Long non-coding RNA FGD5-AS1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via sponging microRNA-153-3p by upregulating Twinfilin Actin Binding Protein 1 (TWF1)

Long Non-coding RNA PCED1B Antisense RNA 1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating the MicroRNA-34a/CD44 Axis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the role of long non-coding RNA PCED1B antisense RNA 1 (PCED1B-AS1) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

A total of 62 pairs of HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were obtained from 62 HCC patients. The interactions of PCED1B-AS1 and microRNA-34a (miR-34a) were detected by dual luciferase activity assay and RNA pull-down assay. The RNA expression levels of PCED1B-AS1, miR-34a and CD44 were detected by RT-qPCR, and the protein expression level of CD44 was determined by Western blotting. The cell proliferation was detected by cell proliferation assay, and the cell invasion and migration by transwell invasion assay. The HCC tumor growth after PCED1B-AS1 was downregulated was determined by in vivo animal study.

RESULTS

PCED1B-AS1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues, which was associated with poor survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, PCED1B-AS1 interacted with miR-34a in HCC cells, but they did not regulate the expression of each other. Additionally, PCED1B-AS1 increased the expression level of CD44, which was targeted by miR-34a. The cell proliferation and invasion assay revealed that miR-34a inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCC in vitro, while CD44 exhibited the opposite effects. Furthermore, PCED1B-AS1 suppressed the role of miR-34a. Moreover, the knockdown of PCED1B-AS1 repressed the HCC tumor growth in nude mice in vivo.

CONCLUSION

PCED1B-AS1 may play an oncogenic role by regulating the miR-34a/CD44 axis in HCC.

Relationship between lncRNA MALAT1 and Chemo-radiotherapy Resistance of Cancer Cells: Uncovered Truths

The advancement of novel technologies, coupled with bioinformatics, has led to the discovery of additional genes, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), that are associated with drug resistance. LncRNAs are composed of over 200 nucleotides and do not possess any protein coding function. These lncRNAs exhibit lower conservation across species, are typically expressed at low levels, and often display high specificity towards specific tissues and developmental stages. The LncRNA MALAT1 plays crucial regulatory roles in various aspects of genome function, encompassing gene transcription, splicing, and epigenetics. Additionally, it is involved in biological processes related to the cell cycle, cell differentiation, development, and pluripotency. Recently, MALAT1 has emerged as a novel mechanism contributing to drug resistance or sensitivity, attracting significant attention in the field of cancer research. This review aims to explore the mechanisms through which MALAT1 confers resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer cells.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 in drug resistance of cancers: Focus on pathological mechanisms

According to estimates, cancer will be the leading cause of death globally in 2022, accounting for 9.6 million deaths. At present, the three main therapeutic modalities utilized to treat cancer are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. However, during treatment, tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy may arise. Drug resistance remains a major oppose since it often leads to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, the term "acquired drug resistance" describes the situation where tumor cells already display drug resistance before undergoing chemotherapy. However, little is still known about the basic mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced drug resistance. The development of new technologies and bioinformatics has led to the discovery of additional genes associated with drug resistance. Long noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, according to a growing body of research. Apart from biological functions associated with cell division, development, pluripotency, and cell cycle, lncRNA PVT1 contributes significantly to the regulation of various aspects of genome function, such as transcription, splicing, and epigenetics. The article will address the mechanism by which lncRNA PVT1 influences drug resistance in cancer cells.

Macrophage lncRNAs in cancer development: Long-awaited therapeutic targets

In the tumor microenvironment, the interplay among macrophages, cancer cells, and endothelial cells is multifaceted. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which often exhibit an M2 phenotype, contribute to tumor growth and angiogenesis, while cancer cells and endothelial cells reciprocally influence macrophage behavior. This complex interrelationship highlights the importance of targeting these interactions for the development of novel cancer therapies aimed at disrupting tumor progression and angiogenesis. Accumulating evidence underscores the indispensable involvement of lncRNAs in shaping macrophage functionality and contributing to the development of cancer. Animal studies have further validated the therapeutic potential of manipulating macrophage lncRNA activity to ameliorate disease severity and reduce morbidity rates. This review provides a survey of our current understanding of macrophage-associated lncRNAs, with a specific emphasis on their molecular targets and their regulatory impact on cancer progression. These lncRNAs predominantly govern macrophage polarization, favoring the dominance of M2 macrophages or TAMs. Exosomes or extracellular vesicles mediate lncRNA transfer between macrophages and cancer cells, affecting cellular functions of each other. Moreover, this review presents therapeutic strategies targeting cancer-associated lncRNAs. The insights and findings presented in this review pertaining to macrophage lncRNAs can offer valuable information for the development of treatments against cancer.

