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Li X, Yi Y, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Wang CC, Liu C, Liu S, Zhan X, Yu X, Liang R. Zishen Qingre Lishi Huayu Recipe May Ameliorate the Symptoms of PCOS Model Rats via Alleviating Systemic and Ovarian Inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 92:e13918. [PMID: 39158962 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zishen Qingre Lishi Huayu recipe (ZQLHR) has shown significant therapeutic effects in treating sex hormone levels and follicular developmental disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, little is known about the potential mechanisms of its treatment. METHODS Dehydroepiandrosterone and a high-fat diet induced the PCOS model rat. The serum of rats was collected to detect the levels of sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the ovaries were collected for ovarian histopathology and qPCR assay to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines in ovarian tissues. Granulosa cells (GCs) were collected for western blot assay to detect of IL-1β, IL-6R, and LOX protein expression levels. RESULTS ZQLHR could reduce body weight, regulate estrous cycles, and improve serum sex hormone levels, follicular development, and insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS model rats. In addition, ZQLHR treatment improved the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and ovary, and regulated the protein expression of IL-6R, IL-1β, and LOX in GCs of PCOS model rats. The results showed that the HOMA-IR index increased with the increasing levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP, and decreased with the increased IL-10. CONCLUSION This study reveals that the treatment of endocrine disorders and ovulation disorders in PCOS with ZQLHR may be closely related to the improvement of systemic and ovarian inflammation in PCOS patients, as well as the inhibition of IL-6R, IL-1β, and LOX expression in GCs, which reemphasizes the role of reducing chronic inflammatory states in the treatment of PCOS. Moreover, this study reemphasizes the correlation between multiple inflammatory mediators and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Yi
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunying Ren
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Reproduction and Development, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhan
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingxing Yu
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruining Liang
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Heidarzadehpilehrood R, Pirhoushiaran M. Biomarker potential of competing endogenous RNA networks in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:624-640. [PMID: 38571815 PMCID: PMC10988127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common condition affecting women of reproductive age globally. PCOS continues to be the largest contributing factor to female infertility despite significant progress in our knowledge of the molecular underpinnings and treatment of the condition. The fact that PCOS is a very diverse condition makes it one of the key reasons why we haven't been able to overcome it. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are implicated in the development of PCOS, according to growing evidence. However, it is unclear how the complex regulatory relationships between the many ncRNA types contribute to the growth of this malignancy. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), a recently identified mechanism in the RNA world, suggests regulatory interactions between various RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), transcribed pseudogenes, and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Recent studies on PCOS have shown that dysregulation of multiple ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) between these ncRNAs plays crucial roles in developing the defining characteristics of PCOS development. And it is believed that such a finding may open a new door for a deeper comprehension of PCOS's unexplored facets. In addition, it may be able to provide fresh biomarkers and effective therapy targets for PCOS. This review will go over the body of information that exists about the primary roles of ceRNETs before highlighting the developing involvement of several newly found ceRNETs in a number of PCOS characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Heidarzadehpilehrood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Pirhoushiaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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Jiang D, Xu Y, Yang L, Li P, Han X, Li Q, Yang Y, Chao L. Identification and validation of senescence-related genes in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38184636 PMCID: PMC10770899 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an exceedingly intractable issue affecting female endocrine and reproductive health. However, the etiology and intricate pathological mechanisms of PCOS remain unclear. Nowadays, aging was found to share multiple common pathological mechanisms with PCOS, which causes probing into the pathogenesis of PCOS from senescence. However, no bioinformatics analyses have specifically focused on connection between PCOS and ovarian aging. METHODS Differentially expressed aging-related genes in PCOS were identified and then analyzed using function enrichment method. Hub genes were determined based on multiple algorithms, and expression validation of hub genes was performed in both datasets and experiments (human granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN; human Granulosa Cell, hGCs). Finally, a transcription factor-miRNA-gene network of hub genes was constructed. RESULTS Here, we identified 73 aging-related differential expression genes (ARDEGs) by intersecting DEGs in PCOS and senescence-related gene set. Furthermore, we performed biological functions and potential pathways of ARDEGs and potential hub genes were also screened by multiple algorithms. From the perspective of immune dysfunction, we analyzed the correlation between PCOS and immune cells. Finally, TF-miRNA-gene networks were constructed. Finally, TF-miRNA-gene networks were constructed. CONCLUSIONS Our work aimed to elucidate the relation between PCOS and cellular senescence based on bioinformatics strategy, deepening the understanding of mechanisms and to seek for novel therapy strategies for improving reproductive lifespan and female health. Exploring the potential molecular mechanism of cell aging in PCOS is expected to bring a new breakthrough for PCOS diagnosis and therapy strategies. And this, might deepen our understanding about intricate mechanisms of ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianni Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lan Chao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Zhao E, Wang D, Jing L, Zhao Z, Huang S, Xie L, Hu S, Liang H, Chen Y. MicroRNA-124a regulates the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2023; 43:154-159. [PMID: 38226608 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2024.2303014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of microRNA-124a on the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and its underlying mechanism. METHODS Flow cytometry was used for isolation and identification of BMSCs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect gene mRNA expression. Apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit. Cell proliferation ability was tested using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The differentiation of BMSCs into neuron inducers β-thiol ethanol or baicalin formed the basis of the study. RESULTS β-thiol ethanol markedly suppressed the microRNA-124a expression of BMSCs, baicalin markedly induced the microRNA-124a expression of BMSCs and β-thiol ethanol or baicalin promoted apoptosis and reduced the growth of BMSCs. Only the microRNA-124a inhibitor did not affect apoptosis or the differentiation of BMSCs, and it increased the effects of β-thiol ethanol or baicalin on the apoptosis of BMSCs. CONCLUSION β-thiol ethanol and baicalin treatment could affect microRNA-124a expression in BMSCs. We demonstrated that microRNA-124a promoted the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Daimei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Lijun Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Shixiong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
