453. [PMID: 35782542 PMCID: PMC9247543 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role in many equine conditions, including equine asthma, laminitis, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, and therefore represent an attractive target for innovative therapeutic approaches. Novel strategies for reducing neutrophilic inflammation include modulation of neutrophil functions and lifespan. Withaferin A (WFA) is a phytochemical with well-established in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, but its direct effects on neutrophils are largely unknown. We hypothesized that WFA would inhibit adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst by equine neutrophils and promote timely apoptosis of primed equine neutrophils. Consistent with this hypothesis, our data show that WFA causes a significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in response to diverse stimuli. Further, WFA treatment increased apoptosis of equine neutrophils exposed to GM-CSF for 24 h. This pro-apoptotic effect of WFA was not observed in unprimed neutrophils, nor at the 2-h time point relevant to our functional neutrophil experiments. Our data demonstrate that WFA may reduce neutrophil-mediated inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of inflammatory responses and promotion of apoptosis. Additional research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for these effects and evaluate the potential clinical use of WFA in veterinary and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Bayless
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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9
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Zhang Y, Mou Y, Zhang J, Suo C, Zhou H, Gu M, Wang Z, Tan R. Therapeutic Implications of Ferroptosis in Renal Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:890766. [PMID: 35655759 PMCID: PMC9152458 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.890766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and can lead to the destruction of normal renal structure and loss of kidney function. Little progress has been made in reversing fibrosis in recent years. Ferroptosis is more immunogenic than apoptosis due to the release and activation of damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals. In this paper, the relationship between renal fibrosis and ferroptosis was reviewed from the perspective of iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, and some pharmaceuticals or chemicals associated with both ferroptosis and renal fibrosis were summarized. Other programmed cell death and ferroptosis in renal fibrosis were also firstly reviewed for comparison and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanjian Suo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoyun Tan,
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10
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Luo M, Mou Q, Liu L, Tian J, Liu L. Treg/Th17 Ratio Regulation May Play an Important Role in Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Mediated Attenuation of Increased Afterload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:711-718. [PMID: 35058409 PMCID: PMC9067088 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate whether Treg/Th17 ratio regulation plays an important role in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in attenuating increased afterload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Three-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into sham + vehicle, abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) + vehicle, and AAC + EGCG groups. Intraperitoneal EGCG (50 mg/kg/d) administration was conducted. Cardiac structure and function were examined by ultrasonography. Pathology was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, wheat germ agglutinin staining, and Masson's trichome staining. T-lymphocyte subtypes were analyzed using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays. Ultrasonography showed that the ventricular wall in the AAC + vehicle group was thicker than that in the sham + vehicle group (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy accompanied by a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in the AAC + vehicle group. The results of wheat germ agglutinin staining demonstrated the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in the AAC + vehicle group (P < 0.01). Masson's trichome staining showed cardiac fibrosis in the AAC + vehicle group, and the immunofluorescence assay revealed infiltration of CD4+ cells in both AAC + vehicle and AAC + EGCG groups. Splenic flow cytometry showed a significant increase in the proportion of Treg cells in the AAC + EGCG group (P < 0.05). The proportion of Th17 cells in the AAC + vehicle group was significantly higher than that in the sham + vehicle group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in the Treg/Th17 ratio are associated with the occurrence of myocardial hypertrophy caused by increased afterload. Moreover, regulation of the Treg/Th17 ratio by EGCG may play an important role in the attenuation of myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; and
| | - Qiuhong Mou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; and
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; and
| | - Jie Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; and
| | - Lifei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China; and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Xie Z, Wei L, Chen J, Chen Z. Calcium dobesilate alleviates renal dysfunction and inflammation by targeting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2816-2826. [PMID: 35038964 PMCID: PMC8974157 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of sepsis that increases mortality and the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are reported to exert critical function in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated AKI. Calcium dobesilate (CaD) was reported to play a protective role in renal diseases. Therefore, we explored the antioxidant effect and potential mechanism of CaD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI in mice. We evaluated renal function (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr)), histopathology, oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)), inflammation cytokines, and apoptosis in kidneys of mice. The effect of CaD on NF-κB signaling was evaluated by Western blot. Our findings showed that CaD alleviated renal dysfunction and kidney injury, and also reversed upregulated MDA concentration and reduced SOD enzyme activity in AKI mice. Moreover, LPS-induced inflammatory response was attenuated by CaD. CaD treatment also reduced the apoptosis evoked by LPS. Additionally, CaD downregulated phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling components in LPS mice. Conclusively, CaD alleviates renal dysfunction and inflammation by targeting NF-κB signaling in sepsis-associated AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lanji Wei
- Department of Health Management Center, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Zou W, Shi B, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Huang B, Ouyang B, Cai Z, Liu M. Drug Transporters in the Kidney: Perspectives on Species Differences, Disease Status, and Molecular Docking. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746208. [PMID: 34912216 PMCID: PMC8666590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are a pair of important organs that excretes endogenous waste and exogenous biological agents from the body. Numerous transporters are involved in the excretion process. The levels of these transporters could affect the pharmacokinetics of many drugs, such as organic anion drugs, organic cationic drugs, and peptide drugs. Eleven drug transporters in the kidney (OAT1, OAT3, OATP4C1, OCT2, MDR1, BCRP, MATE1, MATE2-K, OAT4, MRP2, and MRP4) have become necessary research items in the development of innovative drugs. However, the levels of these transporters vary between different species, sex-genders, ages, and disease statuses, which may lead to different pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here, we review the differences of the important transports in the mentioned conditions, in order to help clinicians to improve clinical prescriptions for patients. To predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by renal drug transporters, the molecular docking method is used for rapid screening of substrates or inhibitors of the drug transporters. Here, we review a large number of natural products that represent potential substrates and/or inhibitors of transporters by the molecular docking method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Birui Shi
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baolin Huang
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ciszewski WM, Wawro ME, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Sobierajska K. Cytoskeleton Reorganization in EndMT-The Role in Cancer and Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111607. [PMID: 34769036 PMCID: PMC8583721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes endothelial plasticity, leading to the development of several diseases, including fibrosis and cancer in numerous organs. The basis of those processes is a phenomenon called the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which results in the delamination of tightly connected endothelial cells that acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EndMT-derived cells, known as the myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are characterized by the loss of cell–cell junctions, loss of endothelial markers, and gain in mesenchymal ones. As a result, the endothelium ceases its primary ability to maintain patent and functional capillaries and induce new blood vessels. At the same time, it acquires the migration and invasion potential typical of mesenchymal cells. The observed modulation of cell shape, increasedcell movement, and invasion abilities are connected with cytoskeleton reorganization. This paper focuses on the review of current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in the modulation of each cytoskeleton element (microfilaments, microtubule, and intermediate filaments) during EndMT and their role as the potential targets for cancer and fibrosis treatment.
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