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Chen J, Liu S, Ruan Z, Wang K, Xi X, Mao J. Thrombotic events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and novel antithrombotic strategies to mitigate bleeding risk. Blood Rev 2024:101220. [PMID: 38876840 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy is expanding treatment options for cancer patients, the prognosis of advanced cancer remains poor, and these patients must contend with both cancers and cancer-related thrombotic events. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic thrombotic events. Given the fundamental role of platelets in atherothrombosis, co-administration of antiplatelet agents is always indicated. Platelets are also involved in all steps of cancer progression. Classical antithrombotic drugs can cause inevitable hemorrhagic side effects due to blocking integrin β3 bidirectional signaling, which regulates simultaneously thrombosis and hemostasis. Meanwhile, many promising new targets are emerging with minimal bleeding risk and desirable anti-tumor effects. This review will focus on the issue of thrombosis during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and the role of platelet activation in cancer progression as well as explore the mechanisms by which novel antiplatelet therapies may exert both antithrombotic and antitumor effects without excessive bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kankan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xi
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Li X, Yu X, Zhang K, Liu J, Tian Q, Zhang H, Du X, Wang S. Progress in the treatment of malignant ascites. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 194:104237. [PMID: 38128628 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant ascites occurs as a symptom of the terminal stage of cancer, affecting the quality of life through abdominal distension, pain, nausea, anorexia, dyspnea and other symptoms. We describe the current main drug treatments in addition to surgery according to the traditional and new strategies. Traditional treatments were based on anti-tumor chemotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine treatments, as well as diuretics to relieve the patient's symptoms. New treatments mainly involve photothermal therapy, intestinal therapy and targeted immunity. This study emphasizes that both traditional and new therapies have certain advantages and disadvantages, and medication should be adjusted according to different periods of use and different patients. In conclusion, this article reviews the literature to systematically describe the primary treatment modalities for malignant ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yunting Sun
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital Afflitiated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jinglei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Shuling Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Xu H, Jiang W, Li X, Jiang J, Afridi SK, Deng L, Li R, Luo E, Zhang Z, Huang YWA, Cui Y, So KF, Chen H, Qiu W, Tang C. hUC-MSCs-derived MFGE8 ameliorates locomotor dysfunction via inhibition of ITGB3/ NF-κB signaling in an NMO mouse model. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:4. [PMID: 38242900 PMCID: PMC10798960 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that affects motor function and causes relapsing disability. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been used extensively in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, due to their potent regulatory roles that can mitigate inflammation and repair damaged tissues. However, their use in NMO is currently limited, and the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of hUC-MSCs on motor function in NMO remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of hUC-MSCs on the recovery of motor function in an NMO systemic model. Our findings demonstrate that milk fat globule epidermal growth 8 (MFGE8), a key functional factor secreted by hUC-MSCs, plays a critical role in ameliorating motor impairments. We also elucidate that the MFGE8/Integrin αvβ3/NF-κB signaling pathway is partially responsible for structural and functional recovery, in addition to motor functional enhancements induced by hUC-MSC exposure. Taken together, these findings strongly support the involvement of MFGE8 in mediating hUC-MSCs-induced improvements in motor functional recovery in an NMO mouse model. In addition, this provides new insight on the therapeutic potential of hUC-MSCs and the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects in NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuejia Li
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaohua Jiang
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shabbir Khan Afridi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Longhui Deng
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ermei Luo
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaoqing Zhang
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship 15 Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Yaxiong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haijia Chen
- Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong Saliai Stem Cell Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Changyong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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Yu C, Jiang W, Li B, Hu Y, Liu D. The Role of Integrins for Mediating Nanodrugs to Improve Performance in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111721. [PMID: 37299624 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that mediate adhesive connections between cells and their surroundings, including surrounding cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). They modulate tissue mechanics and regulate intracellular signaling, including cell generation, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and the up-regulation of integrins in tumor cells has been confirmed to be associated with tumor development, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Thus, integrins are expected to be an effective target to improve the efficacy of tumor therapy. A variety of integrin-targeting nanodrugs have been developed to improve the distribution and penetration of drugs in tumors, thereby, improving the efficiency of clinical tumor diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we focus on these innovative drug delivery systems and reveal the improved efficacy of integrin-targeting methods in tumor therapy, hoping to provide prospective guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of integrin-targeting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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Neuendorf HM, Simmons JL, Boyle GM. Therapeutic targeting of anoikis resistance in cutaneous melanoma metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1183328. [PMID: 37181747 PMCID: PMC10169659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1183328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to anoikis, the cell death induced by loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix, is an absolute requirement for the survival of disseminating and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and for the seeding of metastatic lesions. In melanoma, a range of intracellular signalling cascades have been identified as potential drivers of anoikis resistance, however a full understanding of the process is yet to be attained. Mechanisms of anoikis resistance pose an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of disseminating and circulating melanoma cells. This review explores the range of small molecule, peptide and antibody inhibitors targeting molecules involved in anoikis resistance in melanoma, and may be repurposed to prevent metastatic melanoma prior to its initiation, potentially improving the prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Neuendorf
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacinta L. Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhang Q, Zhang S, Chen J, Xie Z. The Interplay between Integrins and Immune Cells as a Regulator in Cancer Immunology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6170. [PMID: 37047140 PMCID: PMC10093897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a group of heterodimers consisting of α and β subunits that mediate a variety of physiological activities of immune cells, including cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, survival, and immunotolerance. Multiple types of integrins act differently on the same immune cells, while the same integrin may exert various effects on different immune cells. In the development of cancer, integrins are involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis; conversely, integrins promote immune cell aggregation to mediate the elimination of tumors. The important roles of integrins in cancer progression have provided valuable clues for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. Furthermore, many integrin inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials to explore effective regimens and reduce side effects. Due to the complexity of the mechanism of integrin-mediated cancer progression, challenges remain in the research and development of cancer immunotherapies (CITs). This review enumerates the effects of integrins on four types of immune cells and the potential mechanisms involved in the progression of cancer, which will provide ideas for more optimal CIT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jianrui Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Tie Y, Tang F, Peng D, Zhang Y, Shi H. TGF-beta signal transduction: biology, function and therapy for diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:45. [PMID: 36534225 PMCID: PMC9761655 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a crucial cytokine that get increasing concern in recent years to treat human diseases. This signal controls multiple cellular responses during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis through canonical and/or noncanonical signaling pathways. Dysregulated TGF-β signal plays an essential role in contributing to fibrosis via promoting the extracellular matrix deposition, and tumor progression via inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, immunosuppression, and neovascularization at the advanced stage of cancer. Besides, the dysregulation of TGF-beta signal also involves in other human diseases including anemia, inflammatory disease, wound healing and cardiovascular disease et al. Therefore, this signal is proposed to be a promising therapeutic target in these diseases. Recently, multiple strategies targeting TGF-β signals including neutralizing antibodies, ligand traps, small-molecule receptor kinase inhibitors targeting ligand-receptor signaling pathways, antisense oligonucleotides to disrupt the production of TGF-β at the transcriptional level, and vaccine are under evaluation of safety and efficacy for the forementioned diseases in clinical trials. Here, in this review, we firstly summarized the biology and function of TGF-β in physiological and pathological conditions, elaborated TGF-β associated signal transduction. And then, we analyzed the current advances in preclinical studies and clinical strategies targeting TGF-β signal transduction to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Fan Tang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Peng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Huashan Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
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