The interplay between noncoding RNAs and drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: the big impact of little things

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in people, and a common primary liver cancer. Lacking early diagnosis and a high recurrence rate after surgical resection, systemic treatment is still an important treatment method for advanced HCC. Different drugs have distinct curative effects, side effects and drug resistance due to different properties. At present, conventional molecular drugs for HCC have displayed some limitations, such as adverse drug reactions, insensitivity to some medicines, and drug resistance. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been well documented to be involved in the occurrence and progression of cancer. Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as research into the molecular basis of drug resistance, are urgently needed for the management of HCC. We review current research on ncRNAs and consolidate the known roles regulating drug resistance in HCC and examine the potential clinical applications of ncRNAs in overcoming drug resistance barriers in HCC based on targeted therapy, cell cycle non-specific chemotherapy and cell cycle specific chemotherapy.

Making Sense of Antisense lncRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Transcriptome complexity is emerging as an unprecedented and fascinating domain, especially by high-throughput sequencing technologies that have unveiled a plethora of new non-coding RNA biotypes. This review covers antisense long non-coding RNAs, i.e., lncRNAs transcribed from the opposite strand of other known genes, and their role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several sense-antisense transcript pairs have been recently annotated, especially from mammalian genomes, and an understanding of their evolutionary sense and functional role for human health and diseases is only beginning. Antisense lncRNAs dysregulation is significantly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, where they can act as oncogenes or oncosuppressors, thus playing a key role in tumor onset, progression, and chemoradiotherapy response, as deduced from many studies discussed here. Mechanistically, antisense lncRNAs regulate gene expression by exploiting various molecular mechanisms shared with other ncRNA molecules, and exploit special mechanisms on their corresponding sense gene due to sequence complementarity, thus exerting epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational controls. The next challenges will be piecing together the complex RNA regulatory networks driven by antisense lncRNAs and, ultimately, assigning them a function in physiological and pathological contexts, in addition to defining prospective novel therapeutic targets and innovative diagnostic tools.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma progression: Biological functions and new therapeutic targets

Liver is an important organ in body that performs vital functions such as detoxification. Liver is susceptible to development of cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among them. 75-85% of liver cancer cases are related to HCC. Therefore, much attention has been directed towards understanding factors mediating HCC progression. LncRNAs are epigenetic factors with more than 200 nucleotides in length located in both nucleus and cytoplasm and they are promising candidates in cancer therapy. Directing studies towards understanding function of lncRNAs in HCC is of importance. LncRNAs regulate cell cycle progression and growth of HCC cells, and they can also induce/inhibit apoptosis in tumor cells. LncRNAs affect invasion and metastasis in HCC mainly by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism. Revealing the association between lncRNAs and downstream signaling pathways in HCC is discussed in the current manuscript. Infectious diseases can affect lncRNA expression in mediating HCC development and then, altered expression level of lncRNA is associated with drug resistance and radio-resistance. Biomarker application of lncRNAs and their role in prognosis and diagnosis of HCC are also discussed to pave the way for treatment of HCC patients.

Non-coding RNA in cancer drug resistance: Underlying mechanisms and clinical applications

Cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant diseases worldwide, posing a serious, long-term threat to patients’ health and life. Systemic chemotherapy remains the first-line therapeutic approach for recurrent or metastatic cancer patients after surgery, with the potential to effectively extend patient survival. However, the development of drug resistance seriously limits the clinical efficiency of chemotherapy and ultimately results in treatment failure and patient death. A large number of studies have shown that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, are widely involved in the regulation of cancer drug resistance. Their dysregulation contributes to the development of cancer drug resistance by modulating the expression of specific target genes involved in cellular apoptosis, autophagy, drug efflux, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Moreover, some ncRNAs also possess great potential as efficient, specific biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis as well as therapeutic targets in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the emerging role and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs involved in cancer drug resistance and focus on their clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. This information will be of great benefit to early diagnosis and prognostic assessments of cancer as well as the development of ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.

