MicroRNA-506 has a suppressive effect on the tumorigenesis of nonsmall-cell lung cancer by regulating tubby-like protein 3

Stable Dual miR-143 and miR-506 Upregulation Inhibits Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression

The mainstays of lung cancer pathogenesis are cell cycle progression dysregulation, impaired apoptosis, and unregulated cell proliferation. While individual microRNA (miR) targeting or delivering is a promising approach that has been extensively studied, combination of miR targeting can enhance therapeutic efficacy and overcome limitations present in individual miR regulations. We previously reported on the use of a miR-143 and miR-506 combination via transient transfections against lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the effect of miR-143 and miR-506 under stable deregulations in A549 lung cancer cells. We used lentiviral transductions to either up- or downregulate the two miRs individually or in combination. The cells were sorted and analyzed for miR deregulation via qPCR. We determined the miR deregulations' effects on the cell cycle, cell proliferation, cancer cell morphology, and cell motility. Compared to the individual miR deregulations, the combined miR upregulation demonstrated a miR-expression-dependent G2 cell cycle arrest and a significant increase in the cell doubling time, whereas the miR-143/506 dual downregulation demonstrated increased cellular motility. Furthermore, the individual miR-143 and miR-506 up- and downregulations exhibited cellular responses lacking an apparent miR-expression-dependent response in the respective analyses. Our work here indicates that, unlike the individual miR upregulations, the combinatorial miR treatment remained advantageous, even under prolonged miR upregulation. Finally, our findings demonstrate potential advantages of miR combinations vs. individual miR treatments.

Recent advances on high-efficiency of microRNAs in different types of lung cancer: a comprehensive review

Carcinoma of the lung is among the most common types of cancer globally. Concerning its histology, it is categorized as a non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and a small cell cancer (SCLC) subtype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of non-coding RNA whose nucleotides range from 19 to 25. They are known to be critical regulators of cancer via epigenetic control of oncogenes expression and by regulating tumor suppressor genes. miRNAs have an essential function in a tumorous microenvironment via modulating cancer cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism, and apoptosis. Moreover, a wide range of information produced via several investigations indicates their tumor-suppressing, oncogenic, diagnostic assessment, and predictive marker functions in different types of lung malignancy. miRNA mimics or anti-miRNAs can be transferred into a lung cancer cell, with possible curative implications. As a result, miRNAs hold promise as targets for lung cancer treatment and detection. In this study, we investigate the different functions of various miRNAs in different types of lung malignancy, which have been achieved in recent years that show the lung cancer-associated regulation of miRNAs expression, concerning their function in lung cancer beginning, development, and resistance to chemotherapy, also the probability to utilize miRNAs as predictive biomarkers for therapy reaction.

miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs in lung cancer: New emerging players in tumor progression and therapy response

Non-coding RNAs have shown key roles in cancer and among them, short RNA molecules are known as microRNAs (miRNAs). These molecules have length less than 25 nucleotides and suppress translation and expression. The functional miRNAs are produced in cytoplasm. Lung cancer is a devastating disease that its mortality and morbidity have undergone an increase in recent years. Aggressive behavior leads to undesirable prognosis and tumors demonstrate abnormal proliferation and invasion. In the present review, miRNA functions in lung cancer is described. miRNAs reduce/increase proliferation and metastasis. They modulate cell death and proliferation. Overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs facilitates drug resistance and radio-resistance in lung cancer. Tumor microenvironment components including macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts demonstrate interactions with miRNAs in lung cancer. Other factors such as HIF-1α, lncRNAs and circRNAs modulate miRNA expression. miRNAs have also value in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Understanding such interactions can pave the way for developing novel therapeutics in near future for lung cancer patients.

Regulation and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs to non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 80%-85% of total cases and leading to millions of deaths worldwide. Drug resistance is the primary cause of treatment failure in NSCLC, which urges scientists to develop advanced approaches for NSCLC treatment. Among novel approaches, the miRNA-based method has emerged as a potential approach as it allows researchers to modulate target gene expression. Subsequently, cell behaviors are altered, which leads to the death and the depletion of cancer cells. It has been reported that miRNAs possess the capacity to regulate multiple genes that are involved in various signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase/rat sarcoma virus/mitogen-activated protein kinase, wingless/integrated, retinoblastoma, p53, transforming growth factor β, and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling pathways in NSCLC results in abnormal cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and drug resistance while inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, understanding the roles of miRNAs in regulating these signaling pathways may enable the development of novel NSCLC treatment therapies. However, a comprehensive review of potential miRNAs in NSCLC treatment has been lacking. Therefore, this review aims to fill the gap by summarizing the up-to-date information on miRNAs regarding their targets, impact on cancer-associated pathways, and prospective outcomes in treating NSCLC. We also discuss current technologies for delivering miRNAs to the target cells, including virus-based, non-viral, and emerging extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems. This knowledge will support future studies to develop an innovative miRNA-based therapy and select a suitable carrier to treat NSCLC effectively.