| | - Yanquan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, China
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Suzuki T, Sakai S, Ota K, Yoshida M, Uchida C, Niida H, Suda T, Kitagawa M, Ohhata T. Expression of Tumor Suppressor FHIT Is Regulated by the LINC00173-SNAIL Axis in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17011. [PMID: 38069335 PMCID: PMC10707390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in a variety of human diseases such as cancer. Here, to elucidate a novel function of a lncRNA called LINC00173, we investigated its binding partner, target gene, and its regulatory mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma, including the A549 cell line and patients. In the A549 cell line, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays revealed that LINC00173 efficiently binds to SNAIL. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that the expression of FHIT was decreased upon LINC00173 depletion, indicating that FHIT is a target gene of LINC00173. Overexpression of SNAIL suppressed and depletion of SNAIL increased the expression of FHIT, indicating that SNAIL negatively regulates FHIT. The downregulation of FHIT expression upon LINC00173 depletion was restored by additional SNAIL depletion, revealing a LINC00173-SNAIL-FHIT axis for FHIT regulation. Data from 501 patients with lung adenocarcinoma also support the existence of a LINC00173-SNAIL-FHIT axis, as FHIT expression correlated positively with LINC00173 (p = 1.75 × 10-6) and negatively with SNAIL (p = 7.00 × 10-5). Taken together, we propose that LINC00173 positively regulates FHIT gene expression by binding to SNAIL and inhibiting its function in human lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, this study sheds light on the LINC00173-SNAIL-FHIT axis, which may be a key mechanism for carcinogenesis and progression in human lung adenocarcinoma.
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Grants
- 19H03501 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 22H02901 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 20K07569 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- NA Project Mirai Cancer Research Grants, the Princes Takamatsu Cancer Research Foundation
- NA The Smoking Research Foundation
- NA Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Grant-in-Aid
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Wang K, Li Y. Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1191759. [PMID: 37929034 PMCID: PMC10622806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1191759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Although promising strides have been made in the field of PCOS over the past decades, the distinct etiologies of this syndrome are not fully elucidated. Prenatal factors, genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms, unhealthy lifestyles, and environmental toxins all contribute to the development of this intricate and highly heterogeneous metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological disorder. Moreover, interactions between androgen excess, insulin resistance, disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and obesity only make for a more complex picture. In this review, we investigate and summarize the related molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS pathogenesis from the perspective of the level of signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo/YAP. Additionally, this review provides an overview of prospective therapies, such as exosome therapy, gene therapy, and drugs based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural compounds. By targeting these aberrant pathways, these interventions primarily alleviate inflammation, insulin resistance, androgen excess, and ovarian fibrosis, which are typical symptoms of PCOS. Overall, we hope that this paper will pave the way for better understanding and management of PCOS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 173 in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235923. [PMID: 36497407 PMCID: PMC9737410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs belong to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a length of more than 200 nucleotides and limited protein-coding ability. Growing research has clarified that dysregulated lncRNAs are correlated with the development of various complex diseases, including cancer. LINC00173 has drawn researchers' attention as one of the recently discovered lncRNAs. Aberrant expression of LINC00173 affects the initiation and progression of human cancers. In the present review, we summarize the recent considerable research on LINC00173 in 11 human cancers. Through the summary of the abnormal expression of LINC00173 and its potential molecular regulation mechanism in cancers, this article indicates that LINC00173 may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a target for drug therapy, thus providing novel clues for future related research.
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Guo Y, Peng X, Cheng R, Chen H, Luo X. Long non-coding RNA-X-inactive specific transcript inhibits cell viability, and induces apoptosis through the microRNA-30c-5p/Bcl2-like protein 11 signaling axis in human granulosa-like tumor cells. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14107-14117. [PMID: 35730492 PMCID: PMC9342309 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2080366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is being actively explored in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Recent research has shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) X–inactive Specific Transcript (XIST) is overexpressed in patients with PCOS and is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. However, the precise function and mechanism of action of lncRNA XIST in PCOS are unknown. We aimed to determine whether lncRNA XIST contributes to PCOS by modulating ovarian granulosa cell physiology. We also investigated any potential molecular regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we discovered that the lncRNA XIST was significantly downregulated in human ovarian granulosa-like tumor (KGN) cells. Notably, overexpression of lncRNA XIST decreased miR-30c-5p expression in KGN cells, inhibited proliferation, and induced apoptosis in KGN cells. However, cotransfection with amiR-30c-5p mimic significantly reduced these effects. Additionally, we discovered that the miR-30c-5p mimic effectively inhibited Bcl2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) expression, a critical apoptotic promoter, whereas silencing of miR-30c-5p increased BCL2L11 expression, inhibited KGN cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. In contrast, cotransfection of BCL2L11 with siRNA significantly reversed these effects. In conclusion, this study established that lncRNA XIST plays a critical role in PCOS by modulating the miR-30c-5p/BCL2L11 signaling axis and regulating ovarian granulosa cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueping Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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