FTX Regulated miR-153-3p/FOXR2 to Promote Cisplatin Resistance in Ovarian Cancer

Purpose

The present study was aimed at exploring the role of FTX in cisplatin (DDP) resistance in ovarian cancer (OC).

Methods

QPCR was applied to evaluate mRNA expression in OC tissue and cells. CCK-8 assay was conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. Transwell chamber assay was performed to evaluate invasion of SKOV3/DDP cells. The protein expression was evaluated via western blot assay. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the apoptosis of SKOV3/DDP cells.

Results

The expression of FTX in DDP-resistant cells was observably higher in contrast to DDP-sensitive cells and normal ovarian cells. FTX was higher expressed in DDP-resistant tissues by comparison with DDP-sensitive tissues. Knockdown of FTX obviously suppressed the proliferation ability invasion ability of SKOV3/DDP cells. Knockdown of FTX obviously enhanced apoptosis of SKOV3/DDP cells. miR-153-3p was proved to be directly regulated by FTX via the luciferase reporter assays. By comparison with normal cells, miR-153-3p was lower expressed in OC cells. miR-153-3p was lower expressed in SKOV3/DDP cells in contrast to SKOV3 cells. More interestingly, FTX reversed the inhibiting influence of miR-153-3p on cisplatin resistance of OC cells. Moreover, miR-153-3p was proved to directly regulate FOXR2. Knockdown of miR-153-3p attenuated the inhibitory influence of knockdown FOXR2 on cisplatin resistance of OC cells.

Conclusion

FTX regulated miR-153-3p/FOXR2 to promote cisplatin resistance via inhibiting the apoptosis and promoting the viability and invasion in OC.

Long non-coding RNA placenta‑specific protein 2 regulates the chemosensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by sponging microRNA-96 to upregulate X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein

This study was conducted to investigate the roles of lncRNA PLAC2 and XiaP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC and paired non-tumor tissues were collected from 62 HCC patients who received cisplatin-based treatment. At 0, 2, and 4 months of post-cisplatin-based therapy, blood samples (5 ml) were collected from all patients and prepared plasma samples. LncRNA PLAC2 expression in tissue and plasma samples was determined by RT-qPCR. The interactions between lncRNA PLAC2 and XiaP in HCC cell lines were assessed by overexpression experiments. Cell viability and apoptosis under cisplatin treatment were analyzed by MTT assay and cell apoptosis assay, respectively. The direct interaction between lncRNA PLAC2 and miR-96, which can target XiaP, was analyzed by performing RNA-RNA pulldown assay. It was observed that lncRNA PLAC2 was upregulated in HCC tissues than in non-tumor tissues. LncRNA PLAC2 expression in HCC tissues was not affected by HBV and HCV but upregulated after cisplatin-based treatment. Similarly, cisplatin treatment of HCC cells increased PLAC2 expression. LncRNA PLAC2 and XiaP overexpression increased viability and decreased apoptosis of cisplatin-treated HCC cells, while lncRNA PLAC2 knockdown decreased viability and increased apoptosis of cisplatin-treated HCC cells. Western blot analysis showed that lncRNA PLAC2 increased XiaP protein accumulation, while lncRNA PLAC2 siRNA silencing decreased XiaP expression in HCC cells. LncRNA PLAC2 and miR-96 directly interacted with each other, while they failed to regulate the expression of each other. In conclusion, lncRNA PLAC2 negatively regulates the chemosensitivity of HCC cells to cisplatin, possibly by sponging miR-96 to upregulate miR-96.

The role of long non-coding RNA FGD5-AS1 in cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) refers to a class of RNAs that have at least 200 nucleotides and do not encode proteins, and the relationship between lncRNA and cancer has recently attracted considerable research attention. The lncRNA FGD5-AS1 is a newly discovered lncRNA with a length of 3772 nucleotides. Studies have found that FGD5-AS1 is abnormally highly expressed in many cancer tissues and was closely related to the lymph node metastasis, tumor invasion, survival time, and recurrence rate of various cancers. Mechanistic analyses show that FGD5-AS1 can stabilize mRNA expression by sponging miRNA, which not only induces cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and chemoresistance in vitro, but also promotes tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In addition, FGD5-AS1 can serve as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for a variety of cancers. This review demonstrates the clinical significance of FGD5-AS1 in human cancer and its role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.