MiR-506 targets polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 to inhibit airway inflammatory response and remodeling via mediating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Airway remodeling, which contributes to the clinical course of childhood asthma, occurs due to airway inflammation and is featured by anomalous biological behaviors of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). microRNA (miRNA) plays an essential role in the etiopathogenesis of asthma.

OBJECTIVE

This research was aimed to characterize miR-506 in asthma and uncover potential regulatory machinery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The asthmatic cell model was established by treating ASMCs with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and assessed by the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mRNA expression of miR-506 and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) was measured. Cell counting kit-8 and Transwell migration tests were used for estimating the capacity of ASMCs to proliferate and migrate. Luciferase reporter assay was used to corroborate whether miR-506 was directly bound to PTBP1. Expression of PTBP1, collagen I and III, and essential proteins of the wingless-related integration (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway (β-catenin, c-MYC and cyclin D1) was accomplished by Western blot analysis. The involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in asthma was confirmed by Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor (IWR-1).

RESULTS

miR-506 was poorly expressed in asthmatic tissues and cell model. Functionally, overexpression of miR-506 reduced aberrant proliferation, migration, inflammation and collagen deposition of ASMCs triggered by TGF-β1. Mechanically, miR-506 directly targeted the 3' untranslated region (3-UTR) of PTBP1 and had a negative regulation on PTBP1 expression. Moreover, overexpression of miR-506 suppressed the induction of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The administration of IWR-1 further validated negative correlation between miR-506 and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in asthma.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicated that targeting miR-506/PTBP1/Wnt/β-catenin axis might point in a helpful direction for treating asthma in children.

Exosomal microRNA-506 inhibits biological activity of lung adenocarcinoma cells and increases sensitivity to cisplatin-based hyperthermia

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Based on the bioinformatics analyses, the current study sought to explore the effects of exosomal miR-506 on LUAD cell biology and the efficacy of cisplatin (CDDP)-based hyperthermia (HT). After sample preparation, we identified decreased miR-506 and elevated ATAD2. LUAD cells were subsequently transfected with miR-506 mimic, oe-ATAD2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 to analyze effects of the miR-506/ATAD2/PI3K/AKT axis on cell biological processes and chemoresistance. Effects of exosomal miR-506 on sensitivity of LUAD cells to CDDP-based HT were further assessed in a co-culture system of BMSC-derived exosomes and LUAD cells, which was also validated in tumor-bearing nude mice. miR-506 down-regulated ATAD2 to inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the malignant phenotypes of LUAD cells and augmenting LUAD cell sensitivity to CDDP-based HT. Further, BMSCs-derived exosomes harboring miR-506 sensitized LUAD cells to DDP/HT both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings revealed that exosomal miR-506 sensitized LUAD cells to CDDP-based HT by inhibiting ATAD2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, offering a potential therapeutic target for LUAD treatment.

Bioengineered miR-34a modulates mitochondrial inner membrane protein 17 like 2 (MPV17L2) expression toward the control of cancer cell mitochondrial functions

Genome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) control post-transcriptional gene expression critical for various cellular processes. Recently, we have invented a novel platform technology to achieve high-yield production of fully humanized, bioengineered miRNA agents (hBERAs) for research and development. This study is aimed to produce and utilize a new biologic miR-34a-5p (or miR-34a) molecule, namely, hBERA/miR-34a, to delineate the role of miR-34a-5p in the regulation of mitochondrial functions in human carcinoma cells. Bioengineered hBERA/miR-34a was produced through in vivo fermentation production and purified by anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. hEBRA/miR-34a was processed to target miR-34a-5p in human osteosarcoma and lung cancer cells, as determined by selective stem-loop reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The mitochondrial inner membrane protein MPV17 like 2 (MPV17L2) was validated as a direct target for miR-34a-5p by dual luciferase reporter assay. Western blot analysis revealed that bioengineered miR-34a-5p effectively reduced MPV17L2 protein outcomes, leading to much lower levels of respiratory chain Complex I activities and intracellular ATP that were determined with specific assay kits. Moreover, Seahorse Mito Stress Test assay was conducted, and the results showed that biologic miR-34a-5p sharply reduced cancer cell mitochondrial respiration capacity, accompanied by a remarkable increase of oxidative stress and elevated apoptotic cell death, which are manifested by greater levels of reactive oxygen species and selective apoptosis biomarkers, respectively. These results demonstrate the presence and involvement of the miR-34a-5p-MPV17L2 pathway in the control of mitochondrial functions in human carcinoma cells and support the utility of novel bioengineered miRNA molecules for functional studies.