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Wang T, He M, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang P, Long F. Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:60. [PMID: 38671354 PMCID: PMC11046940 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengjie He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinghan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fangyi Long
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Nopora A, Weidle UH. CircRNAs as New Therapeutic Entities and Tools for Target Identification in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:118-136. [PMID: 38423599 PMCID: PMC10905271 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically extremely heterogeneous disease. Drug resistance after induction therapy is a very frequent event resulting in poor medium survival times. Therefore, the identification of new targets and treatment modalities is a medical high priority issue. We addressed our attention to circular RNAs (circRNAs), which can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in AML. We searched the literature (PubMed) and identified eight up-regulated and two down-regulated circ-RNAs with activity in preclinical in vivo models. In addition, we identified twenty-two up-regulated and four down-regulated circRNAs with activity in preclinical in vitro systems, but pending in vivo activity. Up-regulated RNAs are potential targets for si- or shRNA-based approaches, and down-regulated circRNAs can be reconstituted by replacement therapy to achieve a therapeutic benefit in preclinical systems. The up-regulated targets can be tackled with small molecules, antibody-based entities, or other modes of intervention. For down-regulated targets, up-regulators must be identified. The ranking of the identified circRNAs with respect to therapy of AML will depend on further target validation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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3
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Yang X, Xiong S, Zhao X, Jin J, Yang X, Du Y, Zhao L, He Z, Gong C, Guo L, Liang T. Orchestrating Cellular Balance: ncRNAs and RNA Interactions at the Dominant of Autophagy Regulation in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1561. [PMID: 38338839 PMCID: PMC10855840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a complex and highly regulated cellular process, is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by lysosomal degradation of cellular debris, intracellular pathogens, and dysfunctional organelles. It has become an interesting and attractive topic in cancer because of its dual role as a tumor suppressor and cell survival mechanism. As a highly conserved pathway, autophagy is strictly regulated by diverse non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), ranging from short and flexible miRNAs to lncRNAs and even circRNAs, which largely contribute to autophagy regulatory networks via complex RNA interactions. The potential roles of RNA interactions during autophagy, especially in cancer procession and further anticancer treatment, will aid our understanding of related RNAs in autophagy in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. Herein, we mainly summarized autophagy-related mRNAs and ncRNAs, also providing RNA-RNA interactions and their potential roles in cancer prognosis, which may deepen our understanding of the relationships between various RNAs during autophagy and provide new insights into autophagy-related therapeutic strategies in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shizheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinmiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinbing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yajing Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Chengjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
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Kiruthiga C, Niharika K, Devi KP. Phytol and α-Bisabolol Synergy Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in A549 Cells and Additional Molecular Insights through Comprehensive Proteome Analysis via Nano LC-MS/MS. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:773-788. [PMID: 38415491 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289038240214102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a malignancy with a significant prevalence and aggressive nature, posing a considerable challenge in terms of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and apoptosis, two intricate cellular processes, are integral to NSCLC pathophysiology, each affecting the other through shared signaling pathways. Phytol (Phy) and α-bisabolol (Bis) have shown promise as potential anticancer agents individually, but their combined effects in NSCLC have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE The present study was to examine the synergistic impact of Phy and Bis on NSCLC cells, particularly in the context of autophagy modulation, and to elucidate the resulting differential protein expression using LCMS/ MS analysis. METHODS The A549 cell lines were subjected to the patented effective concentration of Phy and Bis, and subsequently, the viability of the cells was evaluated utilizing the MTT assay. The present study utilized real-time PCR analysis to assess the expression levels of crucial apoptotic genes, specifically Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-9, as well as autophagy-related genes, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1, Ulk1, and LC3B. The confirmation of autophagy marker expression (Beclin-1, LC3B) and the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 was achieved through the utilization of Western blot analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were found using LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS The combination of Phy and Bis demonstrated significant inhibition of NSCLC cell growth, indicating their synergistic effect. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a shift towards apoptosis, with downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and Caspase-9, suggesting a shift towards apoptosis. Genes associated with autophagy regulation, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1 (p62), Ulk1, and LC3B, showed significant upregulation, indicating potential induction of autophagy. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of autophagy markers, such as Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 exhibited a significant decrease. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed differential expression of 861 proteins, reflecting the modulation of cellular processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis highlighted key proteins involved in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, including STOML2, YWHAB, POX2, B2M, CDA, CAPN2, TXN, ECHS1, PEBP1, PFN1, CDC42, TUBB1, HSPB1, PXN, FGF2, and BAG3, emphasizing their crucial roles. Additionally, PANTHER pathway analysis uncovered enriched pathways associated with the differentially expressed proteins, revealing their involvement in a diverse range of biological processes, encompassing cell signaling, metabolism, and cellular stress responses. CONCLUSION The combined treatment of Phy and Bis exerts a synergistic inhibitory effect on NSCLC cell growth, mediated through the interplay of apoptosis and autophagy. The differential protein expression observed, along with the identified proteins and enriched pathways, provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings offer a foundation for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of Phy and Bis in the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kambati Niharika
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zheng Y, Sukocheva O, Tse E, Neganova M, Aleksandrova Y, Zhao R, Chubarev V, Fan R, Liu J. MicroRNA-183 cluster: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in gastrointestinal malignancies. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:6147-6175. [PMID: 38187051 PMCID: PMC10767355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (microRNA, miR), powerful epigenetic regulators, were found involved in the regulation of most biological functions via post-translational inhibition of protein expression. Increased expression of pro-oncogenic miRs (known as miR cancer biomarkers) and inhibition of pro-apoptotic miR expression have been demonstrated in different tumors. The recently identified miR-183 was found implicated in gastrointestinal tumor metabolism regulation. Elevated miR-183 expression and cancer-promoting effects were reported in esophageal and colorectal cancers, which was partially contradicted by controversial data observed in gastric cancers. Anti-cancer effect of miR-183 in gastric cancer cells was associated with the Bim-1 and Ezrin genes regulation. Many studies indicated that miR-183 can inhibit tumor suppressor genes in most cell lines, promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration. Increased miR-183 level results in the downregulation of FOXO1, PDCD4, and other tumor suppressor genes in gastrointestinal tumor cells. MiR-183 also influences the signaling of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and Bcl-2/p53 signaling pathways. Mir-183 inhibits apoptosis and autophagy, and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell proliferation, and migration. Accordingly, gastrointestinal cancer occurrence, development of chemoradiotherapy resistance, recurrence/metastasis, and prognosis were associated with miR-183 expression. The current study assessed reported miR-183 functions and signaling, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of SciencesSevernij Pr. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of SciencesAkad. Arbuzov St. 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of SciencesSevernij Pr. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of SciencesAkad. Arbuzov St. 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Ruiwen Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Vladimir Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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6
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Qin Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Mongiardini V, Grimaldi B, Crea F, Rietdorf K, Győrffy B, Klionsky DJ, Ren J, Zhang W, Zhang X. Autophagy and cancer drug resistance in dialogue: Pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett 2023; 570:216307. [PMID: 37451426 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance is a major challenge for oncologists. Resistance can be categorized as acquired or intrinsic; the alteration of several biological mechanisms contributes to both intrinsic and acquired resistance. Macroautophagy/autophagy is the primary process in eukaryotes for the degradation of macromolecules and organelles. This process is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Given its function as either a pro-survival or a pro-death phenomenon, autophagy has a complex physio-pathological role. In some circumstances, autophagy can confer chemoresistance and promote cell survival, whereas in others it can promote chemosensitivity and contribute to cell death. The role of autophagy in the modulation of cancer drug resistance reflects its impact on apoptosis and metastasis. The regulation of autophagy in cancer is mediated by various factors including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), MAPK, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, BECN1 and ATG proteins. Non-coding RNAs are among the main regulators of autophagy, e.g., via the modulation of chemoresistance pathways. Due to the significant contribution of autophagy in cancer drug resistance, small molecule modulators and natural compounds targeting autophagy have been introduced to alter the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, nanotherapeutic approaches based on autophagy regulation have been introduced in pre-clinical cancer therapy. In this review we consider the potential for using autophagy regulators for the clinical treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Lab, Chifeng Cancer Hospital (The 2nd Affliated Hospital of Chifeng University), Chifeng University, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 024000, China.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Vera Mongiardini
- Molecular Medicine Research Line, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Molecular Medicine Research Line, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Katja Rietdorf
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary; Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudosok korutja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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7
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Sameti P, Tohidast M, Amini M, Bahojb Mahdavi SZ, Najafi S, Mokhtarzadeh A. The emerging role of MicroRNA-182 in tumorigenesis; a promising therapeutic target. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:134. [PMID: 37438760 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small single-stranded regulatory RNAs, are dysregulated in a different variety of human cancers. Therefore, they are expected to play important roles in tumorigenesis by functioning as oncogenic (oncomiRs) or tumor-suppressive miRNAs. Subsequently, their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for malignancies has attracted attention in recent years. In particular, studies have revealed the aberrant expression of miR-182 through tumorigenesis and its important roles in various aspects of malignancies, including proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Accumulating reports have illustrated that miR-182, as a dual-role regulator, directly or indirectly regulates the expression of a wide range of genes and modulates the activity of various signaling pathways involved in tumor progression, such as JAK / STAT3, Wnt / β-catenin, TGF-β, and P13K / AKT. Therefore, considering the high therapeutic and diagnostic potential of miR-182, this review aims to point out the effects of miR-182 dysregulation on the signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouriya Sameti
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidast
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Jin J, Cong J, Lei S, Zhang Q, Zhong X, Su Y, Lu M, Ma Y, Li Z, Wang L, Zhu N, Yang J. Cracking the code: Deciphering the role of the tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma metastasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110422. [PMID: 37302370 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. It is characterized by a rapid progression, poor prognosis, and early pulmonary metastasis. Over the past 30 years, approximately 85% of patients with osteosarcoma have experienced metastasis. The five-year survival of patients with lung metastasis during the early stages of treatment is less than 20%. The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only provides conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a variety of substances that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. Currently, there is limited research on the role of the TME in osteosarcoma metastasis. Therefore, to explore methods for regulating osteosarcoma metastasis, further investigations must be conducted from the perspective of the TME. This will help to identify new potential biomarkers for predicting osteosarcoma metastasis and assist in the discovery of new drugs that target regulatory mechanisms for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of osteosarcoma metastasis based on TME theory, which will provide guidance for the clinical treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China; Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jiacheng Cong
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Shangbo Lei
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Qiujin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinyi Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Mingchuan Lu
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yifen Ma
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zihe Li
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Ningxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China; Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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9
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Li S, Meng W, Guo Z, Liu M, He Y, Li Y, Ma Z. The miR-183 Cluster: Biogenesis, Functions, and Cell Communication via Exosomes in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091315. [PMID: 37174715 PMCID: PMC10177187 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death. MicroRNAs have been found to be closely associated with cancer. The miR-183 cluster, comprising miR-183, miR-96, and miR-182, is transcribed as a polycistronic miRNA cluster. Importantly, in most cases, these clusters promote cancer development through different pathways. Exosomes, as extracellular vesicles, play an important role in cellular communication and the regulation of the tissue microenvironment. Interestingly, the miR-183 cluster can be detected in exosomes and plays a functional regulatory role in tumor development. Here, the biogenesis and functions of the miR-183 cluster in highly prevalent cancers and their relationship with other non-coding RNAs are summarized. In addition, the miR-183 cluster in exosomes has also been discussed. Finally, we discuss the miR-183 cluster as a promising target for cancer therapy. This review is expected to provide a new direction for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Li
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Min Liu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanyun He
- Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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10
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Sun R, Zhu H, Wang Y, Wang J, Jiang C, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Liu Q. Circular RNA expression and the competitive endogenous RNA network in pathological, age-related macular degeneration events: A cross-platform normalization study. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:367-381. [PMID: 37366063 PMCID: PMC10541779 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes irreversible blindness in people aged over 50 worldwide. The dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium is the primary cause of atrophic AMD. In the current study, we used the ComBat and Training Distribution Matching method to integrate data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We analyzed the integrated sequencing data by the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Peroxisome and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were among the top 10 pathways, and thus we selected them to construct AMD cell models to identify differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs). We then constructed a competing endogenous RNA network, which is related to differentially expressed circRNAs. This network included seven circRNAs, 15 microRNAs, and 82 mRNAs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of mRNAs in this network showed that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway was a common downstream event. The results of the current study may provide insights into the pathological processes of atrophic AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxu Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongjing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Qiuchen Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yeran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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11
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Mu YR, Zou SY, Li M, Ding YY, Huang X, He ZH, Kong WJ. Role and mechanism of FOXG1-related epigenetic modifications in cisplatin-induced hair cell damage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1064579. [PMID: 37181652 PMCID: PMC10169754 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1064579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used in clinical tumor chemotherapy but has severe ototoxic side effects, including tinnitus and hearing damage. This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism underlying cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. In this study, we used CBA/CaJ mice to establish an ototoxicity model of cisplatin-induced hair cell loss, and our results showed that cisplatin treatment could reduce FOXG1 expression and autophagy levels. Additionally, H3K9me2 levels increased in cochlear hair cells after cisplatin administration. Reduced FOXG1 expression caused decreased microRNA (miRNA) expression and autophagy levels, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cochlear hair cell death. Inhibiting miRNA expression decreased the autophagy levels of OC-1 cells and significantly increased cellular ROS levels and the apoptosis ratio in vitro. In vitro, overexpression of FOXG1 and its target miRNAs could rescue the cisplatin-induced decrease in autophagy, thereby reducing apoptosis. BIX01294 is an inhibitor of G9a, the enzyme in charge of H3K9me2, and can reduce hair cell damage and rescue the hearing loss caused by cisplatin in vivo. This study demonstrates that FOXG1-related epigenetics plays a role in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity through the autophagy pathway, providing new ideas and intervention targets for treating ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-rong Mu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng-yu Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-yan Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zu-hong He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Zandieh MA, Farahani MH, Rajabi R, Avval ST, Karimi K, Rahmanian P, Razzazan M, Javanshir S, Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Salimimoghadam S, Hushmandi K, Taheriazam A, Pandey V, Hashemi M. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy by non-coding RNAs in gastrointestinal tumors: Biological functions and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106582. [PMID: 36436707 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the manifestation of changes and mutations in genetic and epigenetic levels. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are commonly dysregulated in disease pathogenesis, and their role in cancer has been well-documented. The ncRNAs regulate various molecular pathways and mechanisms in cancer that can lead to induction/inhibition of carcinogenesis. Autophagy is a molecular "self-digestion" mechanism its function can be pro-survival or pro-death in tumor cells. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the role of ncRNAs in regulating autophagy in gastrointestinal tumors. The role of the ncRNA/autophagy axis in affecting the progression of gastric, liver, colorectal, pancreatic, esophageal, and gallbladder cancers is investigated. Both ncRNAs and autophagy mechanisms can function as oncogenic or onco-suppressor and this interaction can determine the growth, invasion, and therapy response of gastrointestinal tumors. ncRNA/autophagy axis can reduce/increase the proliferation of gastrointestinal tumors via the glycolysis mechanism. Furthermore, related molecular pathways of metastasis, such as EMT and MMPs, are affected by the ncRNA/autophagy axis. The response of gastrointestinal tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be suppressed by pro-survival autophagy, and ncRNAs are essential regulators of this mechanism. miRNAs can regulate related genes and proteins of autophagy, such as ATGs and Beclin-1. Furthermore, lncRNAs and circRNAs down-regulate miRNA expression via sponging to modulate the autophagy mechanism. Moreover, anti-cancer agents can affect the expression level of ncRNAs regulating autophagy in gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, translating these findings into clinics can improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Heydari Farahani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e kord Branch, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Romina Rajabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kimia Karimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Razzazan
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Salar Javanshir
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Guo C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Hao Y. Regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration as potential therapeutic targets (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:44. [PMID: 36569433 PMCID: PMC9764052 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the leading cause of lower back pain, which is one of the primary factors that lead to disability and pose a serious economic burden. The key pathological processes involved are extracellular matrix degradation, autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation of nucleus pulposus cells. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long ncRNAs and circular RNAs, are key regulators of the aforementioned processes. ncRNAs are differentially expressed in tissues of the intervertebral disc between healthy individuals and patients and participate in the pathological progression of IDD via a complex pattern of gene regulation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs in IDD remain unclear. The present review summarizes the latest insights into the regulatory role of ncRNAs in IDD and sheds light on potentially novel therapeutic strategies for IDD that may be implemented in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunliang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yungang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Yanke Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Yanke Hao, Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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14
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Wang Z, Liu J, Xie J, Yuan X, Wang B, Shen W, Zhang Y. Regulation of autophagy by non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947332. [PMID: 36353541 PMCID: PMC9637602 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular self-digesting process that degrades obsoleting proteins and cellular components and plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance of various tumors such as gastric cancer (GC). As a hotspot in molecular biology, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, such as autophagy. Increasing evidence indicate that various ncRNAs exert double roles in the initiation and progression of GC, either serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recent studies have shown that some ncRNAs could modulate autophagy activity in GC cells, which would affect the malignant transformation and drug resistance. Whether the function of ncRNAs in GC is dependent on autophagy is undefined. Therefore, identifying the underlying moleculr targets of ncRNAs in autophagy pathways and the role of ncRNA-regulated autophagy in GC could develop new treatment interventions for this disease. This review summarizes the autophagy process and its role in GC, and the regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs, as well as focuses on the dual role of ncRNAs-mediated autophagy in GC, for the development of potential therapeutic strategies in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Graduate College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingri Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Graduate College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Graduate College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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15
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Lu L, Liang Q, Zhang X, Xu Y, Meng D, Liang Z. Autophagy Related Noncoding RNAs: Emerging Regulatory Factors of Gastric Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2215-2224. [PMID: 35898946 PMCID: PMC9309173 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s364761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant cancers that seriously affect human health. Autophagy is a highly conserved self-defense mechanism found to plays an important role in the occurrence, progression, drug resistance, and prognosis of GC. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a critical role in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases including GC. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to research on autophagy-related ncRNAs, such as miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in GC. Herein, we briefly summarize the roles, functions, and the research progress of autophagy and autophagy-related ncRNAs in GC with a focus on the potential application in GC tumorigenesis, development, prognosis, and drug resistance. We also discussed prospects of clinical application, future research direction, and challenges in future research of autophagy-related ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Child Healthcare Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyan Liang
- Health Care Department, People's Liberation Army Navy No. 971 Hospital, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Meng
- Department of Allergy, Dongtai